隨著經濟狀況不景氣，失業率居高不下，社會治安日趨惡化。因此政府不斷進行各種維護治安、掃蕩犯罪組織專案工作，但從各種民意調查資料顯示，民眾對於政府在「治安」、「交通」施政滿意仍然未見上升。警察除了維持治安、疏導交通或處理一般民眾爭端，甚至還需要協助他單位執行公權力。在警力不足的情形下，往往必須犧牲家庭甚至個人身心健康，以貫徹治安使命。繁重的工作、身心健康及家庭生活難以兼顧，但並無相關配套鼓勵措施或者健全的福利制度，使得員警在工作崗位上負擔極大的壓力。部分員警家庭因此破碎，或鋌而走險、甚有自戕及從事違法犯紀之行為，造成警察形象為民眾所詬病的原因。 研究者自警察大學畢業迄今，已從事警察領導職務多年，經常接觸基層執行勤務員警。由於警察任務性質屬於全時及經常處於高度壓力的狀況下，相對地造成員警對於自己所從事的工作，有相當不同的工作意向。尤其警察工作經常於深夜服勤，生活方式日夜顛倒，與家人共處時間短暫，工作上面又臨績效壓力。在此種品質不佳的生活與工作條件下，家庭問題及婚姻生活與工作特性對於員警工作意向影響極大。 為瞭解員警治安意向、職場與家庭意識，本研究採問卷調查法針對治安、職場與家庭三大項目，調查ㄧ三六題次的問題，以確認受試者認為作好哪一項措施，對於治安之維護有重大影響力以及對該項措施的滿意程度。並在進行問卷調查後，再針對所得資料處裡，採取「理想型」之建構模式，進行質化分析。即以多元方法交叉檢視，採取「主─輔設計」方式，以質化的研究為主，以量化方式作為輔助之功能。 本研究發現如下： 壹、治安意向方面：其原因不外為重案緩判，影響治安（本研究發現員警認為法官對於飛車搶案量刑寬鬆，交保容易，再犯率偏高，使警方疲於奔命）；層級偏低，受制於人（警察組織層級偏低未能發揮整體治安決策及協調整合之功能）；升遷無望，難有鬥志（基層員警未能循序晉升至巡官以上職務，因升遷無望，喪失鬥志）；警力不足，裝備破舊（基層警力配置失衡，難以因應民眾需求，警察素質未能有效提升，難以發揮應有效能）；疊床架屋，浪費資源（受理案件表格無法有效整合、簡化。程序繁雜，文書未能有效數位化）；設計不良，品質低落（績效掛帥取向，只管移送不問起訴，案件草草移送，偵辦品質低落）。 貳、職場意識方面：其原因不外為超時工作，休息不足（職務代理制度未能有效落實）；關說干擾，升遷難平（升遷的公平性遭質疑，關說情形的存在，人事主導權遭侵蝕，影響升遷公平）；主管好惡，勞逸不均（往往有工作能力者承辦繁重之業務，資歷較深者承辦功奬多之業務等不公平現象）；工作不滿，投訴無門（大多認為長官會官官相護，將大事化小、小事化無，且對申訴處理人員欠缺信任）。 參、家庭意識方面：其原因不外為工作繁忙，身心俱疲（員警多半因勤務時間過長，休息時間不足）；勤休不定，難得相處（員警認為休假未能正常，不利夫妻溝通，影響家庭和諧）。 本研究建議如下： 其歸結之重點不外為適時修法，速審速決（建議對於該等案件速審速 決，提高交保的條件，從嚴量刑）；提高位階，預算獨立（建議提高 警政署位階，有效整合資源並將預算回歸中央統一編列）；增加警 力，提升裝備（建議增加警力，適當配置至基層單位服務並注重素質 控管）；減少文書、業務，縮短工時（推行E化作業，建構無紙辦公 環境以提高工作效率與效能）；改善評比，檢討績效（減少各項專案， 避免影響正常勤務運作，造成員警彈性疲乏）；升遷公開，勞逸平均 （升遷公開透明，競爭公平，擇優遴選）；建立核心，業務明確（確 立「治安、交通、為民服務」為警察工作核心並致力於主管業務，摒 除協辦業務）；暢通員警申訴管道（定期舉辦員警座談會，傾聽員 警心聲，秉持公平公正，嚴禁秋後算帳）；加強溝通，和樂相處（建 議員警同仁勤餘、休假，多與家人相處，唯有和樂的家庭是專心工作 的基礎）。 / In the advent of economic downturn, in addition to employment rate staying high, maintaining the law and order for the society is getting worse daily. Therefore, the government has been consistently in proceeding to various measures of protecting the law and order as well as conducting projects in fighting back the crime organization. Nevertheless, from various polls indicated that the general populace views on the governmental efforts in “law and order” and “traffic” categories, still remained to be low and needed to be enhanced as result. The police force, no matter whether in maintaining law and order, directing traffic or processing the resolution of disputes for the general public, may need to go out of its way to assist other organizations in executing the authority from the mandate at large. Under the constant lack of police manpower, they must confront the choices of sacrificing the family life, even worse, personal health so as to protect the law and order as demanded. Work loads and personal well-beings in addition to family life are difficult to manage all at the same time. This is a given, still other encouragement measures without proper planning and supports or comprehensive welfare system, these would create tremendous strains on the police forces at work. Portions of the police force member are suffering family breakups, or go-out-on-the-limb, even committing suicides as well as conducting behaviors of breaking the law and order instead, these all are responsible of creating negative images to the general populace. This researcher has been involved with the leadership role at the basic level of police forces since college graduation, with experiences of frequent contact with local law and order enforcement personnel. Since the mission of police force can be attributed as under constant high pressurized situations, relatively speaking, this caused significantly different job orientations for policeman when reviewing the jobs that they occupy. Especially for those police works that require serving throughout night, with upside down lifestyle to say the least, the short and precious moment sharing with the family in addition to facing the job performance stress from work, this is very demanding. As consequence, under conditions of lack of quality in both the lifestyle and work, family problems and marital lives in addition to work characteristics are casting great impacts on policeman in regards to the work preferences. Therefore, to understand the policeman orientation in maintaining law and order, job environment and family consciousness, this research adopted survey query method in regards to law and order, job environment and family as three main items, as well as surveying the 136 questions in the questionnaire, so as to confirm that the recognitions from the persons under survey in regards to which measurement must be carried out as intended, and this measurement does carry great weight in maintaining the law and order in addition to the satisfaction levels for this very specific measurement. Moreover, after the survey is conducted, this research focused on the datum gathered and processed these datum with adopting the constructs of “ideal type” to proceed further qualitative analyses. Then it is inspected and reviewed in crisscross fashion through multi-variable methods, and adopted “Primary-secondary design” approach which is primarily relied upon the qualitative research and supplemented with quantitative approaches as the secondary. The findings of this research are as follow: 1. The aspects of law and order intention: The main causes are more or less centered at the area of slow court process as well as prosecuting the major crimes, which heavily impact the law and order (This research findings indicated that, the policeman acknowledged the judge would sentence the motorcyclist robbing the pedestrians with the least sentencing possible, in addition to easy suspect bailout with crime recommitting rate relatively high. These are all frustrating the policemen in suspect arrests.) Policemen are at the low level status in the organization, and constantly under the constraints imposed by others. (The policeman organization level is rather low in the overall organization chart, and this results with unable to perform the functions of carrying out the law and order policies in addition to coordinating with other departments in integration efforts.) Hopeless in getting promoted, difficult in obtaining the fighting will. (The local policemen can not be promoted through rank and files as high as the patrolling officer. Since it is hopeless in promotion, therefore they all are lack of fighting will as result.); Lack of police manpower, outdated equipments and supplies(The manpower deployment at local level of police force is out of balance, it is difficult to meet the general populace demand, in addition, the police quality can not be effectively enhanced so as to perform as demanded); Overlapping in the sense of organization, waste of resources(Can not effectively integrate, simplify the forms for filing cases. Complex and redundant procedures, the paperwork can not be effectively converted into digital format.); Poor design with low quality demand (Performance driven in a worst sense, only transferring the apprehended and not caring about the prosecution probability. The caseloads are rated as finished when the transferred were processed with low quality in police detection. ) 2. In the aspects of job environment consciousness: And the causes are no exception, like overwork, lack of rest. (The substitute staff system has not been effectively implemented as desired.) Outside interference in human resource decision caused upheavals (The fairness of promotion was questioned, the outside interference still existed. The human resource leadership has been eroded as such which impacted the fairness in promotion); Preferences from the superiors caused unfair assignments. (Often is the case that those with capabilities would have assigned with heavier responsibilities in operation, those with more experience and seniority would be assigned with tasks with more awards and recognitions. These are the phenomenon of unfairness. ); When unsatisfied with the job, there is no channel to vent the frustration of dissatisfaction.(Majority of the superiors would protect themselves which entails with minimizing the effect of not-doing-anything at all. In addition, they do not trust those who processed the petitions.) 3. In the aspect of family consciousness: The causes are almost belonged to heavy work loads, both the mind and body suffer. (The policemen are almost all work too hard with long hours and lack of adequate rest); Irregular work and vacation schedules, it is difficult to get along. (Policemen all acknowledged that, irregular vacation schedule caused husband and wife not be able to communicate, and impacting the harmony of the family.) This research recommends as follow: The summarized focal points can be law and regulation amendments, speedy trials and sentencing.(Recommending the speedy trial and sentencing for these cases, in addition to raise the bailout conditions with heavier sentencing.); Raise the level of status with independent budgeting.(Recommending raise the level of National Police Agency and effectively consolidate the resources in addition to budgeting fallback to central government jurisdiction); Increase police force strength, enhance and upgrade equipments and supplies(Recommending the increase of police force with adequately dispositions down to the local level units in addition to focus on the quality control); Cut down the paperwork, operations with shorter work hours.(Promote ○e operations, construct no-paper work environment so as to elevate work efficiency and effectiveness); Enhance items being criticized and review performance afterwards(Cut down each and every project work load to prevent impact to normal operation which entails with policemen overwork );Bring visibility to promotion and equalize work assignments(Since the promotion has visibility and transparency, the competition would be fair with the best qualified personnel chosen as result);Establish core values with specific operation assignment (Reaffirm “law and order, traffic and serve the people” as the cores for police work in addition to dedication to jurisdiction operations and stopping coordinated operations); Smooth the channels for dissatisfaction petitioning(Conduct scheduled forums for policemen, listen to their concerns with fairness and justice. Absolutely no payback action is allowed.); Enhance communications with pleasant getting-along. (Recommending the policemen spending more time with the family during off hours and vacations. Only the happy and pleasant family life can be the cornerstone for work dedication. )。

Nesta dissertação, se analisará três protestos operários e as tentativas de controle social exercido contra eles por parte da força policial, trabalhistas e imprensa comercial na cidade de Rio Grande, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O controle social constituiu-se pelo uso de repressão policial associada ao anticomunismo. As três conjunturas analisadas, que serviram de base ao estudo, são: a greve contra a entrada de navios estrangeiros na Lagoa dos Patos em 1949; a manifestação do 1° de Maio de 1950; e a greve geral de 1952 contra a carestia do custo de vida. Estes protestos ocorreram em meio ao governo autoritário de Dutra e no início no segundo governo de Vargas. Internacionalmente configurava-se o período conhecido como Guerra Fria, o que ajudou a definir a política conservadora dos governos em relação aos operários. Nos protestos analisados, houve a participação de milhares de trabalhadores e uma marcante presença comunista, em um momento que o PCB estava ilegal. A pergunta que guiou a pesquisa foi a de como as classes dominantes locais, lançaram mão de seus instrumentos na tentativa de controlar o movimento operário? Buscando assim, analisar as relações sociais de dominação e resistência. / In this dissertation, will be analyzed three workers protests and the attempts of social control exercised against them by the police force, labor and trade press in the city of Rio Grande, in Rio Grande do Sul. The social control was consisted by the use of police repression associated with the anticommunism. The three situations analyzed, which formed the basis of the study are: the strike against the entry of foreign vessels in the Lagoa dos Patos, in 1949; the manifestation of 1 May 1950; and the general strike of 1952 against the high cost of life. These protests occurred during the authoritarian government of Dutra and the beginning of second government of Vargas. Internationally, was configured the period that has become known as the Cold War, which helped define the conservative policy of governments in relation to workers. In the protests analyzed, was the participation of thousands workers and a marked presence communist at a time which the PCB was illegal. The question that guided the research was: how the local ruling classes made use of their instruments in the attempt to control the workers movement? Seeking thus, to analyze the social relations of domination and resistance.

Nesta dissertação, se analisará três protestos operários e as tentativas de controle social exercido contra eles por parte da força policial, trabalhistas e imprensa comercial na cidade de Rio Grande, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O controle social constituiu-se pelo uso de repressão policial associada ao anticomunismo. As três conjunturas analisadas, que serviram de base ao estudo, são: a greve contra a entrada de navios estrangeiros na Lagoa dos Patos em 1949; a manifestação do 1° de Maio de 1950; e a greve geral de 1952 contra a carestia do custo de vida. Estes protestos ocorreram em meio ao governo autoritário de Dutra e no início no segundo governo de Vargas. Internacionalmente configurava-se o período conhecido como Guerra Fria, o que ajudou a definir a política conservadora dos governos em relação aos operários. Nos protestos analisados, houve a participação de milhares de trabalhadores e uma marcante presença comunista, em um momento que o PCB estava ilegal. A pergunta que guiou a pesquisa foi a de como as classes dominantes locais, lançaram mão de seus instrumentos na tentativa de controlar o movimento operário? Buscando assim, analisar as relações sociais de dominação e resistência. / In this dissertation, will be analyzed three workers protests and the attempts of social control exercised against them by the police force, labor and trade press in the city of Rio Grande, in Rio Grande do Sul. The social control was consisted by the use of police repression associated with the anticommunism. The three situations analyzed, which formed the basis of the study are: the strike against the entry of foreign vessels in the Lagoa dos Patos, in 1949; the manifestation of 1 May 1950; and the general strike of 1952 against the high cost of life. These protests occurred during the authoritarian government of Dutra and the beginning of second government of Vargas. Internationally, was configured the period that has become known as the Cold War, which helped define the conservative policy of governments in relation to workers. In the protests analyzed, was the participation of thousands workers and a marked presence communist at a time which the PCB was illegal. The question that guided the research was: how the local ruling classes made use of their instruments in the attempt to control the workers movement? Seeking thus, to analyze the social relations of domination and resistance.

Nesta dissertação, se analisará três protestos operários e as tentativas de controle social exercido contra eles por parte da força policial, trabalhistas e imprensa comercial na cidade de Rio Grande, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O controle social constituiu-se pelo uso de repressão policial associada ao anticomunismo. As três conjunturas analisadas, que serviram de base ao estudo, são: a greve contra a entrada de navios estrangeiros na Lagoa dos Patos em 1949; a manifestação do 1° de Maio de 1950; e a greve geral de 1952 contra a carestia do custo de vida. Estes protestos ocorreram em meio ao governo autoritário de Dutra e no início no segundo governo de Vargas. Internacionalmente configurava-se o período conhecido como Guerra Fria, o que ajudou a definir a política conservadora dos governos em relação aos operários. Nos protestos analisados, houve a participação de milhares de trabalhadores e uma marcante presença comunista, em um momento que o PCB estava ilegal. A pergunta que guiou a pesquisa foi a de como as classes dominantes locais, lançaram mão de seus instrumentos na tentativa de controlar o movimento operário? Buscando assim, analisar as relações sociais de dominação e resistência. / In this dissertation, will be analyzed three workers protests and the attempts of social control exercised against them by the police force, labor and trade press in the city of Rio Grande, in Rio Grande do Sul. The social control was consisted by the use of police repression associated with the anticommunism. The three situations analyzed, which formed the basis of the study are: the strike against the entry of foreign vessels in the Lagoa dos Patos, in 1949; the manifestation of 1 May 1950; and the general strike of 1952 against the high cost of life. These protests occurred during the authoritarian government of Dutra and the beginning of second government of Vargas. Internationally, was configured the period that has become known as the Cold War, which helped define the conservative policy of governments in relation to workers. In the protests analyzed, was the participation of thousands workers and a marked presence communist at a time which the PCB was illegal. The question that guided the research was: how the local ruling classes made use of their instruments in the attempt to control the workers movement? Seeking thus, to analyze the social relations of domination and resistance.

This thesis examines the forces that affect subjectivity in two novels by the author Philip K. Dick, Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said and The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch. The close reading of these two novels makes use of postmodernist theory as its theoretical foundation. In these works, stable subjects are fractured through a series of disconcerting incidents originating in a “reality shift,” an event that sees the seemingly solid state of Dick’s speculative future worlds collapse. Split into three sections, this paper first positions Dick within a postmodernist tradition developed mainly by Lyotard, Hutcheon, and Baudrillard, supported by critics such as Sim, Malpas, and Kellner, among others. It then defines the reality shift and its underlying causes, three types of science fictional drugs across the two novels: Can-D, Chew-Z, and KR-3. Finally, this essay examines the full extent of Dick’s inquiry into subjectivity by exploring the metamorphoses the subjects of his novels endure.

This diploma thesis deals with the system of a crisis intervention for the staff members of the Police of the Czech Republic. There are described means of psychological assistance for the staff members of the police and the research of trust in the psychological assistance and its awareness of the assistance and whether they use it.

The thesis deals with the description of the psychological and spiritual support for the members of the police force. Its basis is the definition of the police force as the service to the public while the policeman is perceived as both the representative of the state force and the human being. In the part dealing with the professional ethics one points out to the usefulness of the ethical codex for a policeman as a possible inspiration for one's responsibility in the role of a policeman.Next, negative phenomena influencing a policeman are described, such as stress, a traumatic event,crisis,and a burn-out syndrom. The thesis considers the needs of the man linked to the needs of a policeman proper. Based on the information collected it then deals with the psychological and spiritual support. The psychological support in the police force has got a certain framework defined in the form of a crisis intervention, a psychological advisory service and a posttraumatic intervention care. A spiritual support has no specific concept defined. A priest has his role in posttraumatic intervention teams only. Based on the research carried out and on the literature available the possibility is outlined for the provision of not only psychological but also for the spiritual support.

自針對心理壓力的研究盛行以來，心理壓力和工作績效的關係得到了學界諸多領域的關注。警察是高壓群體，在量化和質化研究的雙重驗證下，得到了學界一致性的認同。而警察的壓力所影響的並不僅只是其個人工作績效，更關乎整個社會的治安狀況。此外，對於壓力而言，局限於測量警察族群的壓力，對於解決問題本身沒有根本性作用。基於以上原因，本研究專注於警察高壓的原因及形成機制。根據非正式預訪談得知所長是警察生涯中壓力最為突出的一個階段，故本研究將目標鎖定在警察階段的所長族群。為了挖掘所長高壓原因及其形成機制，本研究透過質化深入訪談的研究方法，深入訪談了大臺北地區7位男性派出所所長和3位女性所長。經過紮根理論的研究流程和資料分析法，結果發現所長階段的壓力較為嚴重的原因主要在於其特殊的工作特點，以及家庭和工作的難以平衡；就其工作特點而言，包括：壓力多元化、工作時間過長、體力硬線要求高、休假異常、績效結構欠佳、公務冗雜和媒體壓迫。也正是因為工作特點而使得其較難在工作與家庭之間取得平衡。對於女性而言，刻板印象和社會期待均使其在警察工作中處於劣勢，但優秀的表現也會獲得更多的讚賞，與期望破壞理論（Expectancy Violation Theory）一致；而男性也恰正是因為刻板要求和社會期待使得其肩負著和女性警察機制不同但是程度相當的心理壓力。總體而言，警察體制內受到詬病的是績效考核方式，績效結構不合理並且指標沒有上限，專案頻繁，儘管不同來源的所長最終都將自我調整心態到了無可奈何的接受狀態。也正是這一結果，證明目前警察體系內協助警察舒緩壓力的管道較為匱乏，亟需改善和解決。 / The influence by stress on performance is one of the popular research issues. Former qualitative and quantitative researches proved that policeman is one of jobs with high working stress. Stress on policeman not only affect their own working performance but also societal safety. Only measurement of stress cannot make policeman perform better. Thus, this study focuses on causes and mechanism of policeman’s stress. Police inspectors in local police stations are with extremely high working stress according to informal interviews. This study interviewed three female and seven male police inspectors from Taipei City, New Taipei City and Keelung in Taiwan. After data analysis with Grounded Theory, this study concludes that special working conditions and unbalance between family and work are the main sources of stress on policemen. This job is stressful with several traits including multi-faced stress, overtime work schedule, exhausting physical energy, irregular days-off, unreasonable performance evaluation structure, complicated working issues and bothering media. It is these working conditions that make policemen stressful and difficult to make balance between work and family. Furthermore, stereotypes and social desirability burden female policemen. However, consistent with Expectancy Violation Theory, female policemen would also gain more recognition and compliment when they perform positively; Male policemen are required to take over more work for female policemen because of social desirability. In general, the biggest source of stress for policemen in Taiwan is the unreasonable performance evaluation system. It comes out as taking it without other alternatives for most policemen no matter where they were trained before. There has not been effective assistance for policemen within police system in Taiwan.

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