Les cellules souches pluripotentes sont capables de donner naissance à tous les types cellulaires constituant un organisme, ce qui leur confère un fort intérêt thérapeutique. A partir de l’embryon de souris on peut en dériver deux types : les cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) au stade blastocyste et les cellules souches d’épiblaste (EpiSC) au stade œuf cylindre. Ces deux types de cellules partagent leurs propriétés pluripotentes mais se distinguent par de nombreux aspects comme leurs conditions de culture et les gènes qu’elles expriment. Nous avons montré que la reprogrammation par clonage par transfert de noyau permet d’obtenir des EpiSC présentant un méthylome et un transcriptome similaires à ceux des EpiSC issues d’embryons après fécondation. Nous avons également caractérisé le profil de méthylation de l’ADN des EpiSC, et montré une tendance à l’hyperméthylation des promoteurs des EpiSC par-rapport aux cellules ES et à l’épiblaste. De plus, l’absence de méthylation empêche la conversion des cellules ES en EpiSC. Les EpiSC semblent donc dépendre fortement de la méthylation de l’ADN pour réguler l’expression de leurs gènes, ce qui les distingue des cellules ES. / Pluripotent stem cells are of great therapeutic interest because of their capability to give rise to all the cells composing an organism. We can derive two types of these stem cells from the mouse embryo: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from the blastocyst and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) from the egg cylinder stage. These two cell types share their pluripotent properties but are distinct on several features, like their culture conditions and gene expression. We showed that reprogramming using cloning by nuclear transfer allows the obtention of EpiSCs with a methylome and a transcriptome similar to those of EpiSCs derived from embryo after fertilisation. We also characterised the DNA methylation pattern of EpiSCs and showed their tendency to present a hypermethylation at their promoters compared to ESCs and epiblast. We also observed that the absence of DNA methylation blocks the conversion of ESCs into EpiSCs. As a conclusion, it seems that EpiSCs are strongly dependant of DNA methylation to regulate gene expression, which distinguishes them from ESCs.

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Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst and have the capacity for unlimited proliferation while retaining their potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types when cultured in vitro. These properties have made of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) an excellent model on which to study the conditions required for differentiation into specific cell lineages, and consequently the possibility of transplanting specific cell types into damaged tissues. The continued turn over of ESC while maintaining an undifferentiated state is dependent on unusual cell cycle properties. These unusual proliferative properties are responsible for the generation of tumours when these cells are injected into adult animals. Thus, the study of the unusual proliferative properties of hESC needs to be addressed if their potential is to be realized. To date, most studies of the cell cycle in hESC have been descriptive, lacking functional studies that reveal the mechanisms of how the cell cycle maintains pluripotency and self- renewal of hESC. In this thesis we sought to understand the mechanisms of cell cycle control of hESC. We asked the question if a single cell cycle gene could regulate the self-renewal or pluripotency properties of hESC using a gain and loss of gene function strategy. We have identified that the protein expression of the p27Kip1 cell cycle inhibitor was low in human pluripotent cells, but its expression increased during differentiation together with changes in the cell cycle structure of pluripotent cells. By adopting a gain and loss of function strategy we increased or reduced its expression in undifferentiating conditions to define its functional role in self-renewal and pluripotency of Hesc, using undifferentiation conditions, overexpression of p27Kip1 in hESC lead to a G1 phase arrest with an enlarged and flattened hESC morphology and consequently loss of self-renewal ability. Loss of p27Kip1 caused an increase of self-renewal while maintaining an undifferentiated phenotype. Moreover, we have shown that a change in the balance of p27Kip1 levels in undifferentiated hESC affects expression of the mesoderm markers: BRACHYURY and TWIST. We have found that expression changes of TWIST are associated with the presence of p27Kip1 protein in the TWIST1 gene promoter. The results presented in this thesis have interesting implications in stem cell biology. Firstly, these results define that the maintenance of p27Kip1 protein levels at a certain level is essential for self-renewal and pluripotency of hESC. Secondly, p27Kip1 is involved in the regulation of TWIST which is upregulated in several types of tumours and induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition to facilitate tumor metastasis. / Las células madre embrionarias humanas (conocidas como hESC por sus siglas en inglés de human embryonic stem cells) son derivadas de la masa celular interna de los blastocistos y poseen la capacidad para auto-renovarse ilimitadamente, reteniendo su potencial para diferenciarse hace una amplia variedad de tipos celulares (pluripotencia), cuando son cultivadas in vitro. Estas propiedades permiten el estudio de las condiciones requeridas para la diferenciación hacia linajes específicos y la posibilidad de trasplantar tipos celulares específicos en tejidos dañados. El continuo recambio de las hESC al mismo tiempo que mantienen un estado de indiferenciación es dependiente de sus inusuales propiedades proliferativas. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue el estudio de los mecanismos de control del ciclo celular de las hESC. Nos preguntamos si una única proteína del ciclo celular podría regular las propiedades de auto-renovación o pluripotencia de las hESC. En esta tesis doctoral identificamos que la expresión proteica del inhibidor del ciclo celular p27Kip1 era baja en diversas líneas celulares humanas pluripotentes pero aumentó durante la diferenciación, al mismo tiempo que la estructura del ciclo celular cambió. Mediante una estrategia de ganancia y pérdida de función, aumentamos o reducimos la expresión de p27Kip1 a fin de definir su función en la auto-renovación y la pluripotencia de las hESC. En condiciones de indiferenciación, la sobreexpresión de p27Kip1 en las hESC resultó en un arresto del ciclo celular en fase G1 y un cambio hacia una morfología más grande y aplanada, y consiguiente pérdida de la propiedad de auto-renovación. La pérdida de p27Kip1 causó un aumento de la auto-renovación manteniendo un fenotipo indiferenciado. También, hemos demostrado que un cambio en la expresión de p27Kip1 en hESC indiferenciadas afecta la expresión de los reguladores de mesodermo: BRACHYURY y TWIST. Además, hemos descubierto que los cambios en la expresión de TWIST están asociados con la presencia de la proteína p27Kip1 en el promotor de TWIST1. Estos resultados definen que los niveles de expresión de p27Kip1 son críticos para la auto-renovación y la pluripotencia de las hESC y sugieren una función para p27Kip1 en el control de la transición de epitelio a mesénquima.

Pluripotent cells are unique due to their developmental potential and the possibility to study them is the key step to understand human development. These cells are characterized by their ability to originate all the cellular lineages within an adult organism. Within embryonic milieu, pluripotent cells represent a dynamic fraction of the total cell number. Moreover, their physiological existence is constrained to early stages of embryonic development. In vitro culture of the different types of mammalian pluripotent cells, and singularly embryonic stem cells (ESC), enables the characterization of the pluripotent state. In the four articles included in this thesis we have addressed two different aspects of the molecular characterization of mammalian pluripotent cells. First, we investigated the establishment of the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass in the embryo measuring transcript abundance and protein presence of the transcription factors known to play a role in the earliest cellular differentiation process. In addition we have evaluated of genomic stability of human ESC lines during long-term culture, observing the accumulation of sukaryotypic aberrations such as loss of heterozygosity that affect loci comprising genes involved in genomic stability maintenance. We also checked the genomic status of two human ESC lines derived from embryos that had been diagnosed as abnormal after genetic preimplantation diagnosis (PGD). The molecular analysis of these cells ruled out the hypothesized self-correction of the aneuploidies between the PGD and the establishment of the cell lines. / Les cèl·lules pluripotents són úniques atesa la seva plasticitat durant el desenvolupament i la possibilitat d'estudiar-les és un pas essencial per poder comprendre el desenvolupament embrionari. Aquestes cèl·lules es caracteritzen per la seva habilitat per donar lloc a tots els llinatges cel·lulars de l'organisme. Dins de l'embrió, les cèl·lules pluripotents representen una fracció dinàmica del nombre total de cèl·lules i la seva existència fisiològica està constreta a els estadis més primerencs del desenvolupament embrionari. El cultiu in vitro dels diferents tipus de cèl·lules pluripotents en mamífers, i en especial les cèl·lules mare embrionàries, permet la caracterització d'aquest estat cel·lular. En els quatre capítols inclosos en aquesta tesi, hem tractat dos aspectes diferents de la caracterització molecular de les cèl·lules pluripotents. Primer, hem investigat l'establiment del trofectoderm i de la massa cel·lular interna en l'embrió mesurant l'abundància dels trànscrits i la presència de proteina dels factors de transcripció implicats en el primer process de diferenciació cel·lular conegut. A més, hem avaluat l'estabilitat genòmica de dues línies de cèl·lules mare en cultiu durant més de 40 passis. Com a resultat, hem observat l'acumulació de aberracions genòmiques a nivell subcariotípic, en especial pèrdua d'heterozigositat que afecta a locus que contenen gens implicats en el manteniment de l'estabilitat genòmica. També hem comprovat l'estatus genòmic de dos linies de cèl·lules mare embrionàries humanes derivades a partir d'embrions trobats aneuploids per un diagnòstic genètic preimplantacional. L'anàlisi molecular d'aquestes cèl·lules va descartar la hipòtesi d'una autocorrecció de les aneuploidies detectades entre el diagnòstic preimplantacional i la derivació de les línies a partir d'aquests embrions.

During the process of cloning using nuclear transfer, epigenetic marks in cells must go through a reprogramming process, so that embryonic development can occur appropriately. However, during TN this reprogramming process is not completely efficient. Analysis of cell viability and expression of genes related to pluripotency and epigenetic changes, allowed us to evaluate the action of demethylation drugs such as Procaine and SAH in somatic cell cultures. These substances are potencial inducers of epigenetic reprogramming and they could be used to improve the process of cloning by TN. The bovine fibroblasts treated with 1 mM Procaine had lower cell viability compared to the control group (non trated), while the group treated with 2 mM of SAH did not differ from the controls. OCT4 and NANOG genes were detected in control group as well as in the group treated with 1mM Procaine, while HDAC2 and DNMT1 genes were expressed in cells treated with 1 mM of Procaine as in those treated with 2 mM of SAH, showing no significant difference between the experimental groups. In this study we concluded that the OCT4 and NANOG genes are not molecular markers for cellular pluripotency in bovines and we can modify the epigenetic patterns of DNA of the nucleus donor cells for cloning by TN process, contributing to the improving of the results of this technique. / Durante o processo de clonagem por transferência nuclear, as marcas epigenéticas existentes nas células devem sofrer um processo de reprogramação, para que o desenvolvimento embrionário ocorra de forma correta, porém, essa reprogramação não é completamente eficaz. Assim, a utilização de substâncias desmetilantes, como a Procaína e SAH, podem ser de grande valia para facilitar essa reprogramação. Ao avaliar a viabilidade celular e a expressão de genes relacionados à pluripotência e alterações epigenéticas, nos permitiu verificar a atuação de drogas desmetilantes como a Procaína e a SAH em cultivo de células somáticas. Essas drogas podem auxiliar a desprogramação epigenética e serem úteis para uma melhoria do processo de clonagem por TN. Os fibroblastos bovinos tratados com 1mM de Procaína apresentaram menor viabilidade celular em relação ao grupo não tratado (controle), enquanto que as células tratadas com 2mM de SAH não apresentaram diferença em sua viabilidade entre os grupos experimentais. Os genes OCT4 e NANOG foram detectados tanto nas células controle como nas tratadas com 1mM de Procaína. Os genes HDAC2 e DNMT1 foram detectados nos mesmos níveis, tanto nas células tratadas com 1mM de Procaína quanto nas tratadas com 2mM de SAH. Com os resultados obtidos nesse estudo, concluímos que os genes OCT4 e NANOG não são marcadores moleculares para pluripotência celular em bovinos e que com possíveis modificações no cultivo celular, podemos alterar os padrões epigenéticos do DNA das células doadoras de núcleo para a clonagem por TN, contribuindo para o incremento dos resultados da técnica. / Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Os microRNAs (miRs) desempenham um papel importante na biologia das células-tronco por meio da interação com seus mRNAs alvos, induzindo inibição da tradução e/ou degradação destes transcritos. Durante a diferenciação de células pluripotentes, os miRs podem ser induzidos ou reprimidos, no entanto, suas funções específicas são amplamente inexploradas. Nós investigamos os papéis funcionais de um conjunto selecionado de miRs na pluripotência e diferenciação celular, usando microscopia de fluorescência quantitativa (High Content Analysis). Para isso, foram empregadas a NTera-2 (células de carcinoma embrionário humano, CCE) e a H1 (células-tronco embrionárias humanas, CTEh) como modelos. Essas células foram transfectadas reversamente com trinta moléculas de miRs distintas (individualmente) ou moléculas controles. Após 3-4 dias de cultura, as células foram fixadas, permeabilizadas e coradas com Hoechst / CellMask Blue (núcleo/citoplasma), anti-OCT4, anti-Ciclina B1 e imageadas com um sistema ImageXpress Micro HCA. O CellProfiler foi utilizado para quantificar vários parâmetros morfométricos e medidas de intensidade de OCT4 e Ciclina B1 em compartimentos nucleares e citoplasmáticos. Esses dados foram usados para gerar perfis fenotípicos multiparamétricos específicos de cada miR (usando KNIME) e o agrupamento desses dados levou à identificação de vias e processos envolvidos na indução de características de pluripotência ou diferenciação celular causadas por miRs com efeitos fenotípicos similares. Como exemplo, as vias de PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? e DICER foram encontradas como moduladas por alguns clusters fenotípicos e os transcritos de alguns alvos foram avaliados por qPCR para validar os achados. Parte do trabalho foi focada na regulação da via Notch por miRNAs em células pluripotentes, o que levou à observação de que o miR- 363-3p inibe a sinalização de Notch e promove pluripotência nessas células. A transfecção de miR-363-3p não apenas elevou as características de pluripotência em NTera-2 e H1, mas também protegeu as CCE da diferenciação induzida por cocultivo com OP9 expressando DLL1 e causou a diminuição no nível de transcritos de PSEN1. Em conclusão, o ensaio desenvolvido aqui provou ser uma ferramenta robusta na detecção de mecanismos moleculares, baseando-se na combinação de análises fenotípicas funcionais e bioinformáticas. / microRNAs (miRs) play an important role in stem cell\'s biology by binding to target mRNAs transcripts, inducing translation blockage and/or transcripts degradation. Upon differentiation of pluripotent cells, miRNAs can be induced or repressed, however, their specific roles are largely unexplored. We investigated the functional roles of a selected set of miRs in pluripotency and differentiation, using quantitative automated fluorescence microscopy (High Content Analysis). For this, we used NTera-2 (human embryonal carcinoma cells, ECC) and H1 (embryonic stem cells; ESC) as models. These cells were reverse-transfected with thirty distinct miRs mimics (individually) or control molecules. Following 3-4 days of culture, cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with Hoechst/CellMask Blue (nucleus/cytoplasm), antiOCT4, anti-Cyclin B1 and imaged using an ImageXpress Micro HCA System. CellProfiler was used to quantify several morphometric parameters and intensity measurements of OCT4 and CYCB1 in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Quantified parameters were used to generate miR-specific multiparametric phenotypic profiles (using KNIME) and clustering these data led to identification of pathways and processes involved in the induction of pluripotency or cell diferention features caused by miRs with similar phenotypic effects. As an example, PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? and DICER pathways were found to be regulated by some phenotypic clusters and transcripts level of some of miR targets were evaluated by qPCR to validate de findings. Part of the work was focused in the regulation of Notch pathway by miRNAs in pluripotent cells, which led the observation that miR-363-3p inhibits Notch signaling and promotes pluripotency feature, as the transfection with miR-363-3p mimic not only enhanced pluripotent phenotype in NTera-2 and H1, but also protected de ECCs from differentiation induced by coculture with OP9 expressing DLL1 and decreased PSEN1 transcripts level.In conclusion, The assay developed here proved to be a robust tool in the detection of molecular mechanisms based on combined functional phenotypic and bioinformatic analyzes.

Células pluripotentes são aquelas que possuem a capacidade de dar origem às células dos três folhetos embrionários (ectoderma, mesoderma e endoderma), bem como também às células germinativas. As células-tronco embrionárias (CTE) são as células pluripotentes mais conhecidas, as quais apresentam uma elevada capacidade de diferenciação celular e autorenovação. Estas propriedades tornam as CTE potenciais ferramentas para a medicina regenerativa, porém seu uso na prática clínica enfrenta várias barreiras. Neste sentido, o acúmulo de conhecimento a respeito dos mecanismos envolvidos na manutenção da pluripotência, levou ao desenvolvimento de técnicas capazes de induzir a pluripotência em células somáticas adultas. Na maioria das abordagens, isto se dá pela expressão ectópica de fatores de transcrição envolvidos na pluripotência (como Oct4 e Nanog). Com isto em vista, torna-se evidente que estudos que levem a um melhor entendimento destas propriedades biológicas, podem levar ao desenvolvimento desta importante área. Apesar destas inovações, os mecanismos responsáveis pela manutenção ou indução da pluripotência e da autorenovação, continuam largamente inexplorados. Neste sentido, o conjunto de técnicas referidas como High Content Screening (HCS) apresenta características fundamentais que permitiriam a interrogação sistemática e em larga-escala de fatores que possam estar influenciando nestes processos. A técnica de HCS se baseia no uso de microscopia de fluorescência em placas de 96 ou mais poços, permitindo a aquisição e a análise automatizada das imagens, de forma a quantificar alterações fenotípicas nas células. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer um modelo experimental para a avaliação funcional e em larga escala de fatores que possam influenciar a diferenciação celular. Tendo em vista a facilidade de cultivo e manuseio, a linhagem humana de células pluripotentes de carcinoma embrionário (CCE) NTera-2, foi utilizada. Para a padronização do modelo, o processo de diferenciação foi avaliado ao longo do tempo (em 2, 4 e 8 dias) na presença ou ausência de ácido transretinóico (atRA), utilizado como indutor de diferenciação celular. Para isso, os níveis transcricionais de Oct4, Nanog (marcadores da pluripotência) e de N-Caderina foram avaliados por PCR em tempo real. Finalmente, a expressão e a distribuição celular de Oct4, Nanog e da alfa-actina foi avaliada por meio de microscopia de fluorescência automatizada, com o uso de anticorpos ou faloidina marcada, utilizando um sistema de HCS (Operetta, Perkin Elmer) para a análise dos resultados. A proliferação celular das células submetidas à diferenciação foi avaliada pelo ensaio do XTT. O atRA inibiu a proliferação e induziu a diferenciação; como demonstrado, respectivamente, pelos resultados do ensaio do XTT, decaimento dos níveis de Oct4 e Nanog e, concomitante aumento de N-Caderina, ao longo do tempo. Também foi observada a diferenciação espontânea da linhagem, na ausência de atRA, porém, de forma reduzida. Finalmente, as avaliações de HCS evidenciaram que, durante o processo de diferenciação, a perda da expressão nuclear de Oct4 e Nanog está associada à alteração do fenótipo celular, com a redistribuição da actina cortical e a formação das stress fibers, caracterizando o processo de transição epitélio-mesenquima (EMT), um importante mecanismo envolvido na diferenciação celular. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstram a viabilidade do uso da linhagem NTera-2 como modelo para estudos futuros de HCS visando a identificação de moléculas que atuem na modulação de propriedades fundamentais das células tronco pluripotentes. / Pluripotent stem cells are those that possess the ability to generate cells from the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), as well as the germ cells. The embryonic stem cells (ESC) are the best known pluripotent cells that present a high capacity of cell differentiation and self renewal. These properties of the ESC make them potential tools for the regenerative medicine, but their use in clinical practice faces several barriers. In this sense, the accumulation of knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of pluripotency led to the development of techniques capable of inducing pluripotency in adult somatic cells. In most approaches, this is achieved by the ectopic expression of transcription factors involved in pluripotency (such as Oct4 and Nanog). With this in mind, it becomes clear that studies that provide a better understanding of these biological properties can lead to the development of this important area. Despite these innovations, the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance or induction of pluripotency and self-renewal remain largely unexplored. In this sense, the set of techniques such as High Content Screening (HCS) has fundamental characteristics that allow systematic and large-scale interrogation of factors that may be influencing these processes. The HCS technique is based on the use of fluorescence microscopy in 96-well or larger plates, allowing the automated acquisition and analysis of images, so as to measure phenotypic changes in the cells. This study aimed to establish an experimental model for functional and large-scale assessment of factors that may influence cellular differentiation. Due its simple cultivation and handling characteristics, a human lineage of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell (ECC) NTERA-2 was used. To standardize the model, the process of differentiation was evaluated over time (at 2, 4 and 8 days) in the presence or absence of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), used as an inducer of cellular differentiation. The transcriptional levels of Oct4, Nanog (pluripotency markers) and Ncadherin were assessed by real time PCR. Finally, the expression and cellular distribution of Oct4, Nanog and alpha-actin was assessed by fluorescence microscopy, using antibodies or labelled phalloidin, using a HCS platform (Operetta, Perkin Elmer) for the analysis of the results. The proliferation of cells undergoing differentiation was assessed by XTT assay. atRA inhibited proliferation and induced differentiation, as shown by the XTT assay results, and the decay of Oct4 and Nanog, and concomitant increase of N-cadherin levels over time, respectively. It was also observed spontaneous differentiation in the absence of atRA although in less extent. Finally, the HCS results showed that during the differentiation process, the loss of nuclear expression of Oct4 and Nanog is associated with alteration of cell phenotype, with redistribution of cortical actin and formation of stress fibers, characterizing the epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT), an important mechanism involved in cell differentiation. The results of this study therefore demonstrate the feasibility of using the NTERA-2 cell line as a model for future HCS studies aiming identification of molecules that act in the modulation of fundamental properties of pluripotent stem cells.

Afin d'étudier la formation de l'hétérochromatine dans l’embryon préimplantatoire de souris, je me suis concentrée sur deux régions génétiques différentes - répétitions péricentriques et L1 éléments transposables - dans le but notamment de découvrir les mécanismes qui conduisent à la répression et le rôle distinct qu’ils peuvent jouer pendant le processus de développement et la division cellulaire. Mes expériences montrent que l’organisation spatiale spécifique des domaines péricentriques est essentielle pour leur répression ainsi que pour leur organisation correcte. De plus, mes résultats suggèrent que les défauts d’organisation de l’hétérochromatine conduisent à des défauts de division cellulaire et de prolifération. La seconde partie de ma thèse montre que la réglementation stricte de L1 éléments transposables est nécessaire pour le développement préimplantatoire d'embryons de souris. En outre, représente la première tentative pour élucider la biologie des éléments L1 dans l’embryon précoce de souris par l’utilisation de modificateurs de transcription ciblés spécifiquement. / To study the formation of heterochromatin in mouse preimplantation embryo, I focused on two different genetic regions – pericentric repeats and L1 transposable elements - in order to investigate the mechanisms that lead to their repression and the distinct role that these regions can play during the process of development and cell division. My experiments show that the specific spatial organization of pericentric domains is essential for their repression and for their correct organization. Moreover, my findings suggest that defects in organization of heterochromatin lead to improper cell division and proliferation. The second part of my thesis shows that the tight regulation of L1 transposable elements is required for the preimplantation development of mouse embryos. Additionally, it is the first attempt to elucidate the biology of L1 elements in the early mouse embryo through the use of targeted transcription modifiers.

Les cellules souches embryonnaires de souris (mESC) présentent un cycle cellulaire atypique caractérisé par l'absence d'une voie Rb fonctionnelle et la forte expression de la cycline E pendant toutes les phases du cycle cellulaire. En conséquence, les mESC sont constitutivement amorcées pour la réplication de l'ADN. Pour comprendre comment la cycline E, un régulateur clé de la transition de la phase G1 à S, est régulée dans les mESC, nous avons analysé la régulation transcriptionnelle de son gène Ccne1 par des facteurs de transcription du réseau de pluripotence naïve. Nous avons observé que les facteurs Esrrb, Klf4 et Tfcp2l1 se lient à la région du promoteur de Ccne1 sur plusieurs sites situés entre 0 et 1kb en amont du site d'initiation de la transcription. Un test luciférase nous a permis de monter qu'une mutation de ces sites de liaison diminue ou abolie l'activité transcriptionnelle du promoteur. De plus, la surexpression inductible à la doxycycline des facteurs Esrrb, Klf4 et Tfcp2l1 augment le niveau d'expression d'ARNm de Ccne1. Ces résultats suggèrent que Esrrb, Klf4 et Tfcp2l1 contrôlent l'expression de la cycline E. Ils mettent en évidence un lien direct entre le réseau de pluripotence naïve et la régulation du cycle mitotique dans les mESC. Nous avons utilisé le système rapporteur FUCCI pour étudier en fonction du cycle cellulaire l'expression des facteurs de transcription qui forment le réseau de pluripotence naïve. Nous avons observé que l'expression de Esrrb, Klf4, Tfcp2l1 et Nanog oscille au cours du cycle cellulaire avec une diminution de l'expression entre la phase G1 précoce et le début de S, puis une ré-augmentation entre le début de S et la phase G2/M. Ces résultats suggèrent que le réseau de pluripotence naïve est déstabilisé transitoirement lors du passage de la phase G1 à la phase S du cycle cellulaire / Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) display an unorthodox cell cycle characterised by the lack of a functional Rb pathway and robust expression of cyclin E during all cell cycle phases. Therefore, mESCs are constitutively primed for DNA replication. To understand how cyclin E, a key regulator of the G1-to-S phase transition, is regulated in mESCs, we analysed the transcriptional regulation of Ccne1 by transcription factors of the naive pluripotency network. We observed that Esrrb, Klf4 and Tfcp2l1 bound the Ccne1 promoter region on multiple sites between 0 and 1kb upstream transcription start site. Disrupting the binding sites reduced or abolished transcriptional activity in a luciferase assay. Moreover, the doxycyclin-inducible expression of Essrb, Klf4 and Tfcp2l1 up-regulated the Ccne1 mRNA level. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that Essrb, Klf4 and Tfcp2l1 control Cyclin E expression and highlight a direct connection between the naïve pluripotency network and regulation of the mitotic cycle in mESCs. We used the FUCCI reporter system to study cell-cycle dependent expression of the transcription factors that form the naïve pluripotency network. Esrrb, Klf4, Tfcp2l1 and Nanog expression oscillated during the cell cycle with a down-regulated expression between the early G1-phase and the beginning of S-phase, and then up-regulated expression between the beginning of S-phase and the G2/M-phase. These results suggest that the naive pluripotency network is destabilized transiently during the transition from the G1-phase to the S-phase of the cell cycle