Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien har varit att jämföra politikers och idrottslärares uppfattningar om betyg och bedömning i relation till ämnet idrott och hälsa. För att uppfylla syftet har vi undersökt vilka fördelar och nackdelar som finns med betyg, vilka utvecklingsområden som finns inom området betyg och bedömning, samt jämfört politikers motiv till och idrottslärares åsikter om betygsättning i tidiga åldrar. Metod: Metoden som använts är kvalitativ i form av intervjuer. Två strategiska urval har genomförts för att finna de respondenter som ingått i studien. Urvalskriterier har bestått av att idrottslärarna skulle ha arbetat minst tre år på grundskola inom årskurserna sex till nio, och politikerna skulle tillhöra ett av allianspartierna och vara anslutna till utbildningsutskottet i riksdagen. Som teoretisk referensram har vi använt oss av Lindes läroplansteori samt utgått från Wrights handlingsteori med dess fyra bestämnings faktorer. Resultat: De båda respondentgrupperna ser likartat på betygens fördelar. Betyg är studiemotiverande, ger en tydlig signal för stödinsatser, ett kvitto på kunskapsnivåer hos elever. Betyg möjliggör även urval till vidare studier. Betygens nackdelar som anges är betygstress samt svårigheter att få en likvärdig bedömning. Politikerna och idrottslärarna har som gemensamma utvecklingsområden tydligare styrdokument, fler betygssteg samt större samarbete mellan skolor. Politikerna nämner även lagstiftningar och utbildning, medan idrottslärarna nämner utvecklandet av skriftliga omdömen och kursplansförändringar.Politikernas motiv stämmer väl överens med idrottslärarnas åsikter om betyg i tidigare ålder. Både politikerna och idrottslärarna är överens om att den nya betygsreformen är ett steg i rätt riktning mot en förbättrad bedömning. Den gemensamma uppfattningen är också att betygsättning i tidigare åldrar är positivt för skolan och för ämnet idrott och hälsa Slutsats: Med utgångspunkt tagen i Wrights handlingsteori framträder att betyg ses som den främsta metoden att bedöma elevers kunskaper i skolan. Skillnader som framkommit mellan politikernas och idrottslärarnas uppfattningar om betyg utgår ifrån att politikerna ser betyg som ett verktyg för den politiska styrningen av skolan, medan idrottslärarna uppfattar betyg som ett pedagogiskt verktyg i undervisningen. Studiens slutsatser pekar på att det finns behov av en uppföljning av hur det nya betygssystemet lyckas bidra till både en rättvis urvalsprocess och ett ökat lärande hos elever. / Summary Aim: The purpose of this study has been to compare the perceptions of politicians’ and physical education teachers’ of grading and assessment in relation to physical education and health. To fulfill this aim, we investigated the opportunities and constraints of grading, recent developments in the areas of grading and assessment. We also compared the ambitions of politicians´ and PE-teachers´ opinions on grading in younger ages in elementary schools. Methods: The method used was qualitative and based on interviews. Two strategic selections have been used to find the respondents for the study. The criterias were that the PE-teachers should have worked at least three years in elementary school, grades six to nine and that the politicians should be members of one of the alliance parties and active in the government´s department of education. As theoretical frame Lindes’ curriculum model and Wrights’ action theory with its four determinants has been used. Results: The two respondent group’s share opinions about the opportunities of grading including that they motivate studying, provide clear guidance for the need of supportive measures directed to students, accurately measure the level of achievement of pupils, and allow for the selection of pupils for further studies. Main disadvantages identified included increased stress and difficulties in obtaining equivalent grades. Politicians and PE-teachers alike mentioned the following areas in need of further development: more specific curricula, extended grade spans, and increased cooperation between schools. Politicians also mentioned legislation and further education, while PE-teachers mentioned normative assessment as written reviews and curriculum changes as potential development areas. The politicians and PE-teachers also believe that grading in younger ages is positive for elementary school and for physical education and health. However the PE-teachers mentioned the risk of increased stress among pupils, while the politicians did not mention any such negative factor. Conclusion: In the analysis based on Wrights action theory it appears that grading is seen as the prime method currently available for assessing pupils’ knowledge in school. Both politicians and PE-teachers agreed on that the changes due to the new grading reform are necessary, and that this is a positive step towards improving the assessment procedure. The differences between politicians and PE-teachers are that the politicians refer to the grading procedure as an instrument for political control of the school, and the PE-teachers perceive it is as a pedagogical tool. Finally, the conclusions of the study point to the necessity of a following up of how the grading reform contributes both to a fair selection process and an increased learning amongst pupils.

Zugl.: Vechta, Hochsch., Diss., 2010

Denna studie undersöker vad politiker i ett antal av Sveriges kommunfullmäktige anser sig först uppmärksamma då de granskar på en illustrationsplan. Det har även undersökts vad dessa politiker anser vara de främsta anledningarna till varför detta objekt, område eller detalj uppmärksammades. För att besvara de frågor som ställts, genomfördes en enkätundersökning där frågeformulären skickades via e-post till de utvalda politikerna. Svaren har därefter bearbetats och analyserats, samt ställts mot tidigare forskning inom ämnesområdet, för att slutligen nå fram till en slutsats. Denna slutsats visade på att politikerna främst uppmärksammat objekt, områden och detaljer gällande bebyggelsestrukturen och grönstrukturen i de utvalda illustrationsplanerna. Det visades även på att den främsta anledningen till att något uppmärksammades i illustrationsplanen var att det fanns en tydlig färgkontrast, följt av tydliga formkontraster.

In the school political debate that is conducted in Sweden the question of grading is an ongoing topic of discussion. During the past year there has been a lively discussion about introducing grade from year four as suggested by the right wing parties. The purpose of this study is to set the teaching faculties’ view and arguments in relation to the politicians' opinion in the ongoing debate about the proposal of introducing grades from year four. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate how central the didactic arguments are in relation to other arguments in the current debate. To achieve the purpose of this study, the following questions was created: How do the teaching faculty and the politicians argue around the proposal of introducing grades from year four? Which beliefs about the functions of grades exist among these actors? Which learning models and didactic perspectives exist in the debate and how does these relate to the beliefs about the functions of grades? This study is based on a qualitative method in terms of a contextual idea analysis. The theoretical basis is composed of theories about the different functions of grades, didactic perspective and learning models. The focus consist of investigating how the teaching faculty and politicians discuss the proposal in different articles. The reason for choosing this focus is to highlight the teaching faculties’ point of view in the debate which commonly is overshadowed by the politicians. The results show that the teaching faculty is critical of the proposal of introducing grades from year four, whereas the opinions among the politicians varies. The main criticism is that the proposal would involve a further waste of the school's already inadequate resources. Further criticism is that grades from year four would not work beneficial to the pupils due to different reasons.

The trend of social media is a global hit and now both individuals, businesses, celebrities and politicianshave their own social media pages, which means that the visibility increases and focus lies on what'swritten and published by the person. Mediated communication are everywhere around us and affects theway we communicate with each other and also the way we look at ourselves and most importantly how weportray ourselves. The individual's perspective has become a relevant issue with the rapid moderndevelopment. One's cultural identity can be seen as a life-long project.The purpose of this paper is to do an in-depth text analysis to examine how Swedish politicians constituteand construct identities, with a focus on "the self" and the "mediatization self" on the micro-blog Twitter.The theoretical ground for this study is from a discourse analysis point of view that focus on ”the self” andthe ”meditization self”. Erving Goffmans theory about the self, frontstage and backstage has also beenpart of the theoretical ground among others. The method is based on a discourse psychology-analyze andthe material has been texts/ tweets from four different politicians. The result of the study has shown thatthe tweets can be divided into three different themes. “The political-self”, “The news-self” and “the privatevs the public-self”. The self-image can be seen as a construction based on what the audience expect fromthe person tweeting. A underlying theme has been found that can be connected to the self-image. Thetheme is called “the significant other” which means that the person who is tweeting takes on the role ofbeing “the significant other” and guides his/hers audience through the jungle of information that mediaprovides.

Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2006.

Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2006.

Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2006.

Conn., Yale Univ., Diss.--New Haven, 2005. / Kopie, ersch. im Verl. UMI, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Zugl.: Wien, Univ., Diss., 2007