Some cultures regard pain as a natural part of life compared with the Western culture which believes that pain is something unnatural and that has to be eliminated. Transcultural nursing is a way to learn about and provide culturally fitting and meaningful care to people with different cultures. Tanzania suffers from a lack of qualified health workers due to an increased burden of disease and this affects the quality and supply of effective health services. It has been seen that it is common for patients to get inadequate pain treatment and this results in many different complications. The aim of the study was to describe the nursing care of patients with postoperative pain at a rural hospital in Tanzania. The study was implemented at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi. A qualitative participating observation study with an ethnographic approach was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed by content analysis and resulted in three themes: 1. The role of the nurse, 2. Pain management, and 3. Meeting the patient. The conclusion was that the nursing care around patients with postoperative pain showed an extended collaboration between the nurses and other health care professionals as well as with the patients’ parents. The study further showed that the atmosphere around the patients was positive and calm and that the nurses assessed pain by measuring vital signs and facial expressions.

The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) is suitable in postoperative settings, yet, the implementation has shown varying results. This has raised issues about the pain scales contribution to the identifying and understanding of pain. The aim of this thesis was to describe the clinical utility of patients’ self-rated postoperative pain after major surgery from a healthcare professional perspective. The aim of study I and II was to describe healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the use of pain scales, and to through considering critical incidents describe care experiences and actions taken by healthcare professionals’ when assessing pain. Participants in study I (N=25) and II (N=24) were enrolled- registered nurses and physicians with clinical experiences of pain scales. The aims of study III and IV were to determine the clinical applicability of NRS mode- and maximum- measures, and the NRS mode- and median measures at rest and during activity based on patients self-rated pain. The aim in study IV was additionally to determine the number of NRS ratings needed for the calculation of these measures. The number of surgical and orthopedic patients who completed study III were: n=157 and study IV: n=479. Study I and II confirmed earlier findings of patients’ self-reported pain scores as a facilitator in the understanding of their postoperative pain. Organizational routines, documentation devices, clinical competence, continuity in care, collaborative actions, time, and individual routines were healthcare related factors affecting the use of pain scales (I, II). Patient-related facilitating factors were patients’ ability and willingness to communicate pain, while disability and unwillingness to communicate or inconsistency in verbal communication with observed behaviors were barriers (II). Time and multidimensional communication approaches could bridge these barriers (I, II). Study III and IV showed acceptable reliability for the mode, median and maximum measures. Rank correlations for individual median scores, based on four ratings, versus patients’ retrospective self-rated average pain, were moderate and strengthened with increased numbers of ratings. The Svensson method showed an individual variation within the expected outcome and a significant systematic group change towards a higher level of reported retrospective pain. The calculated pain measures, particularly concerning pain at rest, generally were lower than patients’ recall of pain. The findings described beneficial effects of patient self-reported pain, however present healthcare did not fully support the utilization of pain scales. Because of the simple measurement characteristics, the use of daily NRS average pain measures, patients’ pain can be followed until resolved. The measures could additionally become important patient reported outcome measures and thus constitute new motivators to increase the utilization of pain scales.

Chronic pain affects the life of millions of people. Current treatments have deleterious side effects. We have advanced a strategy for targeting protein interactions which regulate the N-type voltage-gated calcium (CaV2.2) channel as an alternative to direct channel block. Peptides uncoupling CaV2.2 interactions with the axonal collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) were antinociceptive without effects on memory, depression, and reward/addiction. A search for small molecules that could recapitulate uncoupling of the CaV2.2-CRMP2 interaction identified (S)-lacosamide [(S)-LCM], the inactive enantiomer of the Food and Drug Administration-approved antiepileptic drug (R)-lacosamide [(R)-LCM, Vimpat]. We show that (S)-LCM, but not (R)-LCM, inhibits CRMP2 phosphorylation by cyclin dependent kinase 5, a step necessary for driving CaV2.2 activity, in sensory neurons. (S)-lacosamide inhibited depolarization-induced Ca influx with a low micromolar IC50. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology experiments demonstrated a commensurate reduction in Ca currents in sensory neurons after an acute application of (S)-LCM. Using constellation pharmacology, a recently described high content phenotypic screening platform for functional fingerprinting of neurons that uses subtype-selective pharmacological agents to elucidate cell-specific combinations (constellations) of key signaling proteins that define specific cell types, we investigated if (S)-LCM preferentially acts on certain types of neurons. (S)-lacosamide decreased the dorsal root ganglion neurons responding to mustard oil, and increased the number of cells responding to menthol. Finally, (S)-LCM reversed thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia in a model of postoperative pain, and 2 models of neuropathic pain. Thus, using (S)-LCM to inhibit CRMP2 phosphorylation is a novel and efficient strategy to treat pain, which works by targeting specific sensory neuron populations.

Bakgrund: Att förebygga och behandla postoperativ smärta är anestesisjuksköterskans ansvar genom det perioperativa förloppet. Tidigare studier har visat att förekomsten av postoperativ smärta efter laparoskopisk kolecystektomi är hög. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva postoperativ smärtskattning hos patienter som genomgått laparoskopisk kolecystektomi på en sluten operationsavdelning och en dagkirurgisk operationsavdelning. Syftet var också att undersöka skillnader i förekomst av postoperativ smärta mellan män och kvinnor, yngre och äldre patienter samt mellan patienter som opererats på sluten- respektive dagkirurgisk operationsavdelning. Metod: Studien var en retrospektiv registerstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Registerdata innehållande data från 338 patienter inhämtades från kvalitetsregistret Svenskt Perioperativt Register från år 2016–2018. Materialet analyserades med beskrivande och jämförande statistik. Resultat: Resultatet visade att 70 % av patienterna skattade måttlig till svår postoperativ smärta (NRS 4-10). Det framkom även att kvinnor samt yngre patienter (<50 år) på den dagkirurgiska operationsavdelningen skattade signifikant högre postoperativ smärta jämfört med män och äldre patienter. Slutsatser: Även om inga generella slutsatser kan dras tyder resultaten på att kvinnor samt patienter 50 år och yngre är särskilt utsatta för otillräcklig smärtbehandling i samband med laparoskopisk kolecystektomi. Eftersom alla människor har rätt till god smärtlindring behöver omvårdnaden således anpassas efter patientens individuella förutsättningar och behov. När anestesisjuksköterskan når en förtrolig relation till patienten finns goda förutsättningar för en tillfredställande postoperativ omvårdnad.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso do cetorolaco de trometamina 10mg sublingual 30 minutos antes do procedimento de biopulpectomia em pacientes com pulpite irreversível com relação à dor antes do procedimento e nas 48 horas subsequentes, a quantidade de medicação consumida no pós-operatório e tempo esperado para sua utilização. Também foi avaliada a influência da anestesia intrapulpar, o uso da automedicação analgésica antes da procura pelo atendimento e diferença entre gêneros sobre os níveis de dor pré e pós-operatória. Propôs-se avaliar também a necessidade da presença do antibiótico na medicação intracanal, comparando o Otosporin® com hidrocortisona. Participaram da pesquisa 608 pacientes que procuraram o Setor de Urgência Odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru ou o Setor Odontológico do Pronto Socorro Central da Prefeitura Municipal de Bauru, sendo que 34 completaram de forma adequada o protocolo previsto. Foram divididos em 4 grupos que receberam cetorolaco ou placebo como medicação pré-operatória e Otosporin® ou hidrocortisona como medicação intracanal. Foram anotados os valores de intensidade de dor, em uma escala visual analógica, antes da medicação pré-operatória, antes do atendimento, após o atendimento, 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48 horas após e quando houve necessidade de medicação pós-operatória para alívio da dor. Também foi anotado se o paciente havia se automedicado e qual a droga utilizada, se houve necessidade de anestesia intrapulpar, a quantidade de medicação consumida pelo paciente no pós-operatório e o tempo esperado para seu consumo. Dos resultados observou-se que os pacientes que receberam cetorolaco como medicação pré-operatória tiveram uma redução significativa da dor em 30 minutos, quando comparado ao placebo. Foi observado que o tempo necessário para a ingestão de medicamentos pós-operatórios não demonstrou diferença significativa entre os grupos, assim como na quantidade de medicação ingerida. O tempo decorrido entre a primeira e a última dose de medicação pós-operatória também não demonstrou diferença estatística. Com relação a anestesia intrapulpar, 78% dos pacientes necessitaram desta técnica, mas devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra obtida, não foi possível correlacionar o seu uso com a utilização da medicação pós-operatória. Para os pacientes que se automedicaram previamente, não houve diferença significativa em relação à dor inicial. Quando os gêneros foram comparados, não foi possível observar uma diferença estatística significante entre eles com relação aos parâmetros estudados. Também foram descritos no trabalho os motivos de não inclusão dos 574 pacientes que foram abordados durante a realização deste estudo. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que o cetorolaco diminuiu expressivamente o nível de dor durante a espera pelo atendimento, porém com relação ao tempo esperado pelo paciente para tomar a primeira dose de medicação pós-operatória, a última dose, a quantidade de comprimidos e a frequência de ingestão não demonstrou a mesma diferença. Também não houve diferença no nível de dor inicial entre os pacientes que se automedicaram e os que não fizeram uso dessa prática. Devido ao pequeno número da amostra, não foi possível encontrar uma correlação entre o uso da técnica anestésica intrapulpar e medicação pós-operatória, sugerindo mais estudos futuros. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ketorolac tromethamine (10mg sublingual taken 30 minutes before pulpectomy in patients with irreversible pulpitis) in pain reduction immediately before the procedure and the 48 subsequent hours, postoperative consumption of analgesic drugs and time for its use. The influence of intrapulpal anesthesia, the use of analgesic self-medication prior to the demand for care and gender difference on the levels of pre- and postoperative pain was also evaluated. It was also proposed assess the need for antibiotic presence in the intracanal medicament, comparing Otosporin® with hydrocortisone. A total of 608 patients who presented to Dental Urgency Sector from Dental School of Bauru (USP) or Emergency Dental Sector from Bauru City Hall were invited to participate, and 34 completed properly planned protocol. They were distributed in 4 groups that received either ketorolac or placebo as preoperative medication and Otosporin® or hydrocortisone as intracanal medication. The rates of pain intensity were recorded by means of a visual analogue scale before pretreatment medication, immediately before the appointment, 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48 hours after the appointment, and when there was taken post medication for postoperative pain relief. It was also recorded if the patient had self medicated and which the drug used and, if there was need intrapulpal anesthesia, amount of ketorolac and rescue medication (paracetamol 750mg) consumed by the patient postoperative time and the waitng time for consumption. The results showed that patients receiving Ketorolac as preoperative medication had a significant reduction of pain in 30 minutes compared to placebo. It was observed that the time required for the intake of postoperative drug showed no significant difference between groups, as well as the amount of medication intake. The time elapsed between the first and last dose of postoperative medication also showed no statistical difference. Concerning intrapulpal anesthesia, 78% of patients required for this technique, but because of the small sample size obtained it was impossible to correlate their use with the use of postoperative medication. For patients who practiced self medication previously, there was no significant difference with respect to initial pain. When genders were compared, it was not possible to observe a statistically significant difference between them regarding the parameters studied. Were also described in the study the reasons of non-inclusion of 574 patients that were addressed during this study. Based on the results, it is concluded that ketorolac significantly decreased the level of pain during the waiting time, but with respect to the time length for the patient to take the first dose of postoperative medication, the last dose, the number of tablets and taken frequency did not show the same difference. There was no difference in the initial level of pain among patients who practiced self medication and those who did not use this practice. Due to the small sample size, it was not possible to find a correlation between the use of the anesthetic technique intrapulpal and postoperative medication, suggesting more future studies.

O alívio da dor humana é preceito defendido há milênios e considerado importante missão dos profissionais da saúde. No entanto, milhões de pacientes todos os anos sofrem de dor aguda como resultado de um trauma, doença ou cirurgia. A dor aguda em pós-operatório, decorrente de lesões teciduais, pode gerar alterações fisiológicas que, se não forem resolvidas podem resultar em dor crônica, trazendo prejuízos à saúde e à qualidade de vida. A cirurgia de mastectomia, principal abordagem terapêutica para o tratamento primário do câncer de mama, é responsável por uma série de alterações vivenciadas pelos pacientes que a enfrentam, pois é um processo cirúrgico agressivo que pode levar à ocorrência de dor persistente no pós- operatório. O presente estudo consiste de uma revisão integrativa de literatura com o objetivo de analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre o manejo da dor pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à mastectomia. A busca dos estudos primários foi realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed e CINAHL e compreendeu o período de julho de 2007 a julho de 2012. A amostra constituiu de 21 artigos científicos, que foram reunidos em quatro categorias temáticas: intervenções farmacológicas (5 artigos), intervenções não farmacológicas (4 artigos), técnicas anestésicas (11 artigos) e mensuração da dor (1 artigo). Os resultados evidenciaram que nos estudos com intervenções farmacológicas para o controle da dor pós- operatória, os fármacos utilizados como adjuvantes, associados aos analgésicos, AINEs, anestésicos e opioides, foram os anticonvulsivantes, os corticosteroides e os antidepressivos, que demonstraram ser adjuvantes seguros e eficazes para o manejo da dor após a mastectomia; algumas intervenções não farmacológicas, como medidas educacionais, musicoterapia e hipnose para analgesia pós-operatória foram investigadas com resultados positivos, mas esses achados necessitam de confirmação com estudos maiores e controlados para comprovar os benefícios dessas terapias sobre o manejo da dor em pacientes submetidos à mastectomia; apesar de mais pesquisas serem necessárias para avaliar o impacto do tratamento da dor pós-operatória sobre a síndrome da dor crônica pós-mastectomia, estudos demonstraram que o manejo adequado e eficaz da dor pós-operatória pode evitar o desenvolvimento dessas síndromes; as técnicas anestésicas foram a estratégia mais frequentemente utilizada para o manejo da dor pós-mastectomia e demonstraram ser eficazes na diminuição da dor aguda e na redução da necessidade de opioide intra e pós-operatório; há poucos estudos científicos que abordam a assistência de enfermagem no manejo da dor pós- mastectomia, evidenciando a necessidade de um número maior de publicações sobre o tema, por enfermeiros. Que estes resultados sirvam como estímulo para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas, no intuito de contribuir para o manejo eficaz e efetivo da dor pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à mastectomia / Human pain relief is precept defended for millennia and considered important mission of heath care provider. However, millions of patients each year suffer acute pain as a result of trauma, disease or surgery. Acute pain in the postoperative period, resulting in tissue lesions, can cause physiological changes that, if not solved can result in chronic pain, impairing the health and quality of life. The mastectomy surgery, the main therapeutic approach for the treatment of primary breast cancer, is responsible for several changes experienced by patients because it is an aggressive surgical process that may result persistent pain in postoperative period. This study is an integrative literature review that aimed to analyze the evidence available in the literature on the postoperative pain management in patients undergoing mastectomy. The search of the primary studies was performed in the databases LILACS, PubMed and CINAHL and included the period between from July 2007 to July 2012. The sample consisted of 21 papers, which were grouped in four thematic categories: pharmacological interventions (5 studies), non-pharmacological interventions (four studies), anesthetic techniques (11 studies) and pain measurement (1 study). The results showed that in studies of pharmacological interventions for the postoperative pain control, the drugs used as adjuvants, associated with analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anesthetics and opioids were anticonvulsants, corticosteroids and antidepressants, which have proven to be safe and effective adjuvants for pain management after mastectomy; some non- pharmacological interventions for postoperative analgesia were investigated and the results were positive, but these findings need to be confirmed by larger and controlled studies to prove the benefits of these therapies for pain management in patients undergoing mastectomy, although more research is needed to assess the impact of treatment of postoperative pain on the syndrome of chronic post-mastectomy pain, studies have shown that proper and effective postoperative pain management may avoid the development of these syndromes; anesthetic techniques were the most frequently used strategy for the pain management after mastectomy and shown to be effective in decreasing acute pain and reduced need for opioid intra and postoperative; there are few scientific studies on nursing care in the management of pain after mastectomy, evident the need for a greater number of works on the theme, by nurses. It is expected that the results encourage the development of new research that may contribute to the efficient and effective management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing mastectomy

Tian, Yuanyuan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-124). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ligia Nadal Zardo.pdf: 1622548 bytes, checksum: c53861afcded6ded4873acf4121bba9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to compare the use of etoricoxib and dexamethasone for the prevention and control of postoperative pain in mucogingival surgery. Fifty-eight patients took part in this randomized parallel double- blind clinical trial. Patients who had at least one area with indication for mucogingival surgery, such as narrow width and thickness of keratinized tissue, labial frenum with an insertion close to the gingival margin, shallow depth of the vestibule and Miller`s Class I and II gingival recession with aesthetic complain were included in the study and were randomly divided into 3 groups (G): G1 – placebo 1h before surgery; G2 – 8mg dexamethasone 1h before surgery; G3 – 90mg etoricoxib 1h before surgery. Pain intensity was assessed in the donor and receptor area separately using the numerical rating scale NRS – 101, every hour for the first 8 hours after surgery and three times a day within 3 days. Rescue medication (paracetamol 750mg) was provided to be used in case of pain. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the intensity of postoperative pain in the donor region between G1 and G3 after 1 hour (h), 2h, 3h, 7h, 8h and in the second day evening; between G1 and G2 after 2h and 3h, and between G2 e G3 only after the first hour. Pain intensity in the receptor area was statistically significantly between G1 and G3 after 1 and 2 hours (Kruskall-Wallys and LSD pos-test ; p<0.05). In addition, there was a lower ingestion of rescue medication in G2(1,05±1,39) and G3(1,52±1,74) than in G1(2,85±2,00) (p<0,05). The adoption of a preemptive medication protocol using etoricoxib or dexamethasone can be considered effective on pain prevention after mucogingival surgery. / O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o uso do etoricoxibe e dexametasona na prevenção e controle da dor pós-operatória em cirurgias mucogengivais. Tomaram parte deste ensaio clínico randomizado paralelo duplo cego, 58 pacientes da Clínica de Periodontia do curso de graduação em Odontologia. Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes que apresentaram pelo menos uma área com indicação para cirurgia mucogengival, largura e espessura estreita de mucosa ceratinizada, freios com inserção muito próxima a margem gengival, profundidade rasa de vestíbulo e recessão gengival Classe I e II de Miller com comprometimento estético. Os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos(G): G1 placebo - 1 h antes da cirurgia; G2 - 8 mg de dexametasona 1 h antes da cirurgia ; G3 - 90 mg de etoricoxibe 1h antes da cirurgia. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada através da escala numérica NRS – 101 para as regiões doadora e receptora, a cada hora nas primeiras 8 horas após a cirurgia e três vezes por dia nos 3 dias seguintes. Foi fornecido ao paciente a medicação de resgate (paracetamol 750 mg) a ser utilizada em caso de dor. Os resultados demonstraram que houve diferença estatisticamente significante na intensidade de dor pós-operatória na região doadora entre G1 e G3 nos períodos de 1h, 2h, 3h, 7h, 8h e no segundo dia à noite, entre G1 e G2 nos períodos de 2h e 3h e entre G2 e G3 apenas no período de 1 hora. A intensidade de dor na região receptora após 1 e 2 horas foi estatisticamente significante entre G1 e G3 pelos testes de Kruskall-Wallys e pós-teste de LSD (p< 0,05). Além disto, houve menor ingestão de medicamento de resgate em G2(1,05±1,39) e G3(1,52±1,74) que no G1(2,85±2,00) (p<0,05). Conclui-se que a adoção de um protocolo de medicação pré-operatória com etoricoxibe ou dexametasona pode ser considerada eficaz na prevenção da dor após cirurgia mucogengival.

Bakgrund: Höftartroplastik är rankad som nummer 11 på listan över de mest smärtsamma kirurgiska ingreppen. Att utveckla kronisk smärta postoperativt rapporteras vara så hög som 10%. Syfte: Studera vuxna patienters upplevelser av postoperativ smärta efter planerad höftoperation samt patienternas erfarenhet av smärtbehandlingen. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade mellan år 2000 och 2019. Fem artiklar har kvantitativ ansats och fem av artiklarna har kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Patienters upplevelser av postoperativ smärta efter en elektiv höftoperation är individuell och beskrivs både kvantitativt med hjälp av smärtskattningsskalor och kvalitativt med egna ord. Majoriteten av studierna visar att patienterna upplever sig tillräckligt smärtlindrade av de läkemedel de får i syfte att minska den postoperativa smärtan och i andra fall där religiösa åskådningar spelar in, så förlitar sig patienterna på sin tro och med hjälp av sin familj. Slutsats: Postoperativ smärta efter elektiv höftoperation är ett faktum. Patienterna upplever sig smärtlindrade eller i andra fall står ut med smärtan av kulturella och religiösa skäl. Patienternas delaktighet under sin vårdtid, bättre uppföljning av vården efter utskrivning och ytterligare forskning kring effektivare postoperativ smärtbehandling, krävs i framtiden. / Introduction: Hip arthroplasty is ranked number 11 on the list of the most painful surgical procedures. Developing chronic pain postoperatively is reported to be as high as 10%. Aim: Study adult patients' experiences of postoperative pain after planned hip surgery and the patients' experience of pain management. Methods: A review of literature based on 10 scientific articles published between 2000 and 2019. Five articles have quantitative approach and five of the articles has qualitative approach.   Results: Patients' experiences of postoperative pain after an elective hip operation are individual and described both quantitatively by means of pain estimation scales and qualitatively in their own words. The majority of the studies show that the patients feel sufficiently pain-relieved by the drugs they receive in order to reduce the postoperative pain and in other cases where religious views are recorded, the patients rely on their faith and with the help of their family. Conclusion: Postoperative pain after elective hip surgery is a fact. The patients feel pain-relieved or in other cases stand out with the pain for cultural and religious reasons. Patients' involvement during their care period, better follow-up of care after discharge and further research in more effective postoperative pain treatment, are required in the future.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in postoperative pain, nausea and time of discharge in children 3-12 years old after undergoing Tonsillectomy (TE) or Tonsillotomy (TT) at the post anaesthetic care unit (PACU), children’s ward and at home.  Background: TE involves risk of bleeding, severe postoperative pain and nausea. TT is a less invasive method with lower risk of bleeding and postoperative pain and nausea according to performed studies. Method: A prospective, comparative follow-up study design. Eighty-seven children from December 2008 until April 2009 in the ages 3-12 undergoing TE or TT participated. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for children’s pain and nausea assessments. Result/Findings: Significantly fewer children operated on by the TT assessed postoperative pain ≥ 3 according to the VAS than children operated on by the TE in both the PACU and the children’s ward. A significant difference of postoperative nausea was only present during the care at the PACU and children’s ward with fewer TT children that assessed nausea VAS ≥ 3. The time of postoperative care was shorter among the TT children in both the PACU and the children’s ward. Postoperative pain and pain related difficulties in eating after discharge was significantly more present among the TE children compared to the TT children. Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that TT is a more favourable alternative than TE in children.