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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Influência do teor de carbono na formação da camada de nitretos e nas propriedades mecânicas em aços da família 43XX submetidos à nitretação a plasma /

Sakamoto, Felipe Sannomiya. January 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Antonio Jorge Abdalla / Banca: José Vitor Candido de Souza / Banca: Rosinei Batista Ribeiro / Resumo: Os aços de alta resistência da série AISI 43XX apresentam importantes aplicações na indústria aeroespacial e automobilística. Devido as suas características, podem atingir altos limites de escoamento e resistência. A presença de elementos de liga como cromo, molibdênio e níquel juntamente com o teor de carbono, variando neste estudo de 0,20 a 0,70 %, podem promover melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas. O tratamento de superfície de nitretação utilizado pode promover melhorias nas propriedades de corrosão, desgaste e aumento da dureza superficial. Neste estudo foi aplicado o tratamento de nitretação a plasma em amostras dos aços da família AISI 43XX e foi avaliada, de forma comparativa, as alterações na superfície e na microestrutura dos aços nitretados em relação aos não nitretados. A elevação do teor de carbono pode dificultar ou reduzir a formação da camada de nitretos, portanto, é importante avaliar a influência do percentual de carbono nestas estruturas. As características microestruturais foram analisadas por microscopia óptica, microdureza e difração de raios-X. Foram também estudadas a influência do teor de carbono no aço apenas temperado e temperado e revenido. Com o aumento do teor de carbono do aço foi observada a elevação na dureza do aço temperado ou apenas recozido. O tratamento termoquímico de nitretação a plasma elevou a dureza da superfície para valores em torno de 800 HV, dureza superior à encontrada no substrato. A profundidade da zona de difusão de nitrogên... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The high strenght steel from series AISI 43XX are heavely applied on the aerospacial and automotive industry. Due to their chacteristics, they reach high yield values and resistence levels. The presence of chrome, nickel and molybdenum allied with the carbon content, from 0,20 to 0,70% in this study, can provide improvements on the mechanical properties. The nitriding surface threatment used may provide improvement on corrosion, wear properties and increase the surface hardness. In this study was applied the nitriding plasma threatment on samples of family 43XX steel and was evaluated, on comparative basis, the alterations on the surface and in the microstructure of nitrided steels in comparison to not nitrided steels. Higher carbon content may hamper or reduce the nitrides deposition, therefore, it is important to evaluate the influence of the carbon concentration in theses structures. The microstructure characteristics were analysed by optical microscopy, microhardness and X-ray difraction. The nitriding plasma thermochemical threatment raised the surface hardness to values of about 800 HV, higher than the values measured in the substract. The nitrogen diffused zone of higher carbon content steels was thicker than the lower. The content of arrested austenite increased as the carbon contend increased, but was just possible to measure it by optical microscopy, because it is difficult to measure lower contents than 5% or homogen and thick distributed by X-ray difraction / Mestre
2

Plasma surface interactions at interlayer dielectric (ILD) and metal surfaces

January 2012 (has links)
abstract: In this dissertation, remote plasma interactions with the surfaces of low-k interlayer dielectric (ILD), Cu and Cu adhesion layers are investigated. The first part of the study focuses on the simultaneous plasma treatment of ILD and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) Cu surfaces using N2/H2 plasma processes. H atoms and radicals in the plasma react with the carbon groups leading to carbon removal for the ILD films. Results indicate that an N2 plasma forms an amide-like layer on the surface which apparently leads to reduced carbon abstraction from an H2 plasma process. In addition, FTIR spectra indicate the formation of hydroxyl (Si-OH) groups following the plasma exposure. Increased temperature (380 °C) processing leads to a reduction of the hydroxyl group formation compared to ambient temperature processes, resulting in reduced changes of the dielectric constant. For CMP Cu surfaces, the carbonate contamination was removed by an H2 plasma process at elevated temperature while the C-C and C-H contamination was removed by an N2 plasma process at elevated temperature. The second part of this study examined oxide stability and cleaning of Ru surfaces as well as consequent Cu film thermal stability with the Ru layers. The ~2 monolayer native Ru oxide was reduced after H-plasma processing. The thermal stability or islanding of the Cu film on the Ru substrate was characterized by in-situ XPS. After plasma cleaning of the Ru adhesion layer, the deposited Cu exhibited full coverage. In contrast, for Cu deposition on the Ru native oxide substrate, Cu islanding was detected and was described in terms of grain boundary grooving and surface and interface energies. The thermal stability of 7 nm Ti, Pt and Ru ii interfacial adhesion layers between a Cu film (10 nm) and a Ta barrier layer (4 nm) have been investigated in the third part. The barrier properties and interfacial stability have been evaluated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the surfaces before and after annealing, and all the surfaces are relatively smooth excluding islanding or de-wetting phenomena as a cause of the instability. The RBS showed no discernible diffusion across the adhesion layer/Ta and Ta/Si interfaces which provides a stable underlying layer. For a Ti interfacial layer RBS indicates that during 400 °C annealing Ti interdiffuses through the Cu film and accumulates at the surface. For the Pt/Cu system Pt interdiffuion is detected which is less evident than Ti. Among the three adhesion layer candidates, Ru shows negligible diffusion into the Cu film indicating thermal stability at 400 °C. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physics 2012
3

A Study on Plasma Process-Induced Damage during Fabrication of Si Devices and Methodology for Optical Measurement / Siデバイス製造過程におけるプラズマプロセス誘起ダメージとその光学的測定方法論の研究

Matsuda, Asahiko 23 May 2013 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17788号 / 工博第3767号 / 新制||工||1576(附属図書館) / 30595 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 斧 髙一, 教授 木村 健二, 教授 立花 明知 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
4

Développement par procédé plasma de couches minces de type TiO2 dopé à l'azote pour la production d'hydrogène par photo-électrolyse de l'eau sous lumière solaire / Development by plasma processe of nitrogen doped TiO2 thin layersfor hydrogen production by water photo-electrolysis under solar energy

Youssef, Laurène 19 November 2018 (has links)
Le couplage direct de la séparation et de la photo-catalyse en utilisant des membranes à base de dioxyde de titane, est une approche intéressante habituellement appliquée dans les dispositifs de traitement de l'eau, et récemment envisagée pour d’autres applications, telle que la production d’hydrogène par photo-électrolyse de l’eau. En effet, le dioxyde de titane (TiO2) est bien connu pour ses propriétés photo-catalytiques. En outre, s’il est immobilisé sur support membranaire plutôt qu’utilisé en suspension, son intégration en procédé de séparation est facilitée, sans compter les gains apportés au procédé en termes de compacité, d’intégrité et de capacité séparative. Pour une telle application, des cellules originales sous forme de multicouches sont requises. Certains systèmes sont décrits dans la littérature mais aucun d’entre eux n’est réellement intégré (c’est-à-dire basé sur une géométrie de type multicouche micro-architecturée), ni formé de couches minces obtenus par procédés plasma. Or les procédés plasma sont généralement compétitifs pour l’obtention de systèmes multicouches de hautes intégrité et compacité. Dans le cadre de récents travaux menés à l’IEM, différents types de couches minces ont été préparés par PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition), à savoir des films de TiO2 connus pour leurs propriétés photo-catalytiques et des membranes phosphoniques de conduction protonique avérée. En outre, des films minces de platine efficaces pour la réduction catalytique des protons en hydrogène peuvent être également déposés par un autre procédé plasma, la pulvérisation cathodique. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, des films de TiO2 obtenus par PECVD Basse Fréquence sont optimisés en termes d’activité photo-catalytique et de propriétés séparatives; cette optimisation, qui concerne le dopage à l’azote du TiO2 (permettant le déplacement de la bande interdite de la région UV vers la région visible), est le premier objectif de ce projet de thèse. Les films minces sont caractérisés du point de vue de leurs propriétés structurales et fonctionnelles. Le second objectif de la thèse est de montrer l’intérêt de ces films de TiO2 dans la production/séparation d’hydrogène par voie solaire. Dans ce but, la photo-activité des films dans le noir, sous UV et sous visible est étudiée dans une cellule mono-compartiment où les deux électrodes baignent dans un électrolyte liquide. Des études électrochimiques plus poussées en présence d’une membrane électrolyte commerciale et d’une cathode de platine (dont les caractérisations en propre sont portées en annexes de ce travail), sont aussi abordées. Le dernier objectif de cette thèse est le transfert de la technologie des procédés plasma de l’Institut Européen des Membranes de l’Université de Montpellier vers le Laboratoire Chimie-Physique des Matériaux de l’Université Libanaise. Les détails de l’installation du réacteur au Liban font l’objet du dernier chapitre de la thèse ainsi que les résultats des premiers tests de dépôt sur la base de conditions opératoires précédemment optimisées à l’Institut Européen des Membranes. / Direct coupling of separation and photo-catalysis using membranes based on titanium dioxide, is an interesting approach usually applied in water treatment devices, and recently considered for other applications, such as hydrogen production by water photo-electrolysis. Indeed, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is well-known for its photo-catalytic properties. In addition, if it is immobilized on membrane supports rather than used in suspensions, its integration in the separation process is facilitated and some advantages of the process in terms of compactness, integrity and separation capacity are provided. For such an application, original multilayered cells are required. Some systems are described in the literature but none of them is truly integrated (that is to say based on a micro-architecture geometry of multi-layer type) or formed of thin layers obtained by plasma processes. Now plasma processes are generally competitive for obtaining multilayered systems with high integrity and compactness. As part of recent works at IEM, various types of thin films were prepared by PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) to include TiO2 films known for their photo-catalytic properties and phosphonic acid membranes with average protons conductivity. In addition, effective platinum thin films for the protons catalytic reduction into hydrogen could also be deposited by another plasma process, sputtering. In this work, TiO2 films obtained by Low Frequency PECVD are optimized in terms of photo-catalytic activity and separation properties; this optimization, regarding the nitrogen doping of TiO2 (for the band gap shifting from the UV region to the visible region), is the first objective of this thesis project. The thin films structural and functional properties are characterized.The second aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the competitiveness of these films for the Hydrogen production/separation by solar energy. To this end, the layers photo-response has been tested in the dark, under UV and under visible light in a mono-compartment cell where both electrodes are immersed in a liquid electrolyte. Further studies integrating the TiO2 layers in contact with a commercial electrolyte membrane and a platinum counter-electrode (whose characterizations are presented in annexes), are also performed. The last aim of this work is the Plasma technology transfer from the European Membrane Institute of University of Montpellier to the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials of Lebanese University. The installation and configuration details are presented in the last chapter as well as the results of the first depositions based on operating conditions already optimized at European Membrane Institute.
5

Effets d’antenne sur transistors FDSOI à film ultra mince issus de technologies 28nm et en deçà / Plasma charging in FDSOI ultra-thin body from 28nm technologies and below

Akbal, Madjid 22 January 2016 (has links)
Depuis ses débuts, l’industrie de la microélectronique s’est fixé comme objectif d’augmenter les performances et la densité des circuits, en suivant la loi de Moore. Ainsi, depuis la commercialisation du premier circuit en 1971, les industriels se sont atteler à miniaturiser les transistors, ce qui améliore automatiquement leurs performances. Cela dit, à partir du nœud 28nm, l’électrostatique est devenue très difficile à contrôler, et de nouvelles architectures de transistor, tel que le FDSOI est proposée par STMicroelectronics pour remédier à cette problématique. Les dégradations par effets d’antenne, qui apparaissent lors des procédés plasma, provoque la dégradation de l’oxyde de grille des composants, et peuvent ainsi induire la perte des avantages offerts par cette nouvelle technologie. Dans ce contexte, l’évaluation de l’impact de ce phénomène sur le comportement électrique des transistors en technologie FDSOI est clé. Cela représente l’objectif principal de cette thèse. Tout d’abord, un protocole expérimental a été défini, basé sur des techniques de caractérisation des procédés plasma (structures d’antenne), et sur la caractérisation de la dégradation de l’oxyde de grille. Ensuite, un nouveau mode d’écoulement des charges durant les étapes plasma, spécifique à cette nouvelle technologie est proposé. Le comportement des principaux mécanismes de dégradation par effet d’antenne est aussi investigué. Le premier, est lié à la nonuniformité locale du plasma entre les nœuds du transistor, qui induit des dégradations de type porteurs chauds. Le second, est lié à la topographie des antennes, qui cause des effets d’ombrage électronique, et donc des déséquilibre en courant entre les nœuds du transistor. Enfin, un modèle basé sur un simulateur de circuit ELDO ®, et qui permet de reproduire le comportement de ce phénomène dans la technologie FDSOI est proposé. Ce dernier tient compte des caractéristiques des structures d’antenne ainsi que des paramètres plasma. Diverses solutions sont par la suite proposées pour réduire les tensions d’antenne, basées notamment sur des simulations modèles pour optimiser les paramètres des procédés plasma. Des solutions de prévention dès la conception des circuits sont aussi proposées. / Since its beginning, the microelectronic industry is aiming to increase the circuits performance and density, following Moore’s law. Hence, since the commercialization of the first circuit in 1971, the industry focuses on the transistor dimensions reduction, which improve the device performances. But, starting from the 28nm technological node, the electrostatic has become very difficult to control, and new device structure, such as the FDSOI, is proposed by STMicroelectronics to resolve this issue. The antenna effects, which occur during plasma processes, induce gate oxide damages, which can lead to the loss of those new technology benefits. In this context, the analysis of this phenomenon on the electrical behavior of FDSOI devices is key. This is the main objective of this work. First, an experimental protocol is defined, based on plasma processes characterization technique (antenna structures), and gate oxide damage characterization. Then, a charging flow mode specific to this new technology is proposed. The mechanisms linked to the antenna damages are also investigated. The first mechanism is linked to the plasma local nonuniformity between the device nodes, which induces a stress mode similar to hot carrier injection. The second mechanism is related to the antenna topography, which generates electron shading effect, thus promoting an electrical imbalance between the device nodes. Finally, a model based on the simulator circuit ELDO ®, which allows reproducing the behavior of this phenomenon on the FDSOI technology is proposed. This model takes into account the antenna structure characteristics and the plasma parameters. Based on the model simulations, various solutions to reduce the antenna voltages are proposed. Prevention rules during the circuit design were also proposed and implemented.
6

Influência do teor de carbono na formação da camada de nitretos e nas propriedades mecânicas em aços da família 43XX submetidos à nitretação a plasma / Carbon content influence on the formation of the nitride layer and on the mechanical properties of steels from 43XX subjected to plasma nitriding treatment

Sakamoto, Felipe Sannomiya 16 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Felipe Sannomiya Sakamoto (fesaka@gmail.com) on 2018-04-11T20:16:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Felipe Sannomiya Sakamoto.pdf: 6137098 bytes, checksum: a32159d8a079ea4c53b2bde7e050c4ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-04-13T17:13:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sakamoto_fs_me_guara.pdf: 6137098 bytes, checksum: a32159d8a079ea4c53b2bde7e050c4ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T17:13:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sakamoto_fs_me_guara.pdf: 6137098 bytes, checksum: a32159d8a079ea4c53b2bde7e050c4ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-16 / Os aços de alta resistência da série AISI 43XX apresentam importantes aplicações na indústria aeroespacial e automobilística. Devido as suas características, podem atingir altos limites de escoamento e resistência. A presença de elementos de liga como cromo, molibdênio e níquel juntamente com o teor de carbono, variando neste estudo de 0,20 a 0,70 %, podem promover melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas. O tratamento de superfície de nitretação utilizado pode promover melhorias nas propriedades de corrosão, desgaste e aumento da dureza superficial. Neste estudo foi aplicado o tratamento de nitretação a plasma em amostras dos aços da família AISI 43XX e foi avaliada, de forma comparativa, as alterações na superfície e na microestrutura dos aços nitretados em relação aos não nitretados. A elevação do teor de carbono pode dificultar ou reduzir a formação da camada de nitretos, portanto, é importante avaliar a influência do percentual de carbono nestas estruturas. As características microestruturais foram analisadas por microscopia óptica, microdureza e difração de raios-X. Foram também estudadas a influência do teor de carbono no aço apenas temperado e temperado e revenido. Com o aumento do teor de carbono do aço foi observada a elevação na dureza do aço temperado ou apenas recozido. O tratamento termoquímico de nitretação a plasma elevou a dureza da superfície para valores em torno de 800 HV, dureza superior à encontrada no substrato. A profundidade da zona de difusão de nitrogênio foi menor para os aços com teores de carbono mais elevados. A autenita retida aumentou juntamente com o teor de carbono, mas só foi possível quantificar a fração volumétrica desta fase pela microscopia óptica, uma vez que, pela técnica de difração de raio X, é de difícil detecção concentrações abaixo de 5% ou distribuídas de forma fina e homogênea. / The high strenght steel from series AISI 43XX are heavely applied on the aerospacial and automotive industry. Due to their chacteristics, they reach high yield values and resistence levels. The presence of chrome, nickel and molybdenum allied with the carbon content, from 0,20 to 0,70% in this study, can provide improvements on the mechanical properties. The nitriding surface threatment used may provide improvement on corrosion, wear properties and increase the surface hardness. In this study was applied the nitriding plasma threatment on samples of family 43XX steel and was evaluated, on comparative basis, the alterations on the surface and in the microstructure of nitrided steels in comparison to not nitrided steels. Higher carbon content may hamper or reduce the nitrides deposition, therefore, it is important to evaluate the influence of the carbon concentration in theses structures. The microstructure characteristics were analysed by optical microscopy, microhardness and X-ray difraction. The nitriding plasma thermochemical threatment raised the surface hardness to values of about 800 HV, higher than the values measured in the substract. The nitrogen diffused zone of higher carbon content steels was thicker than the lower. The content of arrested austenite increased as the carbon contend increased, but was just possible to measure it by optical microscopy, because it is difficult to measure lower contents than 5% or homogen and thick distributed by X-ray difraction.
7

Etude et mise au point de procédés industriels de traitement de surfaces par voie sèche pour la fabrication de cellules photovoltaïques à base de Silicium / Design and development of industrial processes for treating surfaces dry for the manufacture of photovoltaic cells based on silicon

Talla, Amadou 15 December 2014 (has links)
Dans la fabrication de cellules photovoltaïques en silicium, certaines étapes cruciales utilisant des procédés humides pourraient être remplacées par des procédés secs. En effet des gains significatifs de rendement de conversion peuvent être obtenus avec la texturisation, le polissage de la face arrière et la gravure du BRL (Boron Ritch layer) par plasma. Cette thèse présente le développement d'un procédé de texturisation par voie sèche adapté au silicium multicristallin et monolike hybride (mono-multi). Pour cela un réacteur plasma de type direct a été conçu et breveté par la société SEMCO ENGINEERING. Ces travaux se divisent en trois parties distinctes. Tout d'abord la technique de texturisation par plasma, l'optimisation des paramètres du réacteur et les avantages de cette dernière par rapport à la texturisation classique ont été abordés. Le développement d'un réacteur compatible avec une ligne industrielle est ensuite abordé : optimisation des différents paramètres du réacteur afin d'obtenir les meilleurs résultats cellules. Enfin d'autres applications ont été démontrées possibles avec l'utilisation de notre réacteur, avec notamment le polissage de la face arrière des wafers de silicium et de la gravure du BRL (Boron Ritch Layer) sur des substrats de type n. La comparaison des résultats avec celles humides nous a montrée des résultats très encourageants. A terme, une amélioration du rendement de conversion de l'ordre de 0,2 à 0,3% a été obtenue sur du silicium multicristallin et du monolike et une amélioration esthétique des cellules sur panneau solaire avec notre technique de texturisation plasma. Ces résultats permettent de démontrer la compatibilité de l'utilisation de cet équipement dans une ligne industrielle de fabrication de cellule solaire. Mots-clés : Cellules solaire, Silicium multicristallin, monolike hybride, procédés plasma, polissage, BRL (Boron Ritch Layer). / A significant efficiency gain for crystalline silicon solar cell can be achieved by the use of dry process. Indeed significant gains in conversion efficiency can be achieved with texturing, polishing the back face and burning the BRL (Boron Ritch layer) by using plasma process.In this paper Dry plasma processing for industrial crystalline silicon solar cell was studied.This thesis focuses on the replacement of wet processes by dry processes in the manufacture of silicon photovoltaic cells. This work is divided into three distinct parts. First Technique texturing plasma, parameter optimization of the reactor and the advantages thereof with respect to the conventional texturing has been discussed. The development of a compatible with an industrial line reactor is then discussed: optimizing different parameters of the reactor in order to obtain the best results cells. Other possible applications have been demonstrated with the use of our reactor, including polishing the backside of silicon wafers and etching BRL (Boron Ritch Layer) on n-type substrates.An improvement of the conversion efficiency on the order of 0.2 to 0.3 % has been demonstrated on multicristalline and monolike silicon wafers and Aesthetic of solar panel was improved. Key words: Silicon wafer, Plasma texturing, multicristalline wafer, monolike wafer……………
8

Extraction de bore par oxydation du silicium liquide pour applications photovoltaïques / Boron extraction from liquid silicon by oxidation for photovoltaic applications

Vadon, Mathieu 23 October 2017 (has links)
L'extraction du bore du silicium liquide est une étape d'une chaîne de procédés de purification de silicium de qualité suffisante pour les applications photovoltaïques. Cette thèse étudie en priorité le procédé dit "gaz froid" qui consiste en l'injection d'un mélange de gaz Ar-H2-H2O sur du silicium liquide chauffé électromagnétiquement. Une deuxième méthode similaire ("procédé plasma") où on injecte un plasma thermique issu d'un mélange Ar-H2-O2 a également été étudiée. Un modèle est nécessaire afin d'optimiser le procédé pour économiser de l'énergie.Les trois objectifs du modèle sont la prédiction du flux de silicium issu de la surface (vitesse d'oxydation), du flux de bore issu de la surface (pour avoir la vitesse de purification), et du seuil de passivation. Le seuil de passivation est la limite de concentration d'oxydant au-delà de laquelleil apparait une couche de silice passivante qui empêche la purification. Afin de minimiser la consommation d'énergie en accélérant le procédé, on cherche à injecter une concentration d'oxydant juste en dessous du seuil de passivation.De précédentes études ont montré que le facteur limitant pour les flux de bore et de silicium est le transport d'oxydant dans la phase gaz. Ainsi, nous avons fait un modèle monodimensionnel réactif-diffusif à l'équilibre thermodynamique de la couche limite gazeuse. Selon ce modèle, l'effet de la formation d'aérosols de silice est de diviser par deux le flux d'oxydant vers la surface, ce qui sert aux simulations CFD. Cet effet des aérosols de silice sur les flux d'oxydant peut aussi se retrouver si on enlève l'hypothèse d'équilibre thermodynamique des aérosols de silice avec la phase gaz, ce qui est confirmé par des simulations CFD et des expériences.Pour ce qui concerne l'estimation de la vitesse de purification, les données les plus réalistes concernant l'enthalpie de formation de HBO(g) et le coefficient d'activité du bore dans le silicium liquide ont été sélectionnées. Nous obtenons une bonne prédiction de la vitesse de purification à différentes températures et concentrations d'oxydant, y compris pour le cas plasma que nous avons étudié, en utilisant ces données thermodynamiques et en supposant que les produits de réaction de surface SiO(g) et HBO(g) diffusent de manière similaire. Ces coefficients de transfert identiques pour HBO(g) et SiO(g) peuvent s'expliquer par une précipitation simultanée et commune de HBO(g) et SiO(g), selon des mécanismes de germination et croissance restant à déterminer.Un dispositif expérimental de lévitation électromagnétique de silicium sous un jet oxydant a été monté. La mesure et le contrôle de température d'une bille de silicium ont été mis en oeuvre ce qui permettra la mesure sans contaminations de données thermodynamiques concernant les impuretés .Le seuil de passivation mesuré sur quelques expériences disponibles peut être prédit par notre modèle d'oxydation (associé au facteur deux représentant les aérosols de silice), si on l'associe à un critère proposé dans la littérature, qui couple la fraction du flux d'oxydant arrivant à la surface à une loi d'équilibre entre SiO(g), Si(l) et SiO2(s/l). Nous montrons dans cette thèse que la couche passivante n'est compatible avec des aérosols de silice que si ces aérosols ne sont pas en équilibre avec la phase gaz. La cinétique de formation des aérosols de silice doit donc être étudiée plus en détails. / Boron extraction from liquid silicon is a step within a new chain of processes aimed to purify silicon that meets purity requirements specific to photovoltaic applications. This thesis focuses mostly on cold gas processes that involve the injection of a mixture of Ar-H2-H2O gases onto electromagnetically stirred liquid silicon. A second similar method ("plasma processes") that involves the injection of thermal plasma made from an Ar-H2-H2O mixture has also been studied. A model is needed to minimize energy consumption by optimizing the process.We want to be able to predict the flow of silicon from the reactive surface (oxidation speed), the flow of boron from the surface (to have the purification speed) and the passivation threshold. For a given setting, the passivation threshold is the limit oxydant partial pressure at injection beyond which a passivating silica layer appears on the surface of the liquid silicon, which interrupts the purification. In order to minimize the energy consumption, and for that matter , in order to speed up the process, we want to inject oxydant in a quantity just below the passivation threshold.Previous studies have shown that the limiting factor for the oxidation and purification speed is the transport of oxidant in the gas phase. That's why we have made a 1D reactive-diffusive model at thermodynamical equilibrium of the gaseous boundary layer. According to this model the effect of the formation of silica aerosols is to divide by two the flow of oxydant towards the surface, which is useful for the simplification of CFD simulations. This effect of the formation of silica aerosols on oxidant flows can also be found without the hypothesis of thermodynamical equilibrium of silica aerosols with the gas phase, as confirmed by simulations and experiments.Regarding the estimation of the purification speed, we have selected the most realistic values of the enthalpy of formation of HBO(g) and of the activity coefficient of boron in liquid silicon.We could get good estimates of the purification speed at different temperatures and levels of oxidant concentrations at injection, by using the selected thermodynamical values and by supposing that the surface reaction products HBO(g) and SiO(g) diffuse similarly. A reason for this similar diffusion of SiO(g) and HBO(g) might be a common and simultaneous precipitation , due to specific dynamics of nucleation and growth that need to be investigated further. Those results for cold gas processed could also be obtained for a plasma experiment.However for the plasma experiment, silica aerosols can be formed only in a very thin layer near the surface and this result needs confirmation from other experiments.Temperature measurement and control for electromagnetically levitating liquid silicon under a flow of oxidant were achieved. With more time, quantitative results could be achieved to measure thermodynamical data on impurities without contaminations.Regarding the prediction of the passivation threshold, we justified a thermodynamical equilibrium at surface of SiO(g) with Si(l) and SiO2(s/l) at passivation threshold with the spreading of silica particles over the liquid silicon surface with the stirring. We show that the passivation layer is compatible with silica aerosols only if those aerosols are not in equilibrium with the gas phase. Therefore the kinetics of formation of silica aerosols should be studied further. A previous empirical formula on the prediction of the passivation threshold for experiments where H2O is the oxidant has been confirmed using our CFD model. A passivation experiment has shown the absence of impact of silica aerosols on oxidant transport when the oxidant is O2.

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