Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 448329.pdf: 88951 bytes, checksum: a8395a688e52c069f28081c01b813078 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / This dissertation had the objective of studying rare disease drugs. For this, we focus on the fundamental, social and positive health right issue as a subjective right and its immediate applicability. It was analyzed the right to a rare disease medication as a part of the right to health and the obligation of the State in provide it, independently of being or not in the drugs list of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). In order to provide it by Government, the financing occurs through tax collection and, for this reason, we demonstrate the various forms of health financing, as well as the impossibility of this effectuation in the reserve of the possible limitation. Thenceforth we move to the specific issue of medication, their economic repercussion and the advantages and disadvantages of drugs industrial property recognition by Brazilian Law. Then, we presented the compulsory licensing, the parallel importation and the national manufacture of generic drugs as a way to solve the problem of interruption of production of rare disease drugs by pharmaceutical laboratories. Besides, we made a brief study of public policies for drugs production encouragement to these diseases imposed by USA and European Union. At last, it was demonstrated the need of adoption, also in Brazil, of a specific public policy to encourage the rare disease drugs production as well as the indispensability of the Government create and finance more public pharmaceutical laboratories. / Esta disserta??o teve como objetivo o estudo dos medicamentos para doen?as raras. Para isso, partiu-se da quest?o do direito fundamental, social e prestacional ? sa?de como direito subjetivo e de aplicabilidade imediata. Analisou-se o direito ao medicamento para doen?as raras como parte integrante do direito ? sa?de e o dever de ser prestado pelo Estado, independentemente de constar ou n?o das listas de f?rmacos do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de. Para que estes medicamentos sejam prestados pelo Poder P?blico, o financiamento se d? atrav?s da arrecada??o de tributos e, por este motivo, demonstrou-se as formas de financiamento da sa?de, assim como a impossibilidade desta efetiva??o ser limitada pela reserva do poss?vel. A partir da?, partiu-se para a quest?o espec?fica dos medicamentos, sua repercuss?o econ?mica e as vantagens e desvantagens do reconhecimento da propriedade industrial dos medicamentos pelo ordenamento jur?dico brasileiro. Apresentou-se, em seguida, o licenciamento compuls?rio, a importa??o paralela e a fabrica??o nacional de gen?ricos como formas de resolver o problema da interrup??o da produ??o dos medicamentos para doen?as raras pelos laborat?rios farmac?uticos. Al?m disso, fez-se um breve estudo das pol?ticas p?blicas para incentivo da produ??o de medicamentos para estas doen?as, institu?das pelos Estados Unidos e pela Uni?o Europeia. Por fim, demonstrou-se a necessidade da ado??o, tamb?m no Brasil, de uma pol?tica p?blica espec?fica para incentivo na produ??o de medicamento para doen?as raras, assim como, a imprescindibilidade de o Estado criar e financiar mais laborat?rios farmac?uticos p?blicos.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-02-07T13:57:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fabiana Duarte Raslan.pdf: 526159 bytes, checksum: cea4714a9c13734a2c034d2727cd5a40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T13:57:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fabiana Duarte Raslan.pdf: 526159 bytes, checksum: cea4714a9c13734a2c034d2727cd5a40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil. / Federalism is the subject of more than one of human knowledge: field consists of a form of political organization, and in this sense the political science field object at the same time translates through a set of rules governing the model state of political society that adopts it, and in this sense would be in the field of law. Starting from this premise, each area of scientific knowledge sought to formulate a general theory of federalism. Thus, by adopting a set of theoretical and methodological traditions of a subject to treat an object, namely, federalism, each area of knowledge built, in its way, a conception of Brazilian federalism. This study aimed to overcome a perspective of mere observation of these fields of knowledge, to propose a critical and reflective analysis of the Brazilian political thinking about the Brazilian federalism and its relation to democracy in two decisive moments of political transition in the history of Brazil: the first time when adopting the federative model for the first time in Brazil, which took place in the transition from Empire to Republic, and the second time, the democratic reopening that culminated in the 1988 Constitution, during which political science was already institutionalized in Brazil. To perform this analysis, a methodology that started from a perspective that surpass the more traditional demarcations of the fields of Political Science and Law was adopted. The idea is to understand how these enunciations of jurists and political scientists about the Brazilian federalism converge and diverge about the political and administrative organization in order in both periods. The Democratic State problems of law in its broadest sense touch both areas of knowledge, but the old and traditional theoretical constructs about the elements that make federalism are not sitting in the social complexity of contemporary, complexity this that calls for a scientific view interdisciplinary. / O federalismo constitui objeto de mais de um campo do conhecimento humano: consiste em uma forma de organiza??o pol?tica, sendo neste sentido objeto do campo da Ci?ncia Pol?tica, ao mesmo tempo em que se traduz por meio de um conjunto de normas que disciplinam o modelo de estado da sociedade pol?tica que o adota, e, neste sentido estaria no campo do Direito. Partindo-se desta premissa, cada ?rea do conhecimento cient?fico procurou formular uma teoria geral do federalismo. Assim, ao adotar um conjunto de tradi??es te?ricometodol?gicas de uma disciplina para tratar um objeto, qual seja, o federalismo, cada ?rea do conhecimento constru?ra, a seu modo, uma concep??o sobre o federalismo brasileiro. Este trabalho buscou superar uma perspectiva de mera observa??o destes campos do saber, para propor uma an?lise cr?tico-reflexiva do pensamento pol?tico brasileiro acerca do federalismo brasileiro e sua rela??o com a democracia em dois momentos decisivos de transi??o pol?tica na hist?ria do Brasil: o primeiro momento, quando da ado??o do modelo federativo pela primeira vez no Brasil, o que se deu na transi??o do Imp?rio para a Rep?blica, e no segundo momento, o da reabertura democr?tica que culminou na Constitui??o de 1988, per?odo no qual a Ci?ncia Pol?tica j? estava institucionalizada no Brasil. Para proceder esta an?lise, foi adotada uma metodologia que partiu de uma perspectiva que superasse as demarca??es mais tradicionais dos campos da Ci?ncia Pol?tica e do Direito. A ideia consiste em perceber como essas enuncia??es de juristas e cientistas pol?ticos acerca do federalismo brasileiro convergem e divergem acerca do modo de organiza??o pol?tico-administrativa em ambos os per?odos. Os problemas do Estado Democr?tico de Direito em sua mais ampla acep??o tocam ambas as ?reas do conhecimento, mas as velhas e tradicionais constru??es te?ricas a respeito dos elementos que integram o federalismo n?o encontram assento na complexidade social da contemporaneidade, complexidade esta que reclama uma vis?o cient?fica interdisciplinar.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-06T18:51:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Viviane Cristina Silva Lima.pdf: 2213647 bytes, checksum: 4985352e884976a1d951d2f05219c603 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T18:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Viviane Cristina Silva Lima.pdf: 2213647 bytes, checksum: 4985352e884976a1d951d2f05219c603 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / CAPES / The thesis assumes that culture, know-how, the modus vivendi, and the territorial capital, are crucial in differentiating products and services offered by farmers and ranchers who live and (re) produce in mountainous environments. Thus, in order to foster sustainability in these environments, it is suggested that for the proper management of agro-ecosystems in these areas, agroecological practices should be the technological basis, methodological, sociological and epistemological. Thus, it is considered of paramount importance to the highlander farmers to appropriate the notion of territory and knowledge and agro-ecological processes, so that they have autonomy in the search paths that enable better conditions of stay and practice of agriculture in the mountains. In this sense, the proposal is that local development is rooted in inbreeding in leadership, participation, conservation of natural resources and the socio-cultural heritage and the vitality of the political-institutional and economic relations. Thus, it is important to point out that the proper maintenance of the territory implies more balanced environments in product differentiation and appreciation of local culture. For all this, the thesis will seek to answer the following research problem: How endogenous territorial aspects related to family agroecological production, may enhance sustainable rural development processes in mountain environments? The purpose of it is to assess how spatial aspects related to family farming, can be valued in the creation of sustainable rural development processes in mountain environments, using this agroecology. Therefore, we conducted case studies in the Fazenda Rio Grande community in the municipality of Nova Friburgo (RJ), and the region of Alto Camaqu? (RS) to assess the perception of farmers about the territorial aspects. The results showed that some cultural aspects of farmers in Fazenda Rio Grande, Nova Friburgo has been lost over time, as the production of bread white corn meal, for example, but on the other hand, the community has organized for access to public policies and adoption of conservation tillage practices such as green manure and tillage. With regard to research carried out in the territory of the Alto Camaqu?, data analysis reveals a family livestock peasant-based, where the actors and subjects involved in Project Alto Camaqu? - aimed at enhancement of the site and its resources as strategies for access the different markets - handle the agricultural ecosystems in order to keep alive local traditions. Another aspect that should be considered in maintaining this modus operandi and conservation of natural resources, is given due to the isolation of farmers in this region, given the great distances that separate the properties and the territory in relation to urban areas, associated with not adopting of "technological packages" used in an industrial base of agriculture. / A tese parte do princ?pio que a cultura, o saber fazer, o modus vivendi, e o capital territorial, s?o aspectos fundamentais na diferencia??o de produtos e servi?os oferecidos por agricultores e pecuaristas que vivem e se (re)produzem em ambientes montanhosos. Assim, no sentido de fomentar a sustentabilidade nesses ambientes, sugere-se que para o manejo adequado dos agroecossistemas nessas ?reas, pr?ticas agroecol?gicas deve ser a base tecnol?gica, metodol?gica, sociol?gica e epistemol?gica. Sendo assim, considera-se de suma import?ncia que os agricultores montanheses se apropriem da no??o de territ?rio e dos conhecimentos e processos agroecol?gicos, de forma a que estes tenham autonomia na busca de caminhos que viabilizem melhores condi??es de perman?ncia e pr?tica da agricultura nas montanhas. Nesse sentido, a proposta ? que o desenvolvimento local esteja alicer?ado na endogenia, no protagonismo, na participa??o, na conserva??o dos recursos naturais e do patrim?nio sociocultural, bem como na vitalidade das rela??es pol?tico-institucionais e econ?micas. Assim, ? importante destacar que a correta manuten??o do territ?rio implica em ambientes mais equilibrados, na diferencia??o de produtos e valoriza??o da cultura local. Por tudo isto, a tese buscar? responder o seguinte problema de pesquisa: De que forma aspectos territoriais end?genos, relacionados ? produ??o agroecol?gica familiar, podem potencializar processos de desenvolvimento rural sustent?veis em ambientes de montanha? O objetivo da mesma ? avaliar de que forma aspectos territoriais, relacionados ? produ??o agr?cola familiar, podem ser valorizados na constitui??o de processos de desenvolvimento rural sustent?veis em ambientes de montanha, utilizando para isto a agroecologia. Para tanto foram realizados estudos de caso na comunidade da Fazenda Rio Grande, em Nova Friburgo (RJ), e na regi?o do Alto Camaqu? (RS), para avaliar a percep??o dos agricultores familiares acerca dos aspectos territoriais. Os resultados demonstraram que alguns aspectos culturais dos agricultores da Fazenda Rio Grande, Nova Friburgo tem se perdido com o tempo, como a produ??o da broa de fub? de milho branco, por exemplo, mas, por outro lado, a comunidade tem se organizado para o acesso a pol?ticas p?blicas e ado??o de pr?ticas conservacionistas do solo, como a aduba??o verde e o plantio direto. No que se refere ?s pesquisas realizadas no territ?rio do Alto Camaqu?, a an?lise dos dados revela uma pecu?ria familiar de base camponesa, onde os atores e sujeitos envolvidos no Projeto Alto Camaqu? ? que visa ? valoriza??o do local e de seus recursos como estrat?gias para acesso a mercados diferenciados - manejam os agroecossistemas de forma a manter viva as tradi??es locais. Outro aspecto que deve ser considerado na manuten??o desse modus operandi e na conserva??o dos recursos naturais, se d? em virtude do isolamento dos pecuaristas dessa regi?o, dado as grandes dist?ncias que separam as propriedades e o territ?rio em rela??o a ?rea urbana, associado a n?o ado??o de ?pacotes tecnol?gicos? utilizados em uma agricultura de base industrial.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-13T21:15:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Lucas Gabriel Franco Gomez.pdf: 2229201 bytes, checksum: c7e8fcf98fa1e47bea92cbe2d0345a6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-13T21:15:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Lucas Gabriel Franco Gomez.pdf: 2229201 bytes, checksum: c7e8fcf98fa1e47bea92cbe2d0345a6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-11 / The Baixada Fluminense has been marked by great social inequalities and barriers to the exercise of basic social rights. It is seen as a dangerous place, with a negative image built and consolidated by the media. In the search for actors able to act in the change of a terrain full of social ills, significant importance is given to education and school. It started from the basic assumption that educational work is the result of public policies and good teacher training, it depends on how it is perceived by the rulers and shaped by legislation. The conception of Brazilian educational policy in the field of teacher education and qualification brings throughout history fragile attempts at improvement, elaborated without the effective participation of the school population, far from the concrete reality and daily life of teachers. They aim to become a uniform, normative and guiding proposal for common action. However, they are strongly marked by the bureaucracy of educational organization, by the contrast between theory and practice, by disarticulation and discontinuity. The present dissertation was inserted in this problematic. It was found that most of the studies dealing with teacher training are basically focused on the analysis of national policy guidelines and few focus on small cities. In view of this, the objective was to identify how the national policies of teacher education were (re) formulated in Serop?dica and what their repercussions were. In other words, to identify the repercussions of the national policies in the municipal legislation and the impacts of the municipal legal devices in the process of formation of the teachers of the education network of Serop?dica. For this, a qualitative research was carried out, structured in a survey of the legal devices of municipal formation from 1997 to 2016 and in the accomplishment of semistructured interviews to capture the perceptions and positions of the Municipal Secretary of Education, Culture and Sport and of the State Union of the Professionals of Education - Core Serop?dica / Paracambi on these laws. This study has as theoretical reference the policy cycle approach of Bowe, Ball and Gold (1992) and Ball (1994) and Bourdieu's studies, understanding the political-educational process as a form of power dispute. It was also constructed from Saviani's considerations on teacher training. In chapter 1, a resumption of the main national training schemes was made from 1827 to 1988. Chapter 2 comprised a conceptualization of training policies considering the specificities of the legislative process, the contributions of Bourdieu's theory and the policy cycle approach. In chapter 3 the most recent national teacher training policies were studied from 1988 to 2016. In chapter 4 the results of the field research were analyzed with the analysis of the education policies of Serop?dica. It was concluded that the actions of the Municipal Government sought to formally comply with national legislation, however without giving an effective referral to the question of teachers. The municipal policies of formation reproduced the historical discontinuity of the present country since the first national formative initiatives of the eighteenth century, maintained in the nineteenth century through its legislative maintenance and still present in the twentieth century. / A Baixada Fluminense tem sido marcada por grandes desigualdades sociais e barreiras aos exerc?cios dos direitos sociais b?sicos. Ela ? vista como um lugar perigoso, com uma imagem negativa constru?da e consolidada pela m?dia. Na busca por atores capazes de atuarem na mudan?a de um terreno repleto de mazelas sociais, ? dada import?ncia significativa ? educa??o e ? escola. Partiu-se do pressuposto b?sico de que o trabalho educacional ? o resultado de pol?ticas p?blicas e de boa forma??o docente, ou seja, ele depende de como ela ? percebida pelos governantes e moldada pela legisla??o. A concep??o de pol?tica educacional brasileira no campo da forma??o e qualifica??o docente traz ao longo da hist?ria, tentativas fr?geis de melhorias, elaboradas sem a participa??o efetiva da popula??o escolar, distantes da realidade concreta e do cotidiano dos professores. Almejam tornar-se uma proposta uniforme, normativa e norteadora da a??o comum. Contudo, s?o fortemente marcadas pelo burocratismo da organiza??o educacional, pela contraposi??o entre teoria e pr?tica, pela desarticula??o e descontinuidade. A presente disserta??o se inseriu nesta problem?tica. Foi constatado que a maioria dos estudos versando sobre a forma??o de professores concentra-se basicamente na an?lise das diretrizes pol?ticas nacionais e poucos enfocam esta realidade em cidades pequenas. Diante disto, objetivou-se identificar como as pol?ticas nacionais de forma??o docente foram (re) formuladas em Serop?dica e quais foram suas repercuss?es. Em outras palavras, identificar as repercuss?es das pol?ticas nacionais na legisla??o municipal e os impactos dos dispositivos legais municipais no processo de forma??o dos professores da rede de ensino de Serop?dica. Para isto foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, estruturada em um levantamento dos dispositivos legais de forma??o municipal de 1997 a 2016 e na realiza??o de entrevistas semiestruturadas para captar as percep??es e posi??es da Secretaria Municipal de Educa??o, Cultura e Esporte e do Sindicato Estadual dos Profissionais de Educa??o - N?cleo Serop?dica/Paracambi sobre estas leis. Este estudo teve como referencial te?rico a abordagem do ciclo de pol?ticas de Bowe, Ball e Gold (1992) e Ball (1994) e os estudos de Bourdieu, compreendendo o processo pol?tico-educativo como uma forma de disputa de poder. Foi constru?do tamb?m a partir das considera??es de Saviani sobre forma??o de professores. No cap?tulo 1 foi feita uma retomada dos principais dispositivos nacionais de forma??o de 1827 a 1988. O cap?tulo 2 compreendeu uma conceitua??o das pol?ticas de forma??o considerando as especificidades do processo legislativo, as contribui??es da teoria de Bourdieu e da abordagem do ciclo de pol?ticas. No cap?tulo 3 foram estudadas as pol?ticas nacionais de forma??o docente mais recentes de 1988 a 2016. No cap?tulo 4 foram apresentados os resultados da pesquisa de campo com a an?lise das pol?ticas de forma??o docente de Serop?dica. Concluiu-se que as a??es do Governo Municipal buscaram cumprir formalmente a legisla??o nacional, contudo sem dar um encaminhamento efetivo para a quest?o dos professores. As pol?ticas municipais de forma??o reproduziram a descontinuidade hist?rica do pa?s presente desde as primeiras iniciativas formativas nacionais do s?culo XVIII, mantidas no s?culo XIX atrav?s de sua manuten??o legislativa e ainda presentes no s?culo XX.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-19T14:42:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Leonardo Angelo da Silva.pdf: 993384 bytes, checksum: ad459aeedc901e7751f23a25a79e1a02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-19T14:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Leonardo Angelo da Silva.pdf: 993384 bytes, checksum: ad459aeedc901e7751f23a25a79e1a02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil. / The subject of this master thesis is the arrival of a huge contingent of migrant workers to the construction of the largest steel mill of the country, the formation of a collective identity among those workers and their relationship to other social classes, aiming to overcome their most immediate need. More specifically, this work searches to understand the imbricate relationship among the CSN construction, the class formation of its workers and the relationship among both and the local political space, as well as with the political emancipation of the town of Volta Redonda. Once we analyze the relationships between the workers-inhabitants and institutional politics, we notice that the survival strategies, for some, and the building up of political capital and patronage, for other were part of the complex social reality that comprised workers organization as well as paternalism and clientelism. Individual trajectories, comparisons to other industrial towns and their emancipations, as well as analysis focusing on the electoral scenario of the post-1945 period, particularly in Rio de Janeiro state, are also included in this work. / O tema dessa disserta??o ? an?lise que enfoca a chegada de um enorme contingente de trabalhadores migrantes para a constru??o da maior usina do pa?s, a forma??o de uma identidade coletiva desses trabalhadores e sua rela??o com outras classes sociais, objetivando a supera??o de suas necessidades mais imediatas. Mais especificamente, o estudo busca o entendimento da imbricada rela??o entre a constru??o da CSN, a forma??o de classe de seus trabalhadores e a rela??o de ambos com o espa?o pol?tico local e com a emancipa??o da cidade de Volta Redonda. Ao analisarmos as rela??es entre os trabalhadores-moradores e a pol?tica institucional notamos que as estrat?gias de sobreviv?ncia, para uns, e da constru??o de capital pol?tico e clientela, para outros, estavam inclusas na complexa realidade social que englobava tanto a organiza??o dos trabalhadores quanto paternalismo e clientelismo. Trajet?rias individuais, compara??es com outras cidades industriais e suas emancipa??es, bem como an?lise do cen?rio pol?tico-eleitoral no p?s-1945, principalmente do Rio de Janeiro, est?o contidos nesse trabalho.

In humans, RNA polymerase II is the sole source of messenger RNAs that are ultimately translated into proteins and its transcriptional activity is highly regulated. Mechanisms have evolved to control which, when, and to what degree genes are transcribed. Because most cells have the same genome, control of transcription is essential in maintaining cellular identity. Misregulation of Pol II transcription is a hallmark of both cancer and retroviral infection. This research investigates the regulation of Pol II transcription and related co-transcriptional mRNA capping. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were used to characterize the composition of nucleosomes and Pol II, DSIF and NELF occupancies at bidirectional promoters and enhancers. In collaboration with Alberto Bosque and Vicente Planelles, sequencing experiments were performed in a primary T cell model of HIV latency and a role for sequence-specific recruitment of STAT5 was established in HIV reactivation. In contrast, analysis of Myc binding in vitro and in cells demonstrated that transcription machinery played a major role in recruiting Myc to genomic sites. A precise method was also developed to detect polymerase-associated nascent transcripts in nuclei. The roles of Cdk7, a subunit of TFIIH that phosphorylates Pol II during initiation, were characterized by treatment of nuclear extracts and cells with THZ1, a recently developed covalent inhibitor with anti-cancer properties. Inhibition of Cdk7 was demonstrated to cause defects in Pol II phosphorylation, co-transcriptional capping, promoter proximal pausing, and productive elongation. Capping of nascent RNAs was found to be spatially and temporally regulated in part by a previously undescribed THZ1-sensitive factor present in nuclear extract. THZ1 impacted pausing through a capping-independent block of DSIF and NELF loading. The P-TEFb-dependent transition into productive elongation was also inhibited by THZ1, likely due to misloading of DSIF. In vitro and sequencing methods were used to describe an extremely rapid and global transcriptional response to hydrogen peroxide. During periods of oxidative stress, termination was likely inhibited and Pol II accumulated at promoters and enhancers after as few as two minutes, and clearance of these polymerases required P-TEFb. In the presence of flavopiridol, a potent P-TEFb inhibitor, non-productive elongation was observed and a potential role for P-TEFb in termination was proposed.

Tesis para optar al grado de Mag?ster en Historia menci?n Historia de Chile / Entre los a?os 2006 y 2008 los trabajadores subcontratistas de Codelco protagonizaron una de las movilizaciones laborales m?s importantes realizadas durante los gobiernos de la Concertaci?n, en un contexto caracterizado por la atomizaci?n sindical. Se expone entonces c?mo la cohesi?n demostrada por los ?tercerizados?, pudo deberse a su experiencia de precarizaci?n laboral, favorecida legalmente, que redund? negativamente en sus posibilidades econ?micas y sociales, posibilitando con ello su constituci?n de facto como un colectivo de trabajadores marginales y no reconocidos, en un proceso de articulaci?n identitaria que decantar?a en la conformaci?n de un nuevo grupo humano en la miner?a del cobre del pa?s.

Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Filosof?a, menci?n Filosof?a Moral y Pol?tica / [...] Esta investigaci?n es, pues, un cierto relato y recorrido del modo en que el concepto de funcionario se nutre de los argumentos arendtianos acerca de la despolitizaci?n y, a su vez, va constituy?ndose en la cara opuesta de la politizaci?n inherente al planteamiento general de Arendt, a saber, la existencia en la obra de Arendt de un concepto de individuo no liberal. De este modo, esta investigaci?n muestra, por un lado, el desarrollo de lo que llamo funcionarizaci?n y, por otro, el desarrollo de las premisas claves del concepto de individuo no liberal.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia / Los contenidos de este trabajo se inscriben dentro de las discusiones y tem?ticas tratadas en el seminario de grado dictado durante 2008 titulado Nacionalismo y territorialidades, a cargo del profesor Ulises C?rcamo. Como conclusi?n general del Seminario, desarrollamos la idea de que el nacionalismo se utiliza para fortalecer al Estado, quien va sustent?ndose en el tiempo a trav?s de la transmisi?n de s?mbolos e ?conos patri?ticos que den a la poblaci?n la sensaci?n de pertenecer a algo llamado Naci?n con una marcada pertenencia territorial. Los canales ?tiles para este traspaso han sido variados: el sistema educativo formal en los colegios, las canciones populares, los himnos nacionales, las fiestas patrias, los discursos estatales en fechas simb?licas, las campa?as solidarias, la bandera, etc. ?Ha habido la posibilidad de construir masivamente un discurso paralelo al estatal? En el caso que nos ocupa, a trav?s del estudio de la d?cada de los 60 es posible percatarse que alguna vez fue posible la construcci?n masiva de un discurso paralelo al oficial, lo que se materializ? en el triunfo electoral de Salvador Allende en 1970. Sobre la base anterior, es que proponemos que el cine chileno se asimila precisamente dentro del conjunto de ideas promocionadas por la izquierda del periodo, en un intento claro por aunar la mayor cantidad de voluntades y construir la base social para la configuraci?n del proyecto de sociedad socialista, como el nuevo discurso hegem?nico en la sociedad.

<p>The yeast Mediator complex is required for transcriptional regulation both in vivo and in vitro and the identification of similar complexes from metazoans indicates that its function is conserved through evolution. Mediator subunit composition and structure is well characterized both by biochemical, genetic and biophysical methods. In contrast, little is known about the mechanisms by which Mediator operates and how the complex is regulated. The aim of my thesis was to elucidate how Mediator functions at the molecular level and to investigate functional interactions within Mediator. </p><p> It is possible to recruit RNA polymerase II to a target promoter and thus to activate transcription by fusing Mediator subunits to a DNA binding domain. In order to investigate functional interactions within Mediator, we made such fusion proteins where different Mediator subunits were fused to the DNA binding domain of lexA. The expression of a reporter gene containing binding sites for lexA was subsequently measured in both a wild type strain and in strains where genes encoding specific Mediator subunits had been disrupted. We found that lexA-Med2 and lexA-Gal11 are strong activators that function independently of all Mediator subunits tested. On the other hand, lexA-Srb10 is a weak activator that depends on Srb8 and Srb11 and lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7 are both cryptic activators that become active in the absence of Srb8, Srb10, Srb11, or Sin4. Both lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7 proteins showed a stable association with the Mediator subunits Med4 and Med8 in wild type cells and in all deletion strains tested, indicating that they were functionally incorporated into the Mediator complex. We also showed that both Med4 and Med8 exist in two forms that differed in electrophoretic mobility and that these forms differed in their ability to associate with Mediator immuno-purified from the LEXA-SRB7 and LEXA-MED1 strains. Dephosphorylation assays of purified Mediator indicated that the two mobility forms of Med4 corresponded to the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the Med4 protein respectively. </p><p> Some of the data presented in this study as well as previous genetic and biochemical data obtained in our lab suggested a functional link between the Med1, Med2, Srb10 and Srb11 proteins. We extended these findings by showing that the Srb10 kinase phosphorylates the Med2 protein at residue serine 208, both in vitro and in vivo. We also showed that a point mutation of the single phosphorylation site to an alanine or to an aspartic acid residue altered the gene expression of a specific set of genes. Taken together, these data indicate that posttranslational modification of Mediator subunits is a so far uncharacterized mechanism for regulation of gene expression. </p><p> In order to study the function of the Srb7 subunit of Mediator, we isolated a temperature sensitive strain where the amino acids 2 to 8 of srb7 were deleted. The Mediator subunits Nut2 and Med7 were isolated as high copy suppressor of srb7-∆(2-8) and we were also able to show that Srb7 interacted with Nut2 and Med7 both in a 2-hybrid system and in co-immuno precipitation experiments using recombinantly expressed proteins. Interestingly, a deletion of amino acids 2 to 8 of Srb7 abolishes its interaction with both Med7 and Nut2 in vitro. Med4 also interacted with Srb7 in the 2-hybrid system and surprisingly, the first eight amino acids of Srb7 were shown to be sufficient for this interaction.</p>