While visiting preschools in rural areas of the southern region of Ethiopia, I became aware of the early childhood education (ECE) problems that emanated from ECE policy and its implementation. The problems I observed included that the school building was not well constructed for it had broken doors and windows, unclean and narrow rooms and the school campus had not enough space to allow kids to play freely. In addition, there were no learning materials and playground facilities and teachers did not have qualifications at all. From my subsequent observations that I had made with other preschools in a rural area, I observed the same problems. This situation triggered me to carry out this research. The overall purpose of this study was to establish the nature of ECE policy implementation at school-based Grade R classes of schools in southern Ethiopia. To achieve this aim, I employed the qualitative descriptive design for it helped me to capture and describe in-depth views, perceptions, meanings and practices of ECE policy practitioners. The major theories that informed this study are maturation, learning and interaction theories that promote holistic development of children via ECE programmes. There were 38 purposively selected subjects who participated in the study. The findings of the study revealed that practitioners had a lack of knowledge about policy implementation and did not teach correctly in the classrooms. Teachers taught Grade R with inadequate material resources and support; there was a lack of policy guidelines, standards, common curriculum, teamwork and supervision. Based on the findings, I recommended an interaction model of policy implementation that integrates bottom-up and top-down approaches to promote positive and active interplay between the policy managers at the top and implementers at the local level. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Det klimatpolitiska ramverket antogs i Sverige 2017 till syftet att hålla den exekutiva makten ansvarig för att bedriva klimatpolitisk hänsyn. En grundläggande målsättning som ligger till bakgrund är att integrera klimatfrågan i samtliga politiska områden. Problemområdet berör svårigheter att uppnå klimatpolicyintegrering på nationell nivå i och med avsaknaden av sanktionsmöjligheter och på lokala nivån som inom ramen för självstyrelse likväl behöver förhålla sig till lokala institutioner och faktorer. Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga hur denna integrering av klimatpolitik har tagit vid på den nationella nivån för att sedan undersöka huruvida detta har haft någon inverkan på den lokala nivåns klimatarbete på energiområdet. Studien avser i detta genomförande att undersöka hur värderingar och lokala förutsättningar påverkar klimatpolicyintegrering inom sex svenska kommuner. Med hjälp av kvalitativ textanalys och samtalsintervjuer kommer studien fram till ett antal slutsatser. Resultatet visar att den kartlagda klimatpolicyintegreringen är svag och därmed ger klimatmålet likvärdig hänsyn i relation till sektoriella mål såväl nationellt som lokalt. Inom kommuner har värderingar förmåga att i vissa fall stärka klimatpolicyintegrering medan kontextuella faktorer i form av ekonomiska resurser kan vara en hindrande omständighet i sammanhanget. / Sweden adopted its Climate Act and Policy Framework in 2017 which holds the government responsible to pursue climate policy based on the goals formulated by the Swedish Parliament. The main objective is to integrate climate policy within all political areas. The study revolves around the difficulties that may emerge on a national level where the possibility for sanctions are absent, and on a local level where the autonomy of municipalities have to take local institutions and contexts into account. The aim of this study is thus to identify how the integration of climate policy takes place on the national level and subsequently explore whether influence has occurred in the energy sector of the municipalities. This is accomplished by analyzing how values and local conditions affect climate policy integration in six Swedish municipalities. After applying qualitative methods, text analysis and interviews, two conclusions can be made. The results show, that on the one hand, although climate policy integration has occurred on the national and local levels, it has been weak by giving equal consideration to climate policy to sectorial issues. On the other, values can strengthen climate policy integration while economic resources may be a hindering circumstance.

The public policy scholarship says that media interract with the policy process in multiple ways. First of all, they offer various policy preferences. At the same time, they attach meanings to different policy events. This matters when it comes to the audience and its perception of chosen public issues. The media might also become an active participant in the policy debate and transmit their policy beliefs and policy preferences within this debate. The Narrative Policy framework brings these findings together with focus on the important role of policy narratives in the policy process. This master's thesis focuses on the case of family policy measurement adaptation in the Czech republic. The focus lies particularly on the government bill that has increased the parental allowance in 2019. This change has provoked a significant interest of the public and of the media, which were making their statements. The aim of this paper is to explore the form and content of the policy narrative and to say whether the media accounts have actively participated in the policy debates to possibly influence the policy outcome.

Bibliography / Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the advent of the 21st century the world has been experiencing rapid changes in knowledge, technology and information. These changes pose challenges to the providers of education and training in general and vocational education and training in particular. The impact of technological advancement and the nature of organisational changes in the workplace demand skills of an increasingly higher level – particularly skills in the areas of information technology, problem solving and communication. The problem identified in this study was that graduates from vocational training centres (VTCs) in Namibia did not have appropriate employability skills needed at the workplace, as indicated by Namibian employers. The aim of this study was to identify the types of employability skills considered important by employers at the workplace and to determine how such skills could be integrated into the vocational education and training curriculum in Namibia. A literature review conducted revealed that employers require workers with the following key, core or employability skills: communication, information technology, working with numbers, working with others, problem solving and improving one’s own learning and performance. The population for this study was 493 employers providing on-the-job training or employing vocational training centre graduates. A total of 244 out of the 493 employers responded. The population of the study represented the following occupational sectors: auto trades, building construction trades, metalwork trades and electrical engineering trades. Data for the study were collected through reviewing the literature on employability skills, a survey questionnaire to employers and face-to-face interviews conducted with selected employers during the research. The following questions were explored in the questionnaire and structured interviews: i) Which employability skills are important at the workplace? ii) Who is responsible for developing employability skills? iii) If it is the responsibility of vocational training centres to foster employability skills, at which educational level should employability skills education be introduced? iv) How should the acquisition of employability skills be promoted? v) How should employability skills be assessed? The study found that employers in Namibia considered employability skills such as teamwork, time management, a positive attitude, problem solving, planning, and coping with multiple tasks as the most important skills they required from vocational training centre graduates. Employers further indicated that employability skills could be developed at family/home settings as well as at school and vocational training centres and suggested that employability skills education be introduced from level 1 during the first year of training. It was also found that portfolios, observation and practical assessment were credible approaches for assessing employability skills and that this should be done in real-life contexts. Based on the conclusions arrived at in the study, it is recommended that a policy framework for employability skills be developed and implemented in the Namibian vocational education and training system. Specific recommendations are made regarding the following aspects: the type of employability skills; whose responsibility it is to develop these skills; at which level of training the development of employability skills should be implemented; how they could best be learned and how the learning of employability skills could be assessed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die snelle veranderinge op die gebied van kennis, tegnologie en inligting sedert die begin van die 21ste eeu bied groot uitdagings aan die verskaffers van onderwys en opleiding in die algemeen en beroepsonderwys en -opleiding in die besonder. Die uitwerking van tegnologiese vordering en die aard van organisatoriese veranderinge in die werkplek vereis groter hoërorde-vaardighede as vantevore – veral vaardighede op die gebied van inligtingstegnologie, probleemoplossing en kommunikasie. Die probleem wat in hierdie studie aan bod gekom het, was dat gegradueerdes van beroepsopleidingsentrums in Namibië nie oor voldoende indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede wat in die werkplek benodig word, beskik nie, soos aangedui deur Namibiese werknemers. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die soorte indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede wat werkgewers by indiensneming van personeel as belangrik beskou te identifiseer, en om vas te stel hoe sodanige vaardighede in die kurrikulum vir beroepsonderwys en .. opleiding in Namibië geïntegreer kan word. Literatuuroorsig het getoon dat werknemers benodig word met die volgende belangrike, kern- of indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede: kommunikasie, inligtingstegnologie, syfervaardigheid, samewerking met ander persone, probleemoplossing en die verbetering van eie leer en prestasie. Die navorsingspopulasie vir hierdie studie het uit 493 werkgewers bestaan wat indiensopleiding verskaf of wat persone in diens het wat reeds hul beroepsopleiding voltooi het. Tweehonderd-vier-en-veertig werkgewers het uiteindelik aan die vraelysondersoek deelgeneem. Die motor-, konstruksie- en metaalwerkbedryf, asook die elektriese-ingenieurswesesektor, is in die navorsingspopulasie verteenwoordig. Data is ingesamel deur literatuuroorsig te doen oor indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede, en deur vraelyste en persoonlike onderhoude. Die volgende vrae is in die vraelys en tydens gestruktureerde onderhoude gestel: i) Watter indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede is in die werkplek belangrik? ii) Wie is verantwoordelik vir die ontwikkeling van indiensneembaarheids-vaardighede? iii) Indien dit die verantwoordelikheid is van beroepsopleidingsentra om indiensneembaarheids-vaardighede te bevorder, op watter opvoedkundige vlak behoort opleiding met betrekking tot indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede ingestel te word? iv) Hoe behoort die aanleer van indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede bevorder te word? v) Hoe behoort indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede geassesseer te word? Daar is bevind dat werkgewers in Namibië indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede soos spanwerk, tydbestuur, positiewe houding, probleemoplossing, beplanning en die hantering van veelvuldige take as die belangrikste vaardighede beskou wat hulle van potensiële opgeleide werknemers verwag. Werkgewers het aangedui dat indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede in die huis, in skole en deur beroepsopleidingsentrums ontwikkel kan word. Hulle het voorgestel dat opleiding in indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede in die eerste jaar van opleiding by die beroepsopleidingsentrums vanaf vlak 1 aangebied behoort te word. Verdere bevinding was dat die assessering van kwekelinge se portefeuljes, waarneming en praktiese assessering geloofwaardige benadering tot die assessering van indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede is en dat dit binne die konteks van die werklike lewe gedoen behoort te word. Daar word op grond van die bevindinge onder meer aanbeveel dat beleidsraamwerk vir die ontwikkeling van indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede in die Namibiese beroepsonderwys en .. opleidingstelsel ontwikkel en geïmplementeer word. Spesifieke aanbevelings word gemaak ten opsigte van die tipes indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede, wie se verantwoordelikheid dit is om hierdie vaardighede te ontwikkel, op watter opleidingsvlak die indiensnemingsvaardighede geïmplementeer behoort te word, hoe dit ten beste aangeleer kan word, en hoe die leerproses met betrekking tot indiensneembaarheidsvaardighede geassesseer kan word.

Cette thèse s’intéresse au rôle du Ciblage d’inflation (CI) et des règles budgétaires (RBs), ainsi qu’à celui de leurs interactions, sur l’environnement macroéconomique. Après avoir posé les bases conceptuelles et empiriques de ces deux cadres de politique basés sur des règles (Chapitre 1), la thèse met en évidence de nouveaux résultats relatifs à leurs conséquences macroéconomiques. Premièrement, l’adoption du CI permet d’attirer plus d’investissements directs étrangers dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 2). Deuxièmement, dans ces pays, l’adoption du CI incite fortement les gouvernements à entreprendre des réformes destinées à améliorer la qualité des institutions (Chapitre 3). Troisièmement, l’introduction des RBs numériques au niveau national constitue un remède crédible contre l’indiscipline budgétaire, surtout dans les pays politiquement stables et avec un grand nombre de RBs en place. Mais cet effet disciplinaire des RBs diminue avec la durée de temps consécutive à leur adoption et est affaibli en présence de RBs supranationales et dans les pays à gouvernement fragmenté. Plus intéressant, cet effet varie en fonction du type de règles : tandis que les règles de solde budgétaire et les règles de dépense exercent un effet disciplinaire sur la conduite de la politique budgétaire, l’effet des règles de dette s’avère statistiquement non significatif (Chapitre 4). Les trois derniers chapitres de la thèse analysent le rôle de l’interaction entre le CI et les RBs, et dans une plus grande mesure de l’interaction entre les autorités monétaires et budgétaires. Le premier résultat qui en découle est que le CI, qui est un cadre de conduite de la politique monétaire, s’avère aussi suffisamment contraignant pour les autorités budgétaires de sorte à les inciter fortement à améliorer la discipline budgétaire, notamment dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 5). Par ailleurs, d’une part, le CI et les RBs agissent de façon complémentaire, puisqu’adopter à la fois le CI et les Rbs conduit à de meilleurs résultats budgétaires et inflationnistes qu’adopter seulement l’un ou l’autre de ces deux cadres de politique. D’autre part, la séquence qui consiste à introduire d’abord les RBs avant d’adopter le CI produit de meilleures performances inflationnistes et budgétaires que la séquence inverse (Chapitre 6). Finalement, une meilleure cohérence du Policy-Mix, c'est-À-Dire une meilleure coordination des politiques monétaire et budgétaire conduit à une plus grande croissance économique dans la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) (Chapitre 7). / This thesis is concerned with the role of Inflation Targeting (IT) and Fiscal Rules (FRs), as well as of their interactions, on macroeconomic environment. After laying the conceptual and empirical backgrounds of both these rules-Based policy frameworks (Chapter 1), the dissertation highlights new evidence on their macroeconomic consequences. First, IT adoption does help attracting more Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Countries (Chapter 2). Second, inthese countries, IT adoption provides strong incentives for governments to undertake reforms designed to improve the quality of institutions (Chapter 3). Third, the introduction of national-Level numerical FRs does stand as a credible remedy against fiscal indiscipline in these countries, all the more in politically stable economies and where the numberof FRs in place is important. But this discipline-Enhancing effect of FRs decreases with the time length since their adoption, and is weakened in the presence of supranational rules and in countries with more fragmented government. Interestingly, this effect varies with the type of rules: while Budget Balance Rules and Expenditure Rules have significant disciplineenhancing effects, the effect of Debt Rules proved not significantly different from zero (Chapter 4). The last three chapters of the thesis focus on the role of the interaction between IT and FRs, and to a broader extent, on the interplay between monetary and fiscal authorities. The first result that emerges is that IT, which is a framework for conducting monetary policy, proves also sufficiently binding for fiscal authorities to providing them with strong incentives for improving fiscal discipline, notably in developing countries (Chapter 5). In addition, on the one hand, IT and FRs act complementarily, as adopting both IT and FRs leads to better results in terms of running fiscal surpluses and in terms of bringing down average inflation than adopting only one of these two frameworks. On the other hand, the sequence which consists of introducing FRs first before adopting IT yields better inflationary and fiscal performances than the opposite sequence (Chapter 6). Finally, better Policy Mix coherence, that is, better coordination between monetary and fiscal policies, is conducive to higher economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (Chapter 7).