The thesis is focused on the development of speech and non-speech areas in pre-school children in terms of special pedagogy and the thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and practical part. The second part is composed of a research investigation and its goal is to analyse speech and non-speech areas in pre-school children. The first chapter of the theoretical part introduces a preview into pre-school age. This part is also focused on education in nursery school and school readiness and enrolment in the first grade. The second chapter examines every single detail of non-speech areas in pre-school children and describes their development of speech like gross and fine motor skills, graphomotor skills, drawing, laterality, visual and auditory perception, thinking, memory, mathematical ideas, space and time perception, fantasy, play, self-service, independence and last but not least social skills. The last chapter is devoted to speech areas mainly the development of speech in pre-school children, issues of bilingualism and trilingualism, disorders of communication skills, logopedic intervention in nursery school. The second part of this chapter is composed of a qualitative research by means of using qualitative methods like participating and non-participating observation, semi-structured...

<p>SAMMANFATTNING</p><p>Anette Eriksson</p><p>Barns delaktighet i förskolan – är den villkorad av de vuxna?</p><p>- Förskollärares uppfattningar om barns delaktighet i förskolans vardag.</p><p>Vårterminen 2007 Antal sidor 59</p><p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka, analysera och beskriva hur förskollärare uppfattar delaktighet i förskolans vardag. En litteratursökning visade att det fanns få studier avseende förskollärares uppfattningar om barns delaktighet i förskolan. Studien är kvalitativ med en innehållsanalys och har en metodtriangulerad design. Studien inleds med en undersökning av en öppen forskningsfråga, vidare har 20 intervjuer genomförts med förskollärare. Resultaten i den öppna frågan visade att förskolepersonal har två perspektiv på barns delaktighet, ett barnperspektiv och ett verksamhetsperspektiv. Resultaten i intervjuerna på visade att förskollärare definierar delaktighet som beslutsprocesser och att vara med att välja och bestämma. Resultaten visar vidare att en djup medvetenhet om vad som främjar barns delaktighet i förskolan finns hos förskollärare, ytterligare visar resultaten att denna medvetenhet inte alltid leder till att delaktigheten för barnen ökas. Resultaten visar att förskollärare även har en kunskap om vad det är som hindrar en ökning av barns delaktighet i förskolan. Dessa hinder består av förskolans struktur och informella strukturer som förskollärarna anser sig styrda av i arbetet i barngrupp och arbetslaget.</p><p>Nyckelord: Delaktighet, förskola, förskollärare, förskolebarn, bestämma.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Anette Eriksson</p><p>Children’s participation in the pre-school –on conditions of the adults?</p><p>- Pre-school teachers concepts of children’s participation in pre-schools everyday life.</p><p>2007 Pages 22</p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate, analyze and describe pre-school teachers concepts of children’s participation in pre-schools every day life. A literature study showed that there were few studies, in the exiting literature, concerning pre-school teachers conceptions of children’s participation in the pre-school daily life. The study is a qualitative inquiry containing a content analysis and has a methods triangulation design. The initial step of the inquiry was an open research question, furthermore has 20 interviews been conducted with pre-school teachers. The results of the open research question showed that pre-school teachers has two perspectives of how they view children’s participation, one child-perspective and one pre-school activities-perspective. Results from the interviews shows that pre-school teachers define participation as decision-making processes and to have the opportunity to choose as well as a prospect of taking decisions.</p><p>The results further shows that pre-school teachers has a deep awareness of what supports participation in pre-schools, further more the results show that this awareness does not always lead to increased participation on the children’s behalf. The results additionally show that pre-school teachers also have an understanding of what prevents participation in the pre-school. The obstacles consist of the pre-school structure and informal structures. Pre-schools teachers consider themselves as being ruled by these obstacles both in the work with the children and in the teacher team.</p><p>Keywords: Partcipation, Pre-school, Pre-school teacher, Pre-school children, Decision-making.</p>

<p>Talperceptionstest har skapats för att få information om hur en person kan uppfatta ochdiskriminera mellan språkljud. HöraTal Test 1.1 är ett omfattande analytiskt datorbaserattalperceptionstest. Testet är anpassat för icke läskunniga barn från fyra års ålder. Det ärframtaget för barn med hörselnedsättning och/eller cochleaimplantat men kan ävenanvändas för barn med neurologisk skada, specifik språkstörning och/eller annatförstaspråk än svenska. Huvudsyftet med studien är att ta fram ett referensmaterial för hurnormalhörande barn med normal språkutveckling i åldern 4;0 till och med 5;11 årpresterar på HöraTal Test. Därutöver undersöks om det finns ett samband mellantalperceptionssvårigheter och talproduktionssvårigheter. Detta prövas genom att resultatenpå vissa delar av talperceptionstestet jämförs med resultatet på ett talproduktionstest. Istudien ingick 16 fyraåringar och 19 femåringar. Studien visade att de flesta fyraåringarinte klarar av att genomföra testet. Femåringarna hade ett högt medelresultat vilketindikerar att femåringar med normal hörsel bör få ett högt resultat, många rätt, på HöraTalTest och att testet är lämpligt för att testa talperception. Det krävs dock ett större antalförsökspersoner för att man säkert ska kunna uttala sig om förväntade resultat på HöraTalTest i populationen. Studien visade inget samband mellan perceptions- ochproduktionssvårigheter men det var för få försökspersoner som hade uttalsavvikelser iproduktionsuppgiften för att bekräfta eller förkasta ett samband mellan perceptions- ochproduktionssvårigheter i populationen.</p> / <p>Speech perception tests have been developed to receive information about a person’sability to perceive and discriminate between speech sounds. HöraTal Test 1.1 is anextensive analytical computer based speech perception test made for children ages fourand up. The children do not need to be able to read to take the test. The test wasdeveloped for children with hearing disabilities and/or cochlear implants but it can also beused for children with neurological damages, specific language impairments and/or adifferent first language than Swedish. The aim of this study is to receive reference datafrom children of the age 4;0 to 5;11 years with normal hearing and normal speechdevelopment. The study also included a speech production test. The results from theproduction test were compared with the results from the perception test in order to find apossible connection between speech perception difficulties and speech productiondifficulties. 16 four-year-olds and 19 five-year-olds participated in the study. One of theconclusions from this study was that four-year-olds are not able to take the test. The five-year-olds had high mean scores on all the subtests which indicate that a five year old childwith normal hearing should receive high scores on HöraTal Test. This also indicates thatHöraTal Test is suitable for testing speech perception. To be able to generalize to thepopulation more test subjects are needed. No connection between speech perceptiondifficulties and speech production difficulties was found. Only a few of the test subjectshad speech production difficulties in the speech production test and therefore conclusionsabout a possible connection between speech perception difficulties and speech productiondifficulties in the population can not be made.</p>

SAMMANFATTNING Anette Eriksson Barns delaktighet i förskolan – är den villkorad av de vuxna? - Förskollärares uppfattningar om barns delaktighet i förskolans vardag. Vårterminen 2007 Antal sidor 59 Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka, analysera och beskriva hur förskollärare uppfattar delaktighet i förskolans vardag. En litteratursökning visade att det fanns få studier avseende förskollärares uppfattningar om barns delaktighet i förskolan. Studien är kvalitativ med en innehållsanalys och har en metodtriangulerad design. Studien inleds med en undersökning av en öppen forskningsfråga, vidare har 20 intervjuer genomförts med förskollärare. Resultaten i den öppna frågan visade att förskolepersonal har två perspektiv på barns delaktighet, ett barnperspektiv och ett verksamhetsperspektiv. Resultaten i intervjuerna på visade att förskollärare definierar delaktighet som beslutsprocesser och att vara med att välja och bestämma. Resultaten visar vidare att en djup medvetenhet om vad som främjar barns delaktighet i förskolan finns hos förskollärare, ytterligare visar resultaten att denna medvetenhet inte alltid leder till att delaktigheten för barnen ökas. Resultaten visar att förskollärare även har en kunskap om vad det är som hindrar en ökning av barns delaktighet i förskolan. Dessa hinder består av förskolans struktur och informella strukturer som förskollärarna anser sig styrda av i arbetet i barngrupp och arbetslaget. Nyckelord: Delaktighet, förskola, förskollärare, förskolebarn, bestämma. / Abstract Anette Eriksson Children’s participation in the pre-school –on conditions of the adults? - Pre-school teachers concepts of children’s participation in pre-schools everyday life. 2007 Pages 22 The purpose of this study was to investigate, analyze and describe pre-school teachers concepts of children’s participation in pre-schools every day life. A literature study showed that there were few studies, in the exiting literature, concerning pre-school teachers conceptions of children’s participation in the pre-school daily life. The study is a qualitative inquiry containing a content analysis and has a methods triangulation design. The initial step of the inquiry was an open research question, furthermore has 20 interviews been conducted with pre-school teachers. The results of the open research question showed that pre-school teachers has two perspectives of how they view children’s participation, one child-perspective and one pre-school activities-perspective. Results from the interviews shows that pre-school teachers define participation as decision-making processes and to have the opportunity to choose as well as a prospect of taking decisions. The results further shows that pre-school teachers has a deep awareness of what supports participation in pre-schools, further more the results show that this awareness does not always lead to increased participation on the children’s behalf. The results additionally show that pre-school teachers also have an understanding of what prevents participation in the pre-school. The obstacles consist of the pre-school structure and informal structures. Pre-schools teachers consider themselves as being ruled by these obstacles both in the work with the children and in the teacher team. Keywords: Partcipation, Pre-school, Pre-school teacher, Pre-school children, Decision-making.

Talperceptionstest har skapats för att få information om hur en person kan uppfatta ochdiskriminera mellan språkljud. HöraTal Test 1.1 är ett omfattande analytiskt datorbaserattalperceptionstest. Testet är anpassat för icke läskunniga barn från fyra års ålder. Det ärframtaget för barn med hörselnedsättning och/eller cochleaimplantat men kan ävenanvändas för barn med neurologisk skada, specifik språkstörning och/eller annatförstaspråk än svenska. Huvudsyftet med studien är att ta fram ett referensmaterial för hurnormalhörande barn med normal språkutveckling i åldern 4;0 till och med 5;11 årpresterar på HöraTal Test. Därutöver undersöks om det finns ett samband mellantalperceptionssvårigheter och talproduktionssvårigheter. Detta prövas genom att resultatenpå vissa delar av talperceptionstestet jämförs med resultatet på ett talproduktionstest. Istudien ingick 16 fyraåringar och 19 femåringar. Studien visade att de flesta fyraåringarinte klarar av att genomföra testet. Femåringarna hade ett högt medelresultat vilketindikerar att femåringar med normal hörsel bör få ett högt resultat, många rätt, på HöraTalTest och att testet är lämpligt för att testa talperception. Det krävs dock ett större antalförsökspersoner för att man säkert ska kunna uttala sig om förväntade resultat på HöraTalTest i populationen. Studien visade inget samband mellan perceptions- ochproduktionssvårigheter men det var för få försökspersoner som hade uttalsavvikelser iproduktionsuppgiften för att bekräfta eller förkasta ett samband mellan perceptions- ochproduktionssvårigheter i populationen. / Speech perception tests have been developed to receive information about a person’sability to perceive and discriminate between speech sounds. HöraTal Test 1.1 is anextensive analytical computer based speech perception test made for children ages fourand up. The children do not need to be able to read to take the test. The test wasdeveloped for children with hearing disabilities and/or cochlear implants but it can also beused for children with neurological damages, specific language impairments and/or adifferent first language than Swedish. The aim of this study is to receive reference datafrom children of the age 4;0 to 5;11 years with normal hearing and normal speechdevelopment. The study also included a speech production test. The results from theproduction test were compared with the results from the perception test in order to find apossible connection between speech perception difficulties and speech productiondifficulties. 16 four-year-olds and 19 five-year-olds participated in the study. One of theconclusions from this study was that four-year-olds are not able to take the test. The five-year-olds had high mean scores on all the subtests which indicate that a five year old childwith normal hearing should receive high scores on HöraTal Test. This also indicates thatHöraTal Test is suitable for testing speech perception. To be able to generalize to thepopulation more test subjects are needed. No connection between speech perceptiondifficulties and speech production difficulties was found. Only a few of the test subjectshad speech production difficulties in the speech production test and therefore conclusionsabout a possible connection between speech perception difficulties and speech productiondifficulties in the population can not be made.

TITLE: Project to support reading among children at the beginning of their school attendence AUTHOR: Bc. Jana Rodová DEPARTMENT Department of Czech literature SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Štěpánka Klumparová, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This dimploma thesis deals with reading development options of children in a kindergarten. The main task is to work out a reading project for the pre-school children an to follow its impact on reading behaviour and relation to books. Thesis comes up with the teoretical way-out to reading and its development. It rates present form of books, pre-school children reading literacy characteristics and summarizes methods for support reading and reading projects among kindergartens in the Czech republic. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in the practical part of the thesis. This part contains questionnaire, interviews and the project which was the main part of the practical thesis. The project includes reading lessons, participation in the national reading- support projects and other methods of supporting active reading. The project outcomes are based on a long-term subject observation, summarized and evaluated in a conclusion of the research part. KEYWORDS: Pre-school children - reading development - project - pre-school reading literacy

Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie studie word die effek van ouerlike begunstiging op die leefwereld van die adolessent aangespreek. Uit die literatuurstudie blyk dit dat die kwaliteit van die ouerkindverhouding, asook die verskil in 'n ouer se houding teenoor en behandeling van sy kinders daartoe bydra dat 'n kind begunstiging in die gesin beleef. Oorsake van ouerlike begunstiging setel in projektiewe identifikasie deur die ouer(s), persoonlike behoeftes en verwagtinge van die ouer(s), geboorte-orde, en die grootte en sarnestelling van die gesin. In die empiriese ondersoek is die leefwereld van adolessente wat ouerlike begunstiging beleef, verken. Volgens die resultate blyk dit dat van hierdie adolessente angs en minderwaardigheid beleef, 'n lae selfbeeld het en dat hul relasies problernaties is. / This study addresses the effect of parental favoritism on the life world of the adolescent. From the literature study it is evident that the quality of the parent-child relationship as well as. the difference in the parent's attitude and treatment of his children contributes to the fact that a child experiences favoritism in the family. Causes of parental favoritism reside in projective identification by the parent ( s) , parental needs and expectations, the birth order, and size and set up of the family. The empirical study investigates the life world of adolescents who experience parental favoritism. According to the results it seems that some of these adolescents experience anxiety and a sense of inferiority, have a low self-image and experience problematic relationships. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)

This diploma thesis discusses the possible influences that media especialy television has on langugage development in pre-school children. In first part we talk about speech development, speech difficulties, history of media, studies about influence of watching TV on the personality of the child. Practical part examines influence of watching TV on child and his speech.

Education and training affect the way children's behavior, we shape children's attitudes and values. One of the ways which we can develop the personality of a child in kindergarten is to use the principle of individuation. The theoretical part is, besides development of individualization in the upbringing and education of children of preschool age, given the current requirements for the individualization of children in kindergartens. It discusses the development and acceptance of the basic needs of children of preschool age, specifies the conditions, the position of teacher for individualizing education of children in kindergarten. The practical part verifies the possibility of individualization in age heterogeneous and homogeneous model. Assesses differences and experience in these models in the approaches of preschool teachers including the effect of a specific environment specific kindergarten.

Em nossa espécie, entre as estratégias adaptativas relevantes, encontra-se a migração, que permitiu ao ser humano ocupar novos ambientes, em busca de condições de vida melhores que as possíveis ou acessíveis em seu local de origem. Atualmente, a migração se constitui, no sentido genético, no principal fator evolutivo da espécie humana. Condições de vida adversas tendem a se refletir na capacidade de obtenção de alimentos. As crianças de uma população são particularmente sensíveis, refletindo-se facilmente em seu desenvolvimento físico, deficiências ou privações alimentares. Em trabalho anterior, dessa Equipe, foi identificado em Piracicaba, SP, grande contingente de migrantes originados do município de Novo Cruzeiro, MG. No presente trabalho aprofundou-se o estudo desta migração rural, caracterizando indicadores de adaptação relativos a crianças que permaneceram no ambiente de origem (Novo Cruzeiro, MG), crianças filhas de migrantes, residentes no novo local (Piracicaba, SP, constituindo-se estratos populacionais com ambos os pais migrantes, apenas o pai e apenas mãe migrante) e de crianças com ambos os pais paulistas residentes em Piracicaba, SP. Desta forma, entre os indicadores da adaptabilidade humana estudados no presente trabalho, foi empregado o estado nutricional de crianças pré-escolares. Os indicadores do desenvolvimento físico (pelo qual foi identificado o estado nutricional) foram o peso e a estatura das crianças, como também o sexo e a idade década uma. Entre as demais variáveis que podem afetar o seu desenvolvimento, foram estudados aspectos genéticos tais como: cor da pele e origem étnica da criança de acordo com seu sobrenome e de acordo com o sobrenome da família da mãe. Também foram estudados aspectos do ambiente da criança que poderiam influenciar seu desenvolvimento, tais como escolaridade materna, número de habitantes por cômodo na residência, material de construção da habitação, serviços de água e esgoto, presença e tipo de uso de quintais. Constatou-se pelos indicadores estudados, que há melhor qualidade de vida entre os habitantes do município de Piracicaba no que se refere a melhores condições de infraestrutura habitacional (água encanada, rede de esgoto, eletricidade e habitações de alvenaria) como também melhor renda familiar e maior escolaridade materna. O índice utilizado para definir os pontos de corte na avaliação da situação nutricional dos préescolares foi obtido com base nas unidades de desvio padrão ou escores z. A curva de referência foi a do National Center for Health Statistic (NCHS). Foram constatados casos de desnutrição em ambas as regiões estudadas, acima do esperado numa população saudável. Por outro lado, evidenciou-se que a maioria das crianças (mais de 84,1%) encontraram-se na faixa de “eutróficas" o que de acordo com as teorias de Ecologia Humana revisada,s sugere que em ambos os locais as populações humanas estão sendo bem sucedidas quanto a suas estratégias adaptativas. Foram identificados casos de sobrepeso e obesidade, mas apenas nas crianças de famílias que residem em Piracicaba. O aumento dessas ocorrências é característico de um modo de vida moderno e é um fator de risco para as populações residentes em Piracicaba, ao qual passaram a se expor as populações migrantes. / In our species, among the more relevant adaptive strategies is the migration, which allows humans to occupy new environments searching for better life conditions than the ones possible or accessible in the original location. Nowadays, the migration is, in a genetic sense, the major evolutionary factor of mankind. Adverse life conditions tend to reflect in the capacity to obtain food. The children of a population are particularly susceptible, easily reflecting in their physical development, deficiency and food privations. In a previous work of our group, a large contingency of migrants from Novo Cruzeiro, MG, was identified in Piracicaba, SP. In the present work, the rural migration of this particular population was investigated in detail by characterizing relative adaptation indicators of children who remained in their original environment (Novo Cruzeiro, MG), migrants’ children residents at the new location (Piracicaba, SP, constituted of population strata with both parents migrants, only the father migrant and only the mother migrant) and children who both parents are São Paulo state natives and residents in Piracicaba, SP). Thus, among the indicators of human adaptation used in this work, the nutritional status of pre-school children was used. The physical development indicators used (from which the nutritional status was identified) were the weight and the height of the children, as well as the sex and the age of each one. Among the others variables that can affect the development, genetic aspects such as skin color and ethnical origin of the children in accordance with their own surnames and in accordance with their mother family, were studied. Moreover, it was also studied aspects of the children environment, which could influence their development, such as mother’s school level, number of inhabitants per room per house, material from which the house was made, water and sewer public services, backyard presence and its use. Based on the indicators used in this study, it was observed that there is better life quality among the inhabitants from Piracicaba when better condition of infra-structure (piped water, sewer and electric nets, and bricklaying houses), as well as better family income, and higher mother school level are concerned. The index used to define the cutting points in the nutritional evaluation of the pre-school children was obtained based on the units of standard error or score- z. The reference curve was that of the National Center for Health Statistic (NCHS). Under-nutrition cases in both studied regions above the expected for a healthy population were observed. On the other hand, the majority of the children (more than 84,1%) was within the “eutrophic" level, which according to the revised Human Ecological theories, suggests that in both places the human populations are being successful as for their adaptive strategies. It was identified cases of over-weight and obesity, but only in the children whose families are residents in Piracicaba. The increase of these occurrences is a characteristic of the modern way of life and is one risk factor to the populations living in Piracicaba, which the migrant populations have now been exposed.