Tissue engineering is a promising alternative strategy to produce artificial bone substitutes / however, the control of the cell organization and cell behavior to create fully functional 3-D constructs has not yet been achieved. To overcome these, activities have been concentrated on the development of multi-functional tissue engineering scaffolds capable of delivering the required bioactive agents to initiate and control cellular activities. The aim of this study was to prepare tissue engineered constructs composed of polymeric scaffolds seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) carrying a nanoparticulate growth factor delivery system that would sequentially deliver the growth factors in order to mimic the natural bone healing process. To achieve this, BMP-2 and BMP-7, the osteogenic growth factors, were encapsulated in different polymeric nanocapsules (poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)) with different properties (degradation rates, crystallinity) and, therefore, different release rates to achieve the early release of BMP-2 followed by the release of BMP-7, as it is in nature. Initially, these nanoparticulate delivery systems were characterized and then the effect of single, simultaneous and sequential delivery of BMP-2 and BMP-7 from these delivery systems was studied in vitro using rat bone marrow MSCs. The effect of using these two growth factors in a sequential manner by mimicking their natural bioavailability timing was shown with maximized osteogenic activity results. BMP-2 loaded PLGA nanocapsules were subcutaneously implanted into Wistar rats and according to initial results, their biocompatibility as well as the positive effect of BMP-2 release on the formation of osteoclast-like cells was shown. To complete the construction of the bioactive scaffold, this nanoparticulate sequential delivery system was incorporated into two different types of polymeric systems / natural (chitosan) and synthetic (poly(&amp / #949 / -caprolactone) (PCL)). 3-D fibrous scaffolds were produced using these materials by wet spinning and 3-D plotting. Incorporation of nanocapsules into 3-D chitosan scaffolds was studied by two different methods: incorporation within and onto chitosan fibers. Incorporation into 3-D PCL scaffolds was achieved by coating the nanocapsules onto the fibers of the scaffolds in an alginate layer. With both scaffold systems, incorporation of nanocapsule populations capable of delivering BMP-2 and BMP-7 in single, simultaneous and sequential fashion was achieved. As with free nanocapsules, the positive effect of sequential delivery on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was shown with both scaffold systems, creating multi-functional scaffolds capable of inducing bone healing.

A exemplo dos diversos métodos desenvolvidos mundialmente para avaliação de sustentabilidade no âmbito do edifício isolado e seus sistemas constituintes, surgem no horizonte novos sistemas de avaliação que consideram: o entorno, a vizinhança, o loteamento como um todo, enfatizando aspectos de desenvolvimento sustentável combinados às práticas dos chamados edifícios verdes, tais como o Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Developments Rating System (LEED-ND), desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos; o Approche Environnementale de lUrbanisme (AEU), desenvolvido na França; o Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Report Guidelines, desenvolvido pela ONU; entre outros. Enquanto aumenta a legitimidade do paradigma da sustentabilidade e sua pertinência para lidar com a especificidade do urbano, cresce a necessidade de selecionar critérios, estratégias e indicadores mensuráveis para ancorar a formulação, monitorar a implementação e avaliar os resultados das políticas urbanas em bases sustentáveis, de acordo com as diretrizes propostas pelas Agendas 21 Global e Brasileira. Por outro lado, o crescimento urbano das últimas décadas tem ocorrido de forma dispersa, por processos de deslocamento de atividades tipicamente urbanas para o campo, observado pela disposição das manchas urbanas nas imagens de satélites, que se dispõem como uma série de polos urbanos separados por vazios rurais. Inserido neste contexto da chamada urbanização dispersa, o parcelamento do solo através de loteamentos é uma das tipologias de expansão da área urbana que acarretará em significativas implicações na paisagem e, consequentemente, na atividade de gestão e planejamento urbanos. Portanto, com o objetivo geral de identificar, analisar e recomendar diretrizes para projetos de loteamentos urbanos, esta pesquisa realiza uma análise crítica qualitativa e comparativa dos diversos métodos de avaliação ambiental existentes nacional e internacionalmente, através de estudo de caso em um loteamento residencial, o Projeto Gênesis, em Santana do Parnaíba, município da Grande São Paulo. O resultado é um conjunto de diretrizes para auxiliar o processo de projeto de loteamentos urbanos considerando os requisitos e critérios dos métodos, contribuindo também para o aperfeiçoamento da legislação urbanística por parte dos agentes do poder público. / As many world-wide developed assessment methods for sustanability of isolated buildings and their constituting systems performance, new environmental assessment systems have recently been proposed, taking into account neighborhood, land sub-division and urbanistic issues. They integrate principles of smart growth, sustainable development and green building, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Developments Rating System (LEED-ND), developed in the United States; Approche Environnementale de l\'Urbanisme (AEU), developed in France; Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Report Guidelines, developed by United Nations; and many others. With new sustainability paradigms and difficulties on dealing specifically with sustainable cities grows, there are needs on selecting criteria, strategies and measurable indicators in order to anchoring formulation, controlling implementation and evaluating results of the urban policies in sustainable basis, according to the proposed guidelines of Global and Brazilian Agendas 21. However, in the last decades, the urban growth has happened in a dispersed form, by displacement process of typically urban activities for the rural areas, observed by the urban spots disposal in satellites images, as many urban polar regions separated by rural or open lands. Inserted in this context called \"diffuse urbanization\", the land sub-division by plotting is a model of urban growth that would cause significative impacts in landscape and ecology and, consequently, in the activities of urban planning. Therefore, with the general purpose of identifying, analyzing and recommending guidelines, this paper brings qualitative and comparative critical analysis of the many locally and internationally environmental assessment methods for urban plotting, through a case study methodology for a residential plotting, the Gênesis Project, in Santana do Parnaíba, municipality of São Paulo metropolitan region. The results are a set of guidelines, that considers the requisites and criteria of each method, in order to help designers in urban plotting project process and to contribute the improvement of urban legislation by public agents.

My thesis, "BMA (Bromma airport) / BEURA (Bromma experimental urban recycling association), an adaptive rebirth", explores the potential for an evolution of self-built circular inhabitation on the airport runway of Bromma through adaptive reuse and circular construction. The Bromma Airport in Stockholm is set to cease operation by 2038, leaving behind a vast expanse of infrastructure that could be repurposed for other uses. Instead of a late termination of the air traffic tenure, my proposal calls for the airport to be shut down immediately in favor of evolving dwellings on the site through community-based dynamic urban planning. This alternative plan for the future of Bromma Airport considers how the extensive flat surface of concrete that the runway provides can be utilized for slabs and foundations in circular construction and adaptive reuse for self-built dwellings.  My project aims to critique and challenge the current "housing as a commodity" discourse and argues for a greater qualitative approach to urban planning. Rather than focusing, for instance, on the number of dwellings, my proposal emphasizes the integration of different functions, community engagement, and the evolution of dwellings according to needs and supply/ability. By planning for a sustainable, community-focused inhabitation that prioritizes shared spaces and sustainable living practices, my proposal offers a model for future urban planning projects that prioritize qualitative measures beyond the obsolete urban planning trinity equilibrium of economic, social and ecological sustainability.

No description available.

Les romans libertins à figures se développent de façon remarquable au XVIIIe siècle. Selon les frères Goncourt, c’est « le siècle de la vignette ». L’avènement de cette mode de livres illustrés a modifié aussi bien les sensibilités esthétiques et les conditions matérielles de la lecture d’un récit de rouerie, que notre conception de la littérature libertine comme système de représentation, non plus exclusivement textuel, ou discursif, mais engageant un dialogue avec l’image. Il s’agit d’étudier ce dédoublement de la représentation, à travers les dispositifs qu’il met en œuvre, et en mobilisant ceux-ci comme une nouvelle méthode d’analyse du texte et de l’image dans les récits de rouerie libertine.On pourrait croire que les récits de rouerie libertine sont les plus éloignés de l’image, étant donné que la machination et la ruse nécessitent d’agir sous-main. Or notre analyse de la logique de l’image qui gouverne les dispositifs de la représentation dans le roman libertin des Lumières infirme cette hypothèse. Dans cette perspective, nous tenterons de compléter les études existantes sur la scène érotique ou intime, le regard et la théâtralité de la fiction classique, avec l’idée que, dans les récits de rouerie, la représentation de la machination libertine oscille entre deux stratégies : celle qui donne à voir et celle qui dérobe. / The libertine novels ornated with figures grew dramatically in the eighteenth century. According to Goncourt brothers it is “the century of the vignette”. The development of this genre of illustrated books changed, both aesthetic sensibility of the reader and the material conditions of reading a trick story, for our conception of libertine literature as a system of representation is no more exclusively textual nor discursive but triggers a dialogue with the image. The study of this duplication of representation is at stake, using the text-and-image devices it operates, as a new method to analyse their interconnection in the libertine trick stories. One could imagine such narratives are the most distant from the image, since the machination and trickery need to act covertly, whereas the logic of the image appears to be at the very heart of the operative devices of representation which govern the eighteenth century libertine novel. Following that scientific approach, we’ll try to complete the existing studies on poetics of the erotic or intimate scene, and how gazing and theatricality interact within classical fiction, with the hypothesis that, in the trick stories, the representation of the libertine plot faces two strategies: the one that lures with showing something and the other with concealing.

We present robust explicit construction of 3D configuration spaces using controlled linear perturbation. The input is two planar parts: a fixed set and a moving set, where each set is bounded by circle segments. The configuration space is the three-dimensional space of Euclidean transformation (translations plus rotations) of the moving set relative to the fixed set. The goal of constructing the 3D configuration space is to determine the boundary representation of the free space where the intersection of the moving set and fixed set is empty. To construct the configuration space, we use the controlled linear perturbation algorithm. The controlled linear perturbation algorithm assigns function signs that are correct for a nearly minimal input perturbation. The output of the algorithm is a consistent set of function signs. This approach is algorithm-independent, and the overhead over traditional floating point methods is reasonable. If the fixed and moving sets are computer representations of physical objects, then computing the configuration space greatly aids in many computational geometry problems. The main focus of computing the configuration space is for the path planning problem. We must find if a path exists from the start to the goal, where the fixed set is the obstacle, and the moving set is the object trying to reach the goal.

In this thesis, several types of scaffolds composed of different materials and designed structures and functions were fabricated by 3D plotting under mild conditions (room temperature and without using any organic solvent). Broad biomaterials including inorganic (such as calcium phosphate cement and mesoporous bioglass), organic (such as alginate and gelatin) and composite materials were prepared into printable pastes to plot as 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Organic/inorganic biphasic and bipartite structure, core/shell alginate/nano-hydroxyapatite and hollow fiber structure were designed and realized. Scaffolds with multi functions including suitable mechanical properties, sustained drug/protein delivery and in vitro vascularization were achievable. 3D plotting provided great achievements in the field of tissue engineering by preparing advanced scaffolds, as well as by plotting cell/matrix constructs, and even complex tissues and organs.

In this thesis, several types of scaffolds composed of different materials and designed structures and functions were fabricated by 3D plotting under mild conditions (room temperature and without using any organic solvent). Broad biomaterials including inorganic (such as calcium phosphate cement and mesoporous bioglass), organic (such as alginate and gelatin) and composite materials were prepared into printable pastes to plot as 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Organic/inorganic biphasic and bipartite structure, core/shell alginate/nano-hydroxyapatite and hollow fiber structure were designed and realized. Scaffolds with multi functions including suitable mechanical properties, sustained drug/protein delivery and in vitro vascularization were achievable. 3D plotting provided great achievements in the field of tissue engineering by preparing advanced scaffolds, as well as by plotting cell/matrix constructs, and even complex tissues and organs.