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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Characterization of TaXPol-1, a Xylan Synthase Complex from Wheat

Jiang, Nan 17 September 2015 (has links)
No description available.
182

Identification and Characterization of Galactosyltransferases and Fucosyltransferases Involved in Arabinogalactan-Protein Glycosylation

Liang, Yan 11 September 2012 (has links)
No description available.
183

Impact of lignification of corn stover fractions on cell wall degradation by rumen microorganisms and response to ammonia treatment

Sewalt, Vincent Johannes Hendrikus 24 October 2005 (has links)
Changes in cell wall composition and in vitro degradation of corn stover fractions (leaf, upper stem and lower stem) with advancing maturity and in response to NH; treatment were determined, and possible inhibitory mechanisms of lignin were evaluated. With advancing maturity, IVDMD decreased (P<.001), associated with decreases (P<.001) in CP and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and increases (P<.001) in NDF and ADF. The IVDMD of leaf was higher (P<.001) than of stems, associated with higher CP, hemicellulose:cellulose, and arabinan:xylan, and lower lignin methoxyl content. A hypothesis of formation of reactive quinone methide intermediates from lignin during rumen fermentation was tested in vitro by incubating corn stover fractions with S-containing reducing agents. Sulphur incorporation into residual fiber occurred (P<.05), indicative of nucleophilic addition to quinone methide intermediates. Degradation of NDF was highly correlated with lignin methoxyl content. The impact of lignin on cellulose degradation was studied using lignocellulosic hydrogels, in which hydroxypropylated or unmodified hardwood lignin was blended with cellulose. In vitro cellulose degradation of lignocellulose blends was higher (P<.01) than of control. Addition of lignin at incubation depressed (P<.01) cellulose degradation. Hydroxypropylation enhanced (P<.001) the increase in cellulose degradation with lignin blending, and reduced (P<.001) the inhibitory effect of lignin addition at incubation. Treatment of drought-stressed corn stover with 3% aqueous NH₃ decreased (P<.05) NDF, compared to isonitrogenous NH₃ addition and control, associated with solubilization of hemicellulose. Esterified phenolic acids were released (P<.05) by NH₃ treatment in upper stem. The IVDMD and NDF degradation increased (P <.001) after ammoniation, with higher (P<.05) values for NH₃ treatment than NH₃ added in leaf. The in vitro response to ammoniation of fractions of drought-stressed and non-drought stressed corn stover harvested in subsequent years was compared, using N-sufficient and N-limiting buffers. Response was highest (P<.001) for non-drought stressed stover fractions, and in N-limiting medium. Response appeared to be affected by high concentration of WSC in lower stalks of drought-stressed stover. / Ph. D.
184

Adhérence et colonisation des fibres de cellulose par la bactérie cellulolytique Clostridium cellulolyticum. : étude du rôle des protéines CipC et HycP

Ferdinand, Pierre-Henri 10 July 2013 (has links)
Clostridium cellulolyticum est une bactérie anaérobie stricte et cellulolytique qui produit des complexes multienzymatiques (cellulosomes) très performants pour la dégradation des polysaccharides de la paroi végétale. C. cellulolyticum adhère à la cellulose et ce phénomène intervient dès les premiers stades de croissance. Pour de nombreuses bactéries cellulolytiques, les cellulosomes semblent impliqués dans le processus d'adhérence et alors que les mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu pour l'adhérence à la cellulose sont connus ou proposés, celui ou ceux de C. cellulolyticum sont inconnus.Mon projet de thèse a consisté à étudier l'adhérence et la colonisation des fibres de cellulose par C. cellulolyticum et d'identifier le ou les facteurs moléculaires impliqués dans l'adhérence. J'ai ainsi mis en œuvre deux stratégies distinctes. D'une part, une approche par mutagénèse aléatoire qui a permis d'isoler deux clones à l'adhérence diminuée et d'autre part, une approche par mutagénèse ciblée visant à inactiver des gènes candidats, susceptibles d'intervenir dans l'adhérence.J'ai aussi étudié la colonisation des fibres de cellulose par C. cellulolyticum et observé que les cellules adhèrent avec une haute spécificité et affinité à la cellulose. La colonisation des fibres se ferait en mono-couche cellulaire et par successions d'événements d'adhésion-relarguage-réadhésion. Un mutant d'inactivation de CipC, la protéine d'échafaudage des cellulosomes, a mis en évidence l'implication de cette protéine dans l'adhérence, mais aussi que l'adhérence à la cellulose pourrait être multifactorielle. Enfin, j'ai étudié le rôle de HycP, une protéine à CBM3 dont la fonction est inconnue. / Clostridium cellulolyticum is a strict anaerobe, cellulolytic bacteria. It produces multienzymatic complexes, called cellulosomes, which are able to efficiently degrade the plant cell wall polysaccharides. Cellulolytic bacteria, including C. cellulolyticum do binds to cellulose since early growth stage. For most of the studied cellulolytic bacteria, adherence to cellulose seems to be mediated by their cellulosomes. However, molecular factors involved in C. cellulolyticum adherence to cellulose remain unknown.My Ph.D. aimed to implement different but complementary strategies to study adhesion and colonization of cellulose fibers by C. cellulolyticum and to identify the molecular mechanism(s) by which the bacteria bind to cellulose. In order to identify some proteins encoding genes involved in adhesion, I firstly developed random mutagenesis and isolated two adhesion deficient mutants. I also used a targeted mutagenesis tool to inactivate some candidate genes.My studies highlight C. cellulolyticum adheres with both high specificity and affinity to cellulose. Colonization of cellulose fibers by C. cellulolyticum forms a mono-layer of segregated cells on cellulose surface and may occur through cycles of adhesion-release-re-adhesion to substrate. Inactivation of the CipC encoding gene led to a short decrease of the mutant strain's adherence level. This result suggests some other proteins may be involved in C. cellulolyticum adhesion to cellulose. Finally, I studied HycP, a produced and secreted CBM3 encoding protein of unknown function. HycP is a unique protein among databases and may have a phagic origin.
185

Comportement physicochimique des polymères pariétaux à l’échelle supramoléculaire dans des assemblages bioinspirés de la paroi végétale : application à la fibre native / Physicochemical behaviour at supramolecular scale of plant cell wall polymers in bioinspired assemblies : Application to native fibers.

Muraille, Loïc 14 October 2014 (has links)
En raison des enjeux écologiques actuels, l'utilisation de ressources lignocellulosiques dans l'élaboration de matériaux composites suscite actuellement un intérêt grandissant. Au-delà des applications traditionnelles (papier, panneaux composites, textiles…), les ressources lignocellulosiques constituent une alternative durable aux ressources fossiles pour la production de biocarburant ou d'agrocomposites à base de fibres végétales. Ainsi, si l'on souhaite optimiser les performances de ces nouveaux composites, il est nécessaire de mieux connaitre les propriétés de la fibre et par conséquent réaliser une étude multi-échelle des propriétés physicochimiques et mécaniques des fibres, des polymères constitutifs et de leurs interactions. Dans ce cadre, le premier objectif de la thèse a été de mesurer à l'échelle nanométrique le gradient de propriétés mécaniques et physicochimiques de coupes de fibres végétales par l'intermédiaire de deux techniques utilisant le microscope à force atomique (AFM) visant à cartographier les propriétés nanomécaniques et les caractéristiques spectrales en IR. Puis, pour mieux comprendre le rôle des polymères et de leurs interactions sur les propriétés de la fibre, des systèmes bioinspirés, composés des trois principales classes de polymères pariétaux et de complexité croissante ont été élaborés en veillant à introduire des interactions covalentes et non covalentes entre les polymères, et plus particulièrement entre la lignine et les polysaccharides (cellulose, hémicelluloses). / Due to environmental context, the exploitation of lignocellulosic ressources in the elaboration of composite materials has currently a growing interest. Beside traditional uses (paper, textiles…), lignocellulosic ressources constitute a sustainable alternative to fossils ressources for the production of biofuels and fiber-based agrocomposites. However, optimization of the performance of fiber composites requires a multi-scale study of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the fibers and of their constitutive polymers and their interactions. To this end, the first goal of the thesis is to measure at nanometric scale, the gradient of the mechanical and physicochemical properties of plant fibers using two AFM-based techniques aiming at the mapping of nanomechanical and IR spectral properties. Then, in order to better understand the role of the polymers and of their interactions on the fibers' properties, bioinspired systems have been designed with three main lignocellulosic polymers while achieving in covalent and non-covalent interactions between the polymers (especially between polysaccharides and lignin).
186

Auxin-Induced Actin Cytoskeleton Rearrangements Require Auxin Resistant 1

Ruth S Arieti (6954353) 12 August 2019 (has links)
<p>The actin cytoskeleton is required for cell expansion and is implicated in cellular responses to the plant growth hormone auxin. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that coordinate auxin signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, and cell expansion are poorly understood. Previous studies have examined actin cytoskeleton responses to long-term auxin treatment, but plants respond to auxin over short timeframes, and growth changes within minutes of exposure to the hormone. To correlate actin arrays with degree of cell expansion, we used quantitative imaging tools to establish a baseline of actin organization, as well as of individual filament behaviors in root epidermal cells under control conditions and after treatment with a known inhibitor of root growth, the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). We found that cell length was highly predictive of actin array in control roots, and that short-term IAA treatment stimulated denser, more longitudinal, and more parallel arrays by inducing filament unbundling within minutes. By demonstrating that actin filaments were more “organized” after a treatment that stopped elongation, we show there is no direct relationship between actin organization and cell expansion and refute the hypothesis that “more organized” actin universally correlates with more rapidly growing root cells. The plasma membrane-bound auxin transporter AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1) has previously been shown necessary for archetypal short-term root growth inhibition in the presence of IAA. Although AUX1 was not previously suspected of being upstream of cytoskeletal responses to IAA, we used <i>aux1</i>mutants to demonstrate that AUX1 is necessary for the full complement of actin rearrangements in response to auxin, and that cytoplasmic auxin in the form of the membrane permeable auxin 1‑naphthylacetic acid (NAA) is sufficient to stimulate a partial actin response. Together, these results are the first to quantitate actin cytoskeleton response to short-term auxin treatments and demonstrate that AUX1 is necessary for short-term actin remodeling.</p>
187

Caracterização da mobilização dos polissacarídeos da parede celular em palhada de cana de açúcar submetida às condições de campo. / Characterization of cell wall polysaccharides mobilization in sugarcane straw cell wall in the field.

Sousa, Cristiane Ribeiro de 26 October 2011 (has links)
O etanol celulósico a partir da palhada de cana pode elevar a produção do bioetanol, porém esta é normalmente decomposta no campo. A degradação da parede celular no campo não foi elucidada e compreender este processo auxiliará na produção de etanol celulósico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a degradação da palhada de cana de açúcar no campo durante um ano. Foi analisada a composição da parede celular por fracionamento e composição dos monossacarídeos. Na parede celular, observou-se redução de 26% no teor de celulose enquanto houve aumento de 13% na fração de hemiceluloses mais solúveis. Mudanças na composição dos monossacarídeos das frações mostraram que o arabinoxilano (AX) foi o primeiro polímero a ser solubilizado (após 3 meses) seguido dos <font face=\"Symbol\">b-glucanos e celulose (após 6 meses). Isto sugere que o AX é a hemicelulose mais exposta e sua solubilização permitiu a degradação da celulose após 6 meses. A partir dos dados obtidos, sugeriu-se a utilização de xilanases seguidas de glucanases numa possível ordem de enzimas para produção de etanol celulósico. / The sugarcane straw cellulosic ethanol can increase bioethanol production, but the straw is usually degraded in the field. However, the process that leads the cell wall disassembly under field conditions is unknown and understanding how this happens can improve cellulosic ethanol production. In the present work we aimed at studying how sugarcane straw is degraded in the field during a year. Cell wall composition was determined by fractioning and determination of monosaccharide composition. Results showed a decrease (ca.26%) in cellulose content and an increase of 13% in high solubility hemicelluloses fraction. Changes in monosaccharide composition showed that the first polymer to be solubilised is the arabinoxylan (AX) (after 3 months) followed by <font face=\"Symbol\">b-glucans and cellulose (after 6 months). This suggests that AX is the most exposed hemicelullose and its solubilisation allowed cellulose degradation after 6 months. Our data suggest the use of xylanases followed by glucanases as an enzyme order to be used in cellulosic ethanol production from sugarcane straw.
188

Estresse oxidativo e diferenças na sensibilidade de células de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. BY-2 ao alumínio e à acidez / Oxidative stress and differences in sensibility of tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. BY-2 to aluminum and acidity

Capaldi, Flávia Regina 25 September 2006 (has links)
O alumínio é limitante à atividade agrícola em todo o mundo. Nos solos ácidos a disponibilidade de Al aumenta. Estes solos constituem a maioria dos solos do mundo e dois terços dos solos brasileiros. O problema da acidez do solo e da toxicidade por Al é altamente significativo para as perdas na produtividade agrícola e florestal. Para se ter Al disponível, primeiramente tem que se ter condições de pH baixo. O primeiro sintoma causado pela toxicidade por Al é a inibição no alongamento do sistema radicular. Existem trabalhos vinculando a inibição a alterações nos processos de divisão e expansão celular. Embora os mecanismos de toxicidade e resistência ao Al não estejam totalmente elucidados, admite-se que em algumas plantas, a quelação do Al por ácidos orgânicos é um dos mecanismos que confere resistência das células ao Al, assim como em outras plantas a elevação do pH da rizosfera, por compostos liberados pelo sistema radicular, atua na queda da disponibilidade do Al na solução do solo. Porém, existem outras alternativas que vêm sendo propostas na literatura como possíveis mecanismos de resistência das plantas ao Al, principalmente ao nível celular e molecular. Alterações nas composições lipídica e protéica da membrana plasmática, assim como na sua estrutura física; ativação do sistema antioxidante celular; alterações na sinalização celular e de atividade dos canais de troca da membrana plasmática vêm sendo estudados como possíveis contribuintes para os mecanismos de resistência ao Al. A sensibilidade celular ao Al depende do seu estágio de desenvolvimento. As células sensíveis ao Al acumulam o metal, enquanto que as resistentes acumulam muito pouco. Foi constatado em nosso trabalho que as células sensíveis ao Al também são sensíveis ao baixo pH. As células sensíveis não conseguem recuperar seu crescimento e sua viabilidade celular após a exposição ao Al ou ao baixo pH.A sacarose ou manitol conferiram proteção às células quanto ao acúmulo de Al. Isso fez com que a viabilidade mantivesse-se em níveis próximos ao controle (pH5,6) e a cultura conseguisse recuperar seu crescimento e viabilidade após a exposição ao Al e ao baixo pH. O efeito protetor não foi devido ao caráter energético da sacarose, pois o manitol não é metabolizado pelas células BY-2 e os resultados foram semelhantes quando se usou sacarose ou manitol, nas mesmas concentrações. Sabe-se que o Al aumenta a peroxidação lipídica e a oxidação protéica da membrana plasmática, pela geração de EAO?s, desencadeando o processo de estresse oxidativo na célula. Em nosso estudo, nas células sensíveis houve peroxidação dos lipídios, ativação do sistema de enzimas antioxidantes, como SOD, GST, GR, CAT e APX, alteração nos níveis de carboidratos e alteração no perfil protéico de frações enriquecidas de membrana plasmática, obtido por eletroforese 2D. O mesmo comportamento foi verificado em células sensíveis tratadas a baixo pH. Pode-se concluir que o sistema antioxidante celular foi ativado na presença de baixo pH ou Al, pela ocorrência de peroxidação lipídica, que gera maiores concentrações de H2O2 nas células sensíveis (fase log). E que existem diferenças no perfil protéico de células tratadas com Al em relação a células mantidas sob condições de cultivo, tanto em presença de spots como em expressão diferencial. Porém estas diferenças necessitam ser melhores exploradas. A peroxidação lipídica é um bom indicador da sensibilidade celular ao Al e ao baixo pH, assim como a ativação do sistema antioxidante e a geração do peróxido de hidrogênio. Poderiam ser realizados experimentos no tempo, medindo-se o acúmulo de Al e relacionando-o aos níveis de peroxidação lipídica, atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e geração do peróxido, para que pudéssemos indicar talvez um processo que se iniciasse antes que outro, ou mesmo que decaísse antes do outro. Assim como um monitoramento das condições de oxidação protéica na presença de Al. / Aluminum limits crop production in all over the world. In acid solis the Al disponibility is larger. Acid soils compose the major part of the brazillian soils. The problem of acidity and Al toxicity results in losses of productivity in agriculture and forestry. The first symptom of Al toxicity is inhibition of root growth. There is many studies that indicate relations between the inhibition of root growth and cell division and expansion alterations. The mechanisms of Al toxicity and resistance aren?t completely understood in plants. The resistance mechanism of Al chelation by organic acid is one of the mechanisms accept, like the elevation of the rizosphere pH by substances exsudated by the root system. Other possible mechanisms that are being mentionated are the alterations in plasma membrane composition and structure, antioxidant cell system activation, alterations in cell signal and alterations in the membrane channels activity. Aluminum cell sensibility depends of the status cellular. The cells that are sensible to Al, are in the log phase of growth and accumulate the metal, whereas the resistant cells do not accumulate and were in the stationary phase of growth. In our work, we observed that the sensible cells are sensible to low pH too. The sensible cells don?t recover their growth rate and cellular viability after the treatment exposition. Sucrose or mannitol confers cellular protection against the Al. The cellular viability was high (next to the control, pH5,6) and the cell culture recovery their growth and viability after the Al or low pH exposition. The protective effect don?t occurs in response to the energetic role of sucrose, because cells treated with mannitol showed the same results and the mannitol did not metabolizated by tobacco BY-2 cells. Al induces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in plasma membrane, by the ROS generation promoting the oxidative stress. We found that sensible Al cells showed lipid peroxidation, H2O2 generation, antioxidant enzymes activation (SOD, le carbohydrate levels and protein profile alterations by 2D electrophoresis. The same responses were observed in the pH sensible cells, at log phase of growth. This differences should be more explored. We concluded that the lipid peroxidation is an indicator of sensitivity to Al and low pH, like the antioxidant enzymes activities and the H2O2 generation. Studies should be done with the Al accumulated in time, measuring the activities of antioxidant system and the lipid peroxidation with the objective to indicated what process could start firstly
189

Efeito da superexpressão do gene miox2 de Arabidopsis, na composição de carboidratos de parede celular secundária de plantas transgênicas de tabaco / Effects of overexpression of the miox2 gene from Arabidopsis, in secondary cell-wall carbohydrate composition in transgenic tobacco plants

Conti, Gabriela 11 December 2007 (has links)
As paredes celulares vegetais são estruturas essenciais para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Além das suas diversas funções biológicas, os componentes polissacarídicos constituintes das paredes celulares (celulose, hemiceluloses e pectinas) são de vital importância como fonte natural de fibras para a nutrição humana e animal e são considerados os principais recursos renováveis do planeta, utilizados como matéria-prima para diversos processos industriais, por exemplo nos processos de produção de polpa celulósica. Todos esses fatores têm despertado grande interesse no estudo da composição e biossíntese das paredes celulares. A biossíntese dos seus polímeros se inicia no citoplasma das células, onde ocorre a formação dos precursores por uma rota metabólica complexa de biossíntese de açúcares-nucleotídeo. O entendimento da regulação dessa rota metabólica é fundamental para modular a dinâmica de biossíntese desses açúcares e assim tentar manipular as propriedades bioquímicas das paredes celulares. Nesse contexto, o presente projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da superexpressão do gene miox2 de Arabidopsis thaliana em plantas de Nicotiana tabacum. O produto desse gene é a enzima mio-inositol oxigenase (E.C. 1.13.99.1), cuja função é converter o mio-inositol em ácido D-glucurônico, composto central da rota de biossíntese de açúcares-nucleotídeo. Foram determinadas quatro isoformas tecido-específicas para o gene miox (miox1, miox2, miox4 e miox5) em Arabidopsis, sendo que a isoforma miox2 é a predominante em caules. Esse gene foi clonado em trabalhos anteriores realizados no laboratório e no presente trabalho, o cDNA do gene miox2 foi superexpresso em plantas de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) a fim de se avaliar o efeito da superexpressão na composição de carboidratos de parede celular secundária. As linhagens de plantas transgênicas obtidas, não mostraram diferenças visualmente perceptíveis em comparação aos controles, indicando ausência de alterações fisiológicas e morfológicas. Foram quantificados os monossacarídeos de paredes celulares secundárias (arabinose, ramnose, galactose, glicose, xilose, manose), os ácidos urônicos (ácido galacturônico e glucurônico) e as ligninas (solúvel e insolúvel), a partir de tecido xilemático e parênquima medular do caule. A ausência de modificações significativas nas proporções desses metabólitos, indica que as plantas exercem um estrito controle na regulação da biossíntese de paredes celulares secundárias de forma que a superexpressão do gene miox2 não provocou nenhuma alteração altamente significativa. Outros genes candidatos e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua regulação deverão ser testados quanto ao nível de transcrição, modificações pós-trancricionais e pós-traducionais a fim de entender a regulação do fluxo de carbono para a biossíntese de paredes celulares. / Cell-walls are essential structures for plant development and growth. Apart from its biological functions, the polyssacharides that make cell-walls (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins) are the principal natural fibrous materials used for human and animal nutrition. They are also considered the most important renewable resource on earth and their use as industrial raw material is inevitable. An example is the use of wood in the production of pulp and paper. For all these reasons, the study of molecular composition and biosynthesis of plant cell-walls has been a matter of great interest for researchers over the past few years. Cell-wall polyssacharides biosynthesis begins at the cytoplasm, where a pool of UDP-glucose and other activated sugar nucleotide precursors are generated by multiple and complex interconvertion reactions. Understanding how cells control the metabolic pathways responsible for sugar nucleotide precursors synthesis, would be a primary requirement for manipulating them in an attempt to generate plants with improved properties for human use. In that context, tha aim of this research work was to analyze the effects of Arabidopsis thaliana miox2 gene overexpression in a plant model system (Nicotiana tabacum). The product of miox2 gene is myo-inositol oxygenase enzyme 2 (E.C.1.13.99.1) which converts D-glucuronic acid, an important sugar nucleotide precursor, from its substrate myo-inositol. Four isoforms of miox gene, with apparent tissue specific expression (miox1, miox2, miox4 and miox5) were already determined, but miox2 is the one primarily expressed in stems. Its cDNA was cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana in previous works and overexpressed in tobacco plants. Five normal transgenic lines were obtained, showing no phenotypically differences relative to the control line. This fact implied that miox2 overexpression did not alter any physiological nor morphological aspect of plant development. The cell-wall monossacharides (arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose), uronic acids (galacturonic and glucuronic acid) and lignins (soluble and insoluble) from stem xylem and parenchymal tissue were quantified. The absence of major changes in any of the compounds measured for the transgenic lines indicated that they were able to adjust their level of carbohydrate composition. Plants seem to regulate the proportions of sugar nucleotide precursors through highly complex metabolic pathways that establish strong compensatory mechanisms. It will be necessary to study other candidate genes and some aspects of their regulation at transcriptional, postranscriptional and postransaltional level, as an attempt to understand the cell-wall carbohydrate flux.
190

Alteração da composição dos polissacarídeos da parede celular de Nicotiana tabacum, pela modulação da expressão do gene uxs que codifica a enzima UDP-D-glucuronato descarboxilase (EC 4.1.1.35) / Alteration in the composition of cell wall polysaccharides in Nicotina tabacum by modulating the expression of the uxs gene, coding for UDP-D-glucuronic acid decarboxylase enzyme (EC 4.1.1.35)

Bertolo, Ana Letícia Ferreira 14 February 2007 (has links)
A parede celular vegetal, estrutura essencial para as plantas, é extremamente importante para a economia humana, já que apresenta diversas utilidades, como por exemplo, fabricação de papel, fibras de vestuário, construção civil, entre outras. A maior parte da parede celular vegetal primária (aproximadamente 90%), é formada por polissacarídeos como celulose, hemiceluloses e pectinas. Os monossacarídeos, unidades formadoras dos polissacarídeos, são sintetizados, nas plantas, a partir de diferentes açúcares nucleotídeos, sendo que, o suprimento desses, pode afetar a biossíntese dos polissacarídeos da parede celular. Visando analisar o impacto da alteração do fluxo metabólico do carbono na composição da parede celular, o presente projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo alterar a composição dos polissacarídeos da parede celular de Nicotiana tabcum, através da modulação da expressão do gene uxs, responsável pela codificação da enzima UDP-D-glucuronato descarboxilase (UDPGlcADC, EC 4.1.1.35) que converte UDP-D-glucuronato em UDP-D-xilose, importante açúcar nucleotídeo, precursor do monossacarídeo xilose. Para isso, após a clonagem do gene uxs de ervilha, foram obtidas plantas transgênicas de tabaco superexpressando esse gene. Diversas análises foram realizadas para determinação da composição química da parede celular primária e secundária dessas plantas. Pela análise de FTIR da parede celular primária, verificou-se que três linhagens transgênicas apresentaram espectrotipos consistentes, indicando uma redução na quantidade de pectinas e ligações ésteres carboxílica nessas linhagens transgênicas. Apesar de não terem sido detectadas alterações na proporção dos monossacarídeos ramnose, xilose, arabinose, manose e galactose, e na quantidade de celulose, na parede celular primária das plantas transgênicas, foram observadas diferenças na proporção de galactose não esterificada, nas linhagens que apresentaram espectrotipo. Com relação à parede celular secundária, observou-se que algumas linhagens transgênicas apresentaram maior concentração de lignina solúvel relacionada a uma redução no conteúdo de lignina insolúvel. / The plant cell wall is not only an essential structure for plants, but also an extremely important raw material in human economy. The plant cell wall has diverse utilities, for example, papermaking, textile fiber, civil construction. Polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins, are the major components of the primary plant cell wall (approximately 90%). These polysaccharides are formed by monosaccharides, which are synthesized in the plant from different nucleotide sugars. The suppliment of the nucleotide sugars can affect plant cell wall polysaccharides biosynthesis. Aiming at analyzing the impact of the alteration in the metabolic carbon flux on cell wall composition, the objective of this research project was to alterate the plant cell wall polysaccharides composition by the modulation of the uxs gene. This gene encodes the UDP-D-glucuronic acid decarboxylase enzyme (UDPGlcADC, EC 4.1.1.35) that promotes the conversion of UDP-D-glucuronic acid to UDP-D-xylose, an important sugar nucleotide precursor of xylose monosaccharide. To achieve this goal, the pea uxs gene was cloned and transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing this gene were obtained. Several analyses were performed to determinate the primary and secondary cell wall composition of those transgenic plants. The primary cell wall analysis by FTIR identified three transgenic lines that show different spectrotypes compared to wild type and those transgenic spectrotypes had the same features. The results indicate a reduction of pectin and ester carbonyl binding in the transgenic plants. No alterations were detected in the monosaccharide (rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, manose and galactose) proportions and the amount of cellulose in the primary cell wall of the transgenic plants. Nevertheless, differences in the proportion of unesterified galactose were observed in the same transgenic lines that showed spectrotypes. With regard to secondary cell wall, some transgenic lines showed an increase in soluble lignin which is related to a reduction in insoluble lignin.

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