Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-09T16:43:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriana da Cunha Weilang.pdf: 1017980 bytes, checksum: 1b774a3591ffdfef0de22ba71bd49feb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T16:43:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriana da Cunha Weilang.pdf: 1017980 bytes, checksum: 1b774a3591ffdfef0de22ba71bd49feb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The period after LDB 9394/96 can also be seen as the period of educational reforms in Brazil, where issues were reviewed such as financing, management, curricular, teacher training, evaluation, in order to adjust education to the new economic imperatives that have passed to determine public policy. These reforms were not only locally, but followed the reform movement spread in Latin America and in other developing countries, stimulated and mediated by international bodies such as the World Bank, Unesco / Unicef and Cepal. Also there were several proposals for changes in public policy with educational influence of neoliberal theses, which, from these modifications, we can see the transition from education into the realm of the market, making modified the main objective of the school, having as focus on human resource training to serve the companies. Based on these statements, the present study was developed aiming to show the relationship between educational reforms to teacher training after the LDB 9394/96 and proposals of an International Program held by multilateral agencies. The program chosen was PREAL (Program for Educational Reform in Latin America and the Caribbean), which was established in 1996 and approved by ministers of education from different countries, including Brazil, and is funded by the IDB and UNESCO, having as a goal, as your documents, contribute to the improving of quality and equal education. Four documents were chosen to be analyzed, the report "The future is at stake," the First Bulletin for Latin America and the Caribbean "Lagging Behind", the Second Bulletin for Latin America and the Caribbean "Quantity with no Quality " and the Bulletin of Education Brazil "Out of Inertia", which are targeted directly for Latin America and Brazil. In these documents were analyzed how the changes were proposed in educational reform and in which influences their policy for teacher training, with the references to the administrative reform of the Brazilian state, the political instability and human capital of teachers. The thesis was developed in 3 chapters, where in the first was explained about the Administrative Reform of the Brazilian State and the LDB 9394/96, considering the following relation: State x Neoliberal Policy (economic and social) x Educational Reform, in the second chapter was approached about the educational policy of the teachers from the LDB No. 9394/96 and in the third chapter it was analyzed the documents of PREAL and documents of public policy education for teachers training from the LDB No. 9394/96, seeking to identify how the proposals for training of teachers contained in the documents of PREAL related to training policies teachers in Brazil. The methodology included the study of referential theoretical and descriptive about policies of teachers training related to PREAL, through primary and secondary sources as the main benefit for the analysis of Neoliberal Policies, Educational Reform and the PREAL, trying to understand the proposition of the formation from teachers in this context. / O período pós LDB 9394/96 pode também ser visto como o período das reformas educacionais no Brasil, onde foram revistas questões como financiamento, gestão, currículos, formação de professores, avaliação, com o objetivo de adequar a educação aos novos imperativos econômicos que passaram a determinar as políticas públicas. Essas reformas não foram somente a nível local, mas acompanharam o movimento reformista espalhado na América Latina e nos demais países em desenvolvimento, estimuladas e mediatizadas por organismos internacionais, tais como Banco Mundial, a Unesco/Unicef e a Cepal. Também foram várias as proposições de mudanças nas políticas públicas educacionais com influência das teses neoliberais, onde, a partir dessas modificações, pode-se perceber a passagem da educação para a esfera do mercado, fazendo com que o principal objetivo da escola fosse modificado, passando a ter como foco a formação dos recursos humanos para servir as empresas. Com base nessas afirmações, a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida procurando mostrar a relação entre as reformas educacionais para a formação de professores após a LDB 9394/96 e as proposições de um Programa Internacional mantido por organismos multilaterais. O Programa escolhido foi o PREAL (Programa para a Reforma Educacional para a América Latina e o Caribe), que foi criado em 1996 e aprovado por ministros de educação de diversos países, inclusive o Brasil, e é financiado pelo BID e pela UNESCO, tendo por objetivo, conforme seus documentos, contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade e pela igualdade da educação. Escolhemos para análise 4 documentos, o Relatório “O futuro está em jogo”, o Primeiro Boletim para a América Latina e Caribe “Ficando para Trás”, o Segundo Boletim para a América Latina e Caribe “Quantidade sem Qualidade” e o Boletim da Educação no Brasil “Saindo da Inércia”, que estão direcionados diretamente para a América Latina e para o Brasil. Nesses documentos foram analisados de que forma foram propostas as modificações na reforma educacional e qual as suas influências para a política de formação de professores, tendo como referências a reforma administrativa do Estado brasileiro, a política de capital humano e a precarização do trabalho docente. A dissertação foi desenvolvida em 3 capítulos, onde no primeiro foi explanado sobre a Reforma Administrativa do Estado Brasileiro e a LDB nº 9394/96, considerando a seguinte relação: Estado x Política Neoliberal (econômica e social) x Reforma Educacional, no segundo capítulo foi abordado a respeito da política educacional dos professores a partir da LDB nº9394/96 e no terceiro capítulo foram analisados os documentos do PREAL e documentos referentes às políticas públicas educacionais para a formação de professores a partir da LDB nº 9394/96, procurando identificar como as propostas para formação dos professores contidas nos documentos do PREAL estão relacionadas às políticas de formação dos professores no Brasil. A metodologia compreendeu o estudo de referencial teórico-descritivo sobre políticas de formação de professores relacionadas ao PREAL, por meio de fontes primárias e secundárias como principal subsídio para a análise das Políticas Neoliberais, das Reformas Educacionais e do PREAL, buscando compreender a proposição da formação dos professores nesse contexto.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_ROOSEVELTH RAMOS BARROSO CARVALHO.pdf: 2129881 bytes, checksum: dfd89110b3b36c1f365225943be8ce67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This scientific production was developed in order to present a study on the process automation and the precariousness of banking workforce since the 1990s in most state-owned company of the domestic financial sector, the Bank of Brazil. Since the 1990s, the Bank of Brazil has experienced successive changes of administrative and operational nature, which form a complex program of systematic adjustments by neoliberal policies and deepened by the Restructuring of the XXI century. And contemplating the measures taken, we are downsizing process of staff, agencies closing and deliberate mobilization. These, among other measures, were the ones that caused significant impact on the banking sector. Such measures represent a break from the values established between the bank and its employees, redefining principles of labor relations that supported these relationships at other times. For these analyzes, we used the methodological approach of Marxist nature, realized through an approach based on historical dialectic materialism. Thus, in order to achieve the objectives proposed herein, starting from an understanding of the dynamics which includes the reproduction of the Brazilian banking workforce, focusing on categories of primary and secondary analyzes, highlighting automation, precarious, work, productive restructuring, bank. In addition, the study aims to analyze how the introduction of automation in the Bank of Brazil, while being presented as something advantageous to the bank itself, its efficiency and for customers, in reality nothing more than a strategy used by employers to appropriate more profit and paying lower wages. That is, instead of this process strengthen labor relations, under the guise of a more productive and efficient service, has worsened the situation of the banking worker in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century with the strengthening of the productive restructuring, which materialized supported the dismantling of labor rights. / Esta produção científica foi desenvolvida com o intuito de apresentar um estudo sobre o processo de automação e precarização da força de trabalho dos bancários, a partir de 1990, na maior empresa estatal do setor financeiro nacional: o Banco do Brasil. Desde a citada década, o Banco do Brasil vem passando por sucessivas mudanças de natureza administrativa e operacional, que integram um complexo programa de ajustes sistematizado pela política neoliberal e aprofundada pela reestruturação produtiva no século XXI. E, contemplando as medidas adotadas, tem-se o processo de enxugamento do quadro de pessoal, fechamento de agências e mobilizações deliberadas. Essas, dentre outras, foram as que provocaram significativo impacto no setor bancário. Elas representam uma fratura em relação aos valores estabelecidos entre o banco e seus funcionários, redefinindo princípios da relação trabalhista que sustentavam essas relações em outros momentos. Para essas análises, foi utilizado o percurso metodológico de natureza marxista, realizado através de uma abordagem baseada no materialismo histórico dialético. Desta forma, com a finalidade de atingir os objetivos aqui propostos, inicia-se a partir de uma compreensão da dinamicidade em que se insere a reprodução da força de trabalho bancário brasileiro, tendo como foco categorias de análises principais e secundárias, destacando automação, precarização, trabalho, reestruturação produtiva, bancários. Ademais, o estudo pretende analisar como a introdução da automação no Banco do Brasil, embora sendo apresentada como algo vantajoso para o próprio bancário, sua eficiência e para os clientes, na realidade não passa de uma estratégia utilizada pelos patrões para se apropriarem de mais lucro e pagamento de salários mais baixos. Ou seja, em vez de esse processo fortalecer as relações de trabalho, sob o pretexto de um serviço mais produtivo e eficiente, tem piorado a situação do trabalhador bancário, no final do século XX e início do século XXI, com o fortalecimento da reestruturação produtiva, que se concretizou amparada no desmonte dos direitos trabalhistas.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-10T11:07:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandabarcellosmathiasi.pdf: 2614345 bytes, checksum: 434da07a673e4192a48cf958338c6af4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T15:18:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandabarcellosmathiasi.pdf: 2614345 bytes, checksum: 434da07a673e4192a48cf958338c6af4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T15:18:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandabarcellosmathiasi.pdf: 2614345 bytes, checksum: 434da07a673e4192a48cf958338c6af4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-19 / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a categoria Mercado de Trabalho, o Trabalho, com seus atributos “bons”, “ruins” e precários, no espaço das Entidades Privadas, mais especificamente as Organizações Sociais (OSS), que atuam em determinados setores de responsabilidade do Poder Público e as eventuais consequências que colocam em discussão os papéis que ocupam o Estado e o Mercado, a qualidade e a eficiência dos serviços públicos prestados, a situação social, política, econômica, jurídica e social dos trabalhadores. O texto começa expondo a Categoria Trabalho, conceitos, atributos e características, até a definição de Trabalho Precário; posteriormente, a categoria Mercado de Trabalho é abordada, sob uma perspectiva econômica e social, ingressando no conceito de OSS enquanto resultado de um longo processo de profundas mudanças no capitalismo, em que diante dos limites de suas forças produtivas e de suas contradições estruturais, procura conquistar, influenciar e regular determinados setores de responsabilidade do Estado, historicamente direcionados à promoção do Estado de Bem-Estar Social, a fim de dominá-los e explorá-los economicamente, atrelado aos conceitos de mercado de trabalho, trabalho “bom” e “ruim” e por fim, o trabalho precário. A discussão avança com a chegada das OSS no Brasil a partir do governo FHC no ano de 1995 por meio de uma ampla agenda reformista de caráter neoliberal denominado Plano Diretor de Reforma do Estado Brasileiro, onde poucos anos depois a Lei 9.637 de 1998 garantiria a segurança jurídica para o surgimento das primeiras OSS e o início das atividades de prestação de serviços nos setores da saúde, educação, cultura, meio ambiente, desenvolvimento tecnológico e pesquisa científica. Diante da problemática exposta, o presente texto pretende objetivar a situação conjuntural dos trabalhadores dos setores saúde, avaliando suas condições objetivas e subjetivas em relação às leis trabalhistas, garantias, benefícios, planos de carreira e etc, com vistas a observar se as OSS são um fator de precarização do trabalho, nesse novo arranjo estrutural no Brasil e, localmente no município de Juiz de Fora—MG. Dessa forma, o estudo pretende contribuir para se problematizar, discussões, pautas, leis e organizações, fruto de políticas públicas que afetem diretamente o mercado de trabalho, setores econômicos e o trabalhador, principalmente. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the category Labor Market, Labor, with its attributes "good", "bad" and precarious, in the space of Private Entities, more specifically Social Organizations (OSS), that work in certain sectors of Responsibility of the Public Power and the possible consequences that put in question the roles that the State and Market occupy, the quality and efficiency of the public services rendered, the social, political, economic, legal and social situation of the workers. The text begins by exposing the Work Category, concepts, attributes and characteristics, up to the definition of Precarious Work; Later, the Labor Market category is approached from an economic and social perspective, entering into the concept of OSS as a result of a long process of profound changes in capitalism, in which, in the face of the limits of its productive forces and its structural contradictions, it seeks conquer, influence and regulate certain sectors of State responsibility, historically directed to the promotion of the Welfare State, in order to dominate and exploit them economically, linked to the concepts of the labor market, "good" work and " Bad "and, finally, precarious work. The discussion advances with the arrival of the OSS in Brazil from the FHC government in 1995 through a broad reformist agenda of a neoliberal character called the Brazilian Reform Master Plan, where a few years later Law 9,637 of 1998 guaranteed security Legal framework for the first OSS and the beginning of service activities in the sectors of health, education, culture, environment, technological development and scientific research. In view of the exposed problem, the present text aims at objectifying the conjunctural situation of workers in the health sector, evaluating their objective and subjective conditions in relation to labor laws, guarantees, benefits, career plans and etc, with a view to observing if OSS are a Factor of labor precarization, in this new structural arrangement in Brazil and, locally in the municipality of Juiz de Fora-MG. Thus, the study intends to contribute to problematizing, discussions, guidelines, laws and organizations, the result of public policies that directly affect the labor market, economic sectors and the worker, mainly.

Les trente dernières années ont été marquées en France par de profondes mutations sociales et économiques issues à la fois de crises financières successives et d’un bouleversement des structures familiales qui conjugués à une précarité économique croissante ont conduit à une situation de fragilisation de certaines populations, dont les propriétaires occupants. Jusque dans les années 40, ils étaient relativement « protégés » des aléas économiques grâce au droit détenu sur l’immeuble occupé qui leur offrait à la fois une garantie patrimoniale et un statut social. Aujourd’hui, le contexte socio-économique induit de véritables risques de paupérisation qu’ils proviennent de crise économique, de crise sociétale ou encore qu'ils soient inhérents à la propriété elle-même, auxquels n’échappent pas les propriétaires occupants. La propriété n'apparaît donc plus comme vecteur de stabilité dans le logement, mais au contraire peut constituer un facteur de précarisation. Il convient alors de s'interroger sur les capacités du droit de propriété à protéger le logement d'occupants économiquement fragiles. Les propriétaires n'étant pas bénéficiaires du droit au logement, il était nécessaire de s'intéresser au contenu du droit de propriété et aux garanties inhérentes à ce droit dans la perspective d'une protection du propriétaire occupant fragilisé.Cette analyse critique du droit de propriété dépasse largement la seule dimension historique, en soulignant notamment ses limites en terme de protection du logement, en analysant les mécanismes "palliatifs" mis en œuvre par les politiques sociales en réponse à la précarisation des propriétaires occupants. Elle s'interroge enfin, sur le contenu et la place du droit de propriété dans la société du XXIème siècle. / The last thirty years were characterized in France by profound social and economic changes borned of successive financial crises and a upheaval of family structures. Combined with an increasing economic precariousness, the situation has led to the weakening of some populations among which the owners-occupiers. To the forties, they were relatively “protected” from economic hazards because of the owner right on the occupied building which offered them at once, patrimonial guarantee and social status. Today, the socioeconomic context leads to real risks of impoverishment resulting from societal and economic crisis or even inherent in the very property, the owner occupiers cannot escape from. Thus property does not appear as a vector of stability in the housing any more but, inversely can constitute a factor of casualization.We should therefore wonder about the ability of property right to protect the housing of economically fragile occupants. Because the owners are not beneficiaries of the right for the housing, the contents of property right and its guarantees should be examined in the prospect of the protection of weakened owner occupiers.Beyond historical dimension, the critical study will underline the limits of the protection of the housing, analyze the “palliative” mechanisms implemented by social policies responding to the casualization of the owner-occupiers. It will finally examine the contents and the place given to property right in the society of the 21st century.

Orientador: Elisabete Monteiro de Aguiar Pereira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_LilianaAparecidade_D.pdf: 1769855 bytes, checksum: 14ecc19b331c1dcd4c2fd31f74d3ae23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A expansão do ensino superior privado no Brasil avança rapidamente e a desregulamentação, financeirização e desnacionalização tem marcado fortemente este crescimento acelerado com grandes fusões entre instituições educacionais que seguem construindo conglomerados com participação na bolsa de valores, o que reforça o crescimento de uma concepção mercadológica do ensino privado no país. Esta concepção mercantil determina muitas das condições de trabalho dos professores nestas instituições e, consequentemente, estas condições de trabalho impactam a subjetividade destes professores. O presente estudo propôs como objetivo geral, pesquisar junto aos/as professores do Ensino Superior Privado, sindicalizados ao Sindicato dos Professores da Rede Privada de Ensino de Campinas e Região, como as suas subjetividades são impactadas e se manifestam a partir de determinadas condições de trabalho a que estão submetidos nas IES Privadas. Por "impacto" adota-se a definição de ser uma "influência decisiva dos acontecimentos no decurso da história". O estudo apresenta uma contextualização da expansão do Ensino Superior Privado no Brasil; reúne vários autores que versam sobre a subjetividade em uma concepção sócio-histórica e marxista, tanto do ponto de vista da Psicologia quanto da Sociologia. Foram sujeitos da pesquisa 29 professores que responderam a um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Os dados coletados foram compreendidos a partir do método fenomenológico de Amedeo Giorgi e a discussão foi realizada a partir de uma análise qualitativa.. Os dados revelam que 88% dos professores se dizem estressados, seguido do tempo que o trabalho retira de lazer, de convívio com a família e com os amigos com 76%; surgem as manifestações de adoecimento em mais da metade dos/as pesquisados/as com 52% e o medo de perder o emprego acomete 52% dos professores. Apesar disso, 68% dos professores não mudariam de profissão. Evidencia-se, portanto, através da análise de impacto sobre a subjetividade destes professores que as condições de trabalho vivenciadas pelos mesmos impactam negativamente as suas subjetividades tornando-as subjetividades precarizadas. / Abstract: The private universities in Brazil are nowadays in a fast wave of development, therefore there are no financing, rules and nationalization. It grows with lack of infrastructure. Some universities have joined forces with others educational parties and there is a furor of building big campus, huge buildings and having these institutions even being able to negotiated at the stock market, reinforcing the idea that private education is becoming a business rather than a matter of teaching and learning. This commercial conception rules and dictates the way professors should teach and manage duties incurring in a confront sometimes with the ideals of teaching as a profession. This study proposed general objective research, together with as teachers of Private Higher Education, the Teachers Union unionized Private Network for Teaching and Campinas Region, as their subjectivities are impacted and manifest from certain working conditions they are submitted in private HEIs. By 'impact' adopts the definition of being a "decisive influence events in the course of history." The study presents a context of expansion of Private Higher Education in Brazil, brings together several authors that deal with the subjectivity in a socio-historical conception and Marxist, both from the point of view of Psychology as of Sociology. A questionnaire was proposed with open questions and closed ones and presented to 29 professors. The data collected was understood/ analyzed under Amedeo Giorgi method ?? phenomenological; a discussion also was proposed under a view of a qualitative analysis.The result of this study shows that 88% of the professors say they are stressed; followed by 76% of complains about little time with family, friends and lack of outside leisure; 52% of the professors ?? more than half of them will show some kind of illness and finally 52% of them are afraid of losing their job. Nevertheless, 68% stated they would not change profession. It demonstrates therefore, that the working conditions experienced by the professors to negatively impact their subjectivities becoming precarious. / Doutorado / Ensino e Práticas Culturais / Doutor em Educação

L’analyse sociologique de la précarité oscille entre risque de désaffiliation et alternative à la norme d’emploi dominante. Pour contribuer au débat, cette thèse saisit cette ambivalence en développant une problématique originale : celle de la « soutenabilité » de l’emploi discontinu, au double-sens de ce qui est supportable et de ce qui est défendable. Les cas contrastés des saisonniers agricoles et des artistes du spectacle sont comparés au moyen d’une enquête biographique et longitudinale retraçant leurs trajectoires sociales. La première partie reconstitue l’espace des possibles structurant les trajectoires objectives des enquêtés. D’un côté, un salariat agricole flexible et relativement invisible maintient les saisonniers agricoles, majoritairement issus des classes populaires, dans une condition de précarité-pauvreté. De l’autre,les artistes, originaires principalement des classes moyennes et supérieures, se mobilisent politiquement pour la défense d’une intermittence du spectacle recouvrant un potentiel d’autonomie salariale. Ce contraste se redouble ensuite au niveau des trajectoires subjectives. La deuxième partie montre comment l’emploi agricole devient soutenable par adaptation à la nécessité. La discontinuité permet de mettre à distance le travail et de recentrer les attentes sur l’espace domestique et le territoire local. À l’inverse, l’insoutenabilité l’emporte lorsque le CDI réduit les possibilités de s’extraire d’un travail portant atteinte à la santé (insoutenabilité de condition) ou lorsque l’emploi agricole est consécutif à un déclassement (insoutenabilité de position). Enfin, la troisième partie illustre comment les artistes du spectacle se caractérisent au contraire par un refus de la finitude sociale. La vie d’artiste et d’intermittent demeure soutenable tant que la recherche d’autonomie dans un travail synonyme de singularité et de vocation n’est pas compromise par un engagement prenant le sens du surinvestissement (insoutenabilité de condition) ou par un défaut de capital spécifique(insoutenabilité de position). Les trajectoires contrastées des saisonniers agricoles et des artistes du spectacle interrogent finalement la thèse d’un « précariat » à la condition ou au projet politique communs. / The sociological analysis of the precariousness fluctuates between disaffiliation risk and alternative to the dominant employment norm. In order to contribute to the debate, this thesis captures this ambivalence by developing an original issue: the “sustainability” of discontinuous employment, in both meaning of what is bearable and what is defensible. The contrasting cases of agricultural seasonal workers and performing artists are compared by means of a biographical and longitudinal survey tracking down their social trajectories. The first part rebuilds the space of possibilities structuring the objective paths of the respondents. On one side, a flexible and relatively invisible agricultural wage-earners keeps theseasonal workers, mainly from the working class, in a precariousness-poverty condition. On the other side, the artists,mainly from the middle and superior classes, politically gather for the defense of the intermittence of the performing arts, implying the possibility of autonomous wages. Then, this disparity is increased when considering the subjective paths. The second part shows how the agricultural employment becomes sustainable as adaptation to the necessity. The discontinuity allows to distance work and to refocus expectations on domestic space and local territory. Conversely, the unsustainability wins when permanent contract reduces the possibility to get away of a job jeopardizing health (condition unsustainability) or when agricultural employment is a consequence of a downgrade (position unsustainability). Finally, the third part illustrate, on the contrary, how performing artists are characterized by a rejection of the social finitude. The artist and intermittent life remains sustainable as long as the pursuit of autonomy in a job, synonym for singularity andvocation, is not jeopardized by a commitment as a surinvestment (condition unsustainability) or a default of specific capital (position unsustainability). The contrasted paths of agricultural seasonal workers and performing artists finallyquestion the thesis of a “precariat” with common conditions and political vision.

Fokus för avhandlingen, Att uttrycka det mänskliga: narrativ etik i Nuruddin Farah’s trilogier, är de nio romaner publicerade mellan 1979 och 2011 som tillsammans utgör Nuruddin Farah’s tre trilogier: ”Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship,” bestående av Sweet and Sour Milk (1979), Sardines (1981), Close Sesame (1983); “Blood in the Sun,” bestående av Maps (1986), Gifts (1993), Secrets (1998); samt “Past Imperfect,” bestående av Links (2003), Knots (2007), Crossbones (2011). Tematiska och stilistiska skillnader till trots så är dessa trilogier och romaner märkbart sammanhängande i sitt fokus. De är inte bara tydligt förankrade i en somalisk verklighet som spänner över mer än tre decennier – en resa som inbegriper landets skifte från kommunisitstyre, via diktatur, till inbördeskrig, och 2010-talets version med islamistiskt styre och pirater som härjar kustregionen – men dessa romaner pekar genomgående bortom sin tydliga socio-politiska kontext mot djupt etiska, tid- och rumsoberoende frågeställningar: Hur förhåller sig individen till kollektivet? Vilket etiskt ansvar har jaget för den andre? Vad utgör grunden för människans gemensamma varande? Hur bevara sin mänsklighet under omänskliga levnadsförhållanden? Hur göra motstånd i en diktatur utan att bli en del i det maskineri av våld och tyranni man söker bekämpa? Trots det tydligt etiska anslaget så har dessa trilogier nästan uteslutande lästs utifrån sina politiska implikationer. Utan att undervärdera decennier av rikt och varierande kritiskt mottagande så har denna tendens till politiska läsningar ofta genererat förvånansvärt entydiga läsningar av verk kända för sin mångtydighet och komplexitet. Avhandlingen avser därför att påvisa djupet och bredden i Farah’s gestaltningar genom att tydligt belysa hur det etiska gestaltar sig på flera nivåer – tematiskt, berättartekniskt, i mötet mellan läsare och text, samt i föreställningar om författarens moraliska ansvar. Därutöver diskuteras även de etiska dimensionerna av litteraturkritik: vad innebär en etiskt hållen läsemetodik? Arbetets unika bidrag kan formuleras i fyra steg. För det första utgör avhandlingen det ända kända arbete – utöver Fiona F. Moola’s Reading Nuruddin Farah: The Individual, the Novel, and the Idea of Home (2014) – som inbegriper Farah’s alla trilogier, vilket möjliggör mer långtgående och genomgripande analyser än vad som hittills publicerats. Avhandlingens fokus på den senaste trilogin fyller dessutom en viktig lucka i det kritiska mottagandet av Farah’s romaner eftersom väldigt lite publicerats utöver recensioner. Förutom nya läsningar av Farah så utgör min emfas på det etiska i Farah’s etisk-politiska skrivande ett viktigt bidrag till det vidare fält av (afrikansk) (postkolonial) litteraturkritik där man ofta betonat det politiska över det etiska, snarare än att läst dessa två som oskiljaktiga entiteter. Trots att anledningarna till politiska läsningar av Farah’s trilogier kan härledas såväl till verkens starkt politiska nerv som författarens egna uttalanden i intervjuer och artiklar, så pekar privilegieringen av det politiska framför det etiska på en mer generell tendens inom postkolonial kritik att inrymma det etiska under det politiska. Trots att kopplingen mellan fiktion, politik och författaransvar inte kan avfärdas, hävdar jag i denna avhandling att ett ensidigt politisk angreppssätt hotar att såväl underskatta komplexiteten i romanernas gestaltningar, som att reducera konceptuellt vad författare som Farah faktiskt åstadkommer. För det andra så vidgar avhandlingen befintlig forskning kring det etiska i Farah’s romaner genom att inte endast fokusera på tematik och berättartekniska grepp, men också diskutera läsandet och skrivandet – det som i avhandlingen beskrivs som fyra sammanlänkande ”ethical moments of the told, the telling, the act of writing, the act of reading.” Utan att undervärdera tidgare kritiska läsningar så tycks många diskussioner kring Farah’s trilogier fokusera författarens centralitet på ett vis som emellanåt tar fokus från i övrigt tankeväckande läsningar av tematik och narrativa strategier. Min högst textcentrerade utgångspunkt visar som kontrast att läsningen av Farah’s trilogier genererar spörsmål som kräver ett mer holistiskt perspektiv, inte minst tydliga diskussioner kring den etiska dialog som uppstår i mötet mellan läsare och text. Förutom att bidra till befintlig forskning på Farah’s författarskap, så bidrar avhandlingens holistiska inställning till narrativ etik med fem sammanlänkade perspektiv till det vidare fältet av etisk litteraturkritik. Dels beror detta på det faktum att en sådan modell förutsätter användandet av multipla tolkningsmodeller; i mitt fall kontinental filosofi, postkolonial teori, samt narratologiska teorier kring läsande och mottagande. Denna interdisciplinära modell för narrativ etik är dock inte begränsad till min specifika sammansättning utan kan fungera som modell även för andra litteraturforskare, med alternativa kombinationer av tänkare och teoretiker. Till sist; trots att det inte varit ett uttalat mål från projektets början så har arbetet med det etiska i Farah’s trilogier generarat många funderingar kring den egna läsningen som efterhand lett till formulering av nya narratologiska perspektiv. Här utgör mötet mellan text och läsare en central del i avhandlingen. Genom att betona de etiska elementen i mötet mellan text och läsare närmar jag mig spörsmål som i förlängningen kan ses som byggstenar i en mera etiskt hållen läsemetodik. I stället för att tolka ”störande” element som exempel på estetiska brister, alternativt brister i författarens moraliska ansvarstagande (!) så menar jag att de aspekter som irriterar läsaren, försvårar eller rent av omöjliggör förståelse mycket väl kan vara de ting i texten som tvingar läsaren till en mera engagerad och därmed etiskt mer välgrundad läsning. Att läsa textens ”krux” i termer av ”ethical resource” utgör ett viktigt bidrag till såväl litteratur-filosofisk som narratologisk litteraturforskning, eftersom man ofta hamnat i endera värderande samtal kring ”god litteratur” eller i resonemang kring vilka narrativa element/strategier som väcker läsarens engagemang, empati, etc – och vilka som inte gör det. / This study explores the multiple ethical dimensions of the nine novels published between 1979 and 2011 that together constitute Nuruddin Farah’s three trilogies Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship, including Sweet and Sour Milk (1979), Sardines (1981), and Close Sesame (1983); Blood in the Sun, including Maps (1986), Gifts (1993), and Secrets (1998); and Past Imperfect, including Links (2003), Knots (2007), and Crossbones (2011). For all that separate these trilogies and novels thematically and stylistically, they are remarkably consistent in their enquiry. While firmly rooted in the geo-political particulars of Somalia, these novels stage human experience in ways that cut across time and place, inviting the reader to ponder a plethora of questions of profoundly ethical import: How can one remain human in the face of extreme adversities? How can one resist oppression in all its forms without becoming a perpetrator of that which one seeks to resist? What role may violence or non-violence have in seeking to see justice done? How far does responsibility for the other reach? How may dehumanizing forces be resisted in ways that preserve and even restore human dignity? By privileging the ethical in Farah’s ethico-political writing, the study draws attention to voices and perspectives that have gone unnoticed in previous readings, where political perspectives have dominated. Not only does a sustained analytical focus on how human dignity is valued, protected, preserved and even restored call for re-assessments of concepts such as ‘freedom,’ ‘resistance,’ and ‘moral responsibility.’ but the thesis’ highly text-centered approach has in the process of writing proved that Farah’s trilogies generate questions that demand a fuller exploration than what has hitherto been possible with a more limited emphasis on themes and narrative strategies. The use of a model in which five ‘ethical moments’ are explored thus allows for more extensive conclusions to be drawn, both regarding the ethics emerging in the trilogies themselves (‘ethics of the told,’ ‘ethics of telling’ and ‘ethics of writing’), in reading practices and critical reception (‘ethics of reading’), and my own research practice (‘ethics of method’). Ultimately, the study’s explorations of themes, narrative strategies, author’s responsibilities and critical response elucidate how Farah’s trilogies escape any narrow definition of what (African) (postcolonial) literature is or should be. By privileging the ethical trajectory – without losing sight of the strong political impetus of Farah’s writing – significant stories and perspectives surface that are no less political in their outlook than more conventional readings of “resistance writing.” By drawing on continental philosophy (Lévinas, Cavarero and Butler), narrative theory and postcolonial studies, this study brings fresh perspectives to bear on both familiar and less well-known material, while also contributing to new methodological frameworks within narrative ethics and new theoretical perspectives within narrative theory, not least as reflected in the final chapter’s discussion of imaginative challenges.

Ce travail se caractérise par une approche territoriale de la précarité et de la pauvreté. Par le biais d'analyses spatiales, le but est d'observer comment et pourquoi celles-ci se manifestent à différents échelons géographiques infra-nationaux, et, in fine, quelles en sont les conséquences. Dans un premier temps, une typologie des espaces selon leurs caractéristiques en matière de précarité et de pauvreté sera établie à partir de l'étude de différents indicateurs (notamment relatifs aux bas-revenus, au sous-emploi ou aux minimas sociaux). Des facteurs socio-économiques seront ensuite dégagés pour expliquer les profils observés. Enfin, le lien entre renouvellement démographique et précarité/pauvreté sera exploré, afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure les difficultés socio-économiques s'accompagnent de comportements démographiques particuliers. Les espaces où le niveau de précarité/pauvreté est le plus important ont généralement des caractéristiques communes, mais le type de territoire (urbain, périurbain, rural) n'est pas non plus sans importance. Que ce soit au niveau des départements de France métropolitaine ou des cantons du département de la Gironde, les zones cumulant les difficultés sont clairement identifiées, même si les facteurs explicatifs des différentes mesures statistiques varient. Certains types d'espaces particulièrement concernés par la précarité et la pauvreté tendent également à présenter des caractéristiques démographiques particulières, avec notamment des niveaux de fécondité et de mortalité plus élevés que la moyenne, et un solde migratoire déficitaire. / This work is based on a territorial approach to precariousness and poverty. Using spatial analyzes, the aim is to study how and why socio-economic difficulties appear on various infranational geographic scales, and, ultimately, what are the consequences. First, a typology of territories based on their characteristics related to precariousness and poverty will be developed, using various indicators (in particular concerning low incomes, non-employment and social welfare). Socio-economic factors explaining these profiles will then be investigated. Lastly, the link between demographic renewal and precariousness/poverty will be studied, in order to see the extent to which socio-economic difficulties are accompanied by particular demographic behaviors. Areas where levels of precariousness and poverty are high generally have common features, but the type of territory (urban, periurban, rural) is important too. Whether at the level of metropolitan France's departments or Gironde's districts, areas cumulating difficulties are clearly identified, even if the factors explaining the statistical measures are different. Some territories in particular affected by precariousness and poverty also tend to show specific demographic features: levels of fertility and mortality can notably be high and migratory balance be in deficit.

Cette thèse s’enracine dans notre pratique professionnelle de psychologue clinicienne. Nous travaillons dans des institutions accueillant des patients psychotiques depuis une dizaine d’années. Après nous être plongée dans la pratique intense du métier, un temps de recul réflexif nous est apparu nécessaire, voire vital. La crise qui a frappé la Grèce en 2009 a eu des effets immédiats, à terme, et massifs sur les institutions du pays, en particulier sur les institutions de soins.Ainsi, dans cette "enveloppe subjective contemporaine", dans cet actuel de l’intervention de professionnels dans l’espace de l’intime du sujet dans une situation de crise, quelle place pour la clinique ? Quand le travail de l’intime s’effectue sur un fond de précarité, lorsque des professionnels, représentants, même malgré eux, d’un (dys)fonctionnement social par leur inscription dans l’institutionnel, quels sont les effets pour les patients comme pour les soignants ?Traiter la question du désir du clinicien dans l’intime en temps de crise, soulève notamment une problématique. En effet, comment est-ce que l’on passe de la question de l’impuissance dans l’imaginaire à la question de l’impossible dans le réel ?Nous faisons l’hypothèse que lorsqu’il y a rencontre entre le réel de la psychose et le réel socio-économique, cela produit, du côté du patient une aggravation des troubles et du côté du thérapeute une mélancolisation du désir. Ce dont nous traitons dans cette recherche rejoint les forces d’invention et de création mis en place pour contrer les effets du réel de la crise grecque. / The present thesis is rooted in our professional practice as clinical psychologist. We have been working in institutions that accommodate psychotic patients for over a decade. After having sunk into the intense practice of the profession, a time of taking a step back for reflexion has appeared to be necessary to us, if not vital. The crisis that hit Greece in 2009 had immediate, massive and long term effects on the country’s institutions, specifically on the institutions of health care.Consequently, what place for the clinic in the context of this « contemporary subjective enclosure », in this actual of the professional’s intervention in the area of the subject’s intimacy during a situation of crisis? What are the effects for the patients, as well as for the caregivers, when the work of intimacy is actualised on a precarious background, whilst the professionals represent, against their will, a social (dys)function through their inscription in the institutional?Dealing with the question of the clinician’s desire in a time of crisis, a very special problem is raised. In fact, how do we pass from the question of the incapacity in the imaginary to the question of the impossible in the real?We form the hypothesis that, by the time an encounter happens between the real of psychosis and the socio-economic real, it produces an aggravation of disorders on the patient’s side, as well as a melancolisation of desire on the therapist’s side. What we handle in this research, unites the forces of invention and creation, put in place to defend against these effects of the real of the Greek crisis.

Ce travail de recherche tend à explorer les différents niveaux de processus psychiques liés aux problématiques d’addiction et de grande précarité, du point de vue de la psychologie clinique et de la psychopathologie. Ce questionnement s’est construit à partir du cadre d’une pratique professionnelle de psychologue clinicien intervenant auprès d’un public précaire.Nous soutenons que loin d’être unilatéralement une conséquence de la vie dans la grande précarité, ni même la cause de la « clochardisation », la symptomatologie addictive dans un tel contexte témoigne du rapport du sujet précaire à son corps, à l’altérité et à l’environnement. Nous tentons donc d’explorer dans cette recherche la multitude de scènes corporelles rencontrées auprès de nos patients, et leur potentialité symbolisante, tandis que l’objet d’addiction se placerait comme un contenant dont le contenu à incorporer permettrait une réactualisation de scènes traumatiques de l’histoire du sujet.Ces écueils de la symbolisation, que le sujet tente d’incorporer pour les revivre et les loger sous forme de sensations sur et dans le corps, seraient issus d’épisodes de décramponnement à l’objet primaire, générant alors des vécus de honte primaire extrêmement douloureux et destructeurs, que nous qualifions de honte essentielle et d’effondrement honteux.Ces considérations nous ont amenés à proposer plusieurs fonctions de l’addiction chez le sujet précaire. Les rituels d’incorporation et l’incorporation - elle-même - se poseraient en alternative à l’émergence de l’auto-réflexivité et de représentations insupportables.Les scènes du corps révélées durant la prise de produit, à travers leurs différentes formes d’expressions, tenteraient de trouver une issue à une situation de deuil inachevé, tandis que l’appareil somatopsychique pourrait momentanément s’éprouver comme unifié et contenant. Ce reflux de l’informe vers la sensorialité et la motricité témoignerait d’un processus plus large tendant à investir le corporel sur le versant mortifère.Nous proposons d’analyser à l’aide des médiations thérapeutiques quatre situations cliniques, permettant de saisir les enjeux psychiques de l’addiction chez les sujets précaires. / This research aims at exploring the different levels of psychic processes related to addiction problems and great precariousness from a clinical and psychopathological point of view. This questioning was built from the professional experience of a clinical psychologist working with precarious and addicted patients.This work contends that, far from being a unilateral consequence of living in great precariousness, and not even the cause of homelessness, addictive symptomatology in such a context illustrates the relationship of the precarious subject with his body, with the otherness and with his environment. This research tries to explore the great variety of corporal scenes encountered among our patients and their symbolizing potentiality while the addictive object would turn into a container whose contained would allow a reactualization of the subject’s traumatic scenes.These symbolization failures that the subject tries to incorporate in order to live them again and turn them into sensations on and inside his body, would stem from sensations felt when breaking away from primary object, thus generating extremely painful experiences of primary shames called essential shame and shameful collapse. These considerations have led us to offer several functions of addiction for precarious subjects. Rituals of incorporation and incorporation itself, could be an alternative against auto-reflexivity and unbearable representations.While taking drugs, the body scenes revealed through their different forms of expression would strive to solve an unfinished mourning situation, while the somatopsychic apparatus could momentarily feel unified and contained.This backward surge of the formless towards sensoriality and motricity would suggest a wider process tending to place the corporeal image on the deadly side With the help of therapeutic mediations, we propose to analyze four clinical situations that will enable us to understand the psychic stakes of addiction for precarious patients.