Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur användning av LAS företrädesrätt och bemanningsföretag har påverkat IF Metall och arbetsgivare inom tillverkningsindustrin.  Metod: Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ undersökning i form av intervjuer samt använt sekundärdata så som böcker, tidningsartiklar, forskningsrapporter och internetkällor.  Teoretiskt perspektiv: Vi har använt oss av Atkinsons teori, kapitalbindning, nyttomaximeringsteori, transaktionskostnadsteori samt psykologiskt och transaktionellt kontrakt.  Empiri: I empirin redovisas arbetsdomstolens domar om kringgående av LAS. Därefter följer redovisning av intervjuer som genomförts med IF Metall, Svenskt Näringsliv, Bemanningsföretagen och tre företag inom tillverkningsindustrin.  Slutsats: Vår undersökning visar att IF Metall och arbetsgivare enbart kan komma överens om ett kollektivavtal upprättas. Den nya förstärkta företrädesrätten tycks ha skapat än mer osämja arbetsgivare och IF Metall:s fackförbund emellan.

In reliability studies, the goal is to gain knowledge about a product's failure times or life expectancy. Precedence tests do not require large sample sizes and are used in reliability studies to compare the life-time distributions from two samples. Precedence tests are useful since they provide reliable results early in a life-test and the surviving units can be used in other tests. Ng and Balakrishnan (2010) proposed a precedence-type test based on the Kaplan-Meier estimator of the cumulative distribution function. A precedence-type test based on the Nelson-Aalen estimator of the cumulative hazard function has been proposed. This test was developed for both Type-II right censoring and progressive Type-II right censoring. Numerical results, including illustrative examples, critical values and a power study have been provided. The results from this test were compared with those from the test based on the Kaplan-Meier estimator.

In reliability studies, the goal is to gain knowledge about a product's failure times or life expectancy. Precedence tests do not require large sample sizes and are used in reliability studies to compare the life-time distributions from two samples. Precedence tests are useful since they provide reliable results early in a life-test and the surviving units can be used in other tests. Ng and Balakrishnan (2010) proposed a precedence-type test based on the Kaplan-Meier estimator of the cumulative distribution function. A precedence-type test based on the Nelson-Aalen estimator of the cumulative hazard function has been proposed. This test was developed for both Type-II right censoring and progressive Type-II right censoring. Numerical results, including illustrative examples, critical values and a power study have been provided. The results from this test were compared with those from the test based on the Kaplan-Meier estimator.

This academic paper discusses the sources of funding of general public policies with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen. The exegesis of the relationship contractualist state versus individual seeks to demonstrate why and when, the individual gave up part of his personal liberty, his property, to his detriment and in favor of the State and also the conditions under which historical- developed the preterit social power relations, in particular, the power to tax. This understanding helps us establish the evolution of own tax law itself, which resembles the transition state of the natural liberties arbitrary impositions, followed by the consent of the individual and his group, eventually emptying into the rule of law, today added the values of justice and security to the fullness of its realization. The activity-through the state – revenue collection - became the engine cool exaction on equity and income of the individual, to meet its own operation and the implementation of public policies necessary to achieve the ideals of the welfare state: the welfare of the community. However, it should be emphasized that to achieve reasonable levels in the general allotments carved into the Magna Carta of 1988, the state entity must enforce mechanisms for social justice, gradually reducing social inequalities, for only after, effective public policies, achieve concreteness benefits indispensable to the existential minimum of their fellow citizens. Legal certainty and equality are non-derogable assumptions respecting the fundamental rights of taxpayers, since the sphere of foreign assets (particular) is that you play as precedence source of revenue and provision of funding and training geared to the capitalization of assets of entities that make up the federation. The excessive tax burden should be gradually unencumbered, enabling, pari passu, which the state entity desoneres of welfare policies and support, it only becomes applicable, before a reasonable self-sufficiency of individuals and the collective that belong, thus aiming at the construction of a state Social and Fiscal fully supportable. To do this, avoidance of malpractice of public money is imperative, with significant fighting corruption and should be chosen as priorities strands of various forms of political control, social and institutional available. Finally, without neglecting the discretion essential to managing public administration, the governor should suffer the permanent supervision of their actions and spending practiced, so that we carefully observe strict compliance with the priorities that lead to the effectiveness of full-political foundations constitutional erected in our nation. / O presente trabalho acadêmico pretende discutir sobre as fontes de custeio de políticas públicas gerais, com respeito aos direitos fundamentais do cidadão. A exegese da relação contratualista do Estado versus Indivíduo busca demonstrar o porquê e em que momento o indivíduo abriu mão da parcela de sua liberdade individual, seu patrimônio, em detrimento próprio e em favor do Estado e, ainda, sob que condições histórico-sociais se desenvolveram as pretéritas relações de poder, em especial, o poder de tributar. Tal entendimento ajuda-nos a estabelecer a evolução do próprio direito tributário em si, que se assemelha na transição do estado de liberdades naturais às imposições arbitrárias, seguidas do consentimento do indivíduo e de seu grupo, acabando por desaguar no império da lei, hoje agregado aos valores da justiça e da segurança para plenitude de sua realização. A atividade-meio do Estado - arrecadação de receitas -, tornou-se o mecanismo de exação legal sobre o patrimônio e renda do particular, para fazer face ao seu próprio funcionamento e a implementação de políticas públicas indispensáveis à realização dos ideários do Estado Social: o bem-estar da coletividade. Contudo, é necessário ressaltar que, para atingir patamares razoáveis nas finalísticas gerais esculpidas na Magna Carta de 1988, o ente estatal deve se valer de mecanismos de justiça social, reduzindo gradativamente as desigualdades sociais, para somente após, com políticas públicas eficazes, alcançar a concretude dos benefícios indispensáveis ao mínimo existencial de seus concidadãos. A segurança jurídica e a isonomia são premissas inderrogáveis no respeito aos direitos fundamentais dos contribuintes, visto que a esfera de patrimônio alheio (particular) é a que se toca como precedência da fonte de receita e provimento do custeio voltado à capitalização e formação de ativos dos entes que compõem a federação. A carga tributária excessiva deve ser desonerada gradualmente do contribuinte, possibilitando, pari passu, que o próprio ente estatal se desonere das políticas assistencialistas e de amparo; isso só se torna cabível diante de uma razoável autossubsistência dos indivíduos e do coletivo a que pertençam, visando, assim, a edificação de um Estado Social e Fiscal plenamente suportável. Para isso, o afastamento da malversação do erário público é imperioso, com significativo combate à corrupção, devendo ser eleitos como prioridades de vertentes das mais variadas formas de controle político, social e institucional disponíveis. Por derradeiro, sem se descurar da discricionariedade essencial à gestão público-administrativa, deve o governante sofrer a fiscalização permanente de seus atos e gastos públicos praticados, de forma que se observe criteriosamente o estrito cumprimento das prioridades que acarretem a eficácia plena dos fundamentos político-constitucionais erigidos em nossa nação.

Образ территории складывается из элементов идентичности, которые отражаются в прецедентных феноменах: актуальных личностях, событиях, местах. В данной работе был проанализирован образа Урала через призму рекламных и PR текстов, содержащих прецедентные феномены со сферой-источником Урал. Исследование также коснулось вопроса, насколько актуальны и значимы для местного населения те или иные прецедентные феномены. Итог исследования заключается в разработке рекомендаций по эффективному применению прецедентных феноменов со сферой-источником Урал в рекламных и PR текстах. / Place image is formed by its identity elements, which in its turn are reflected in precedence phenomenon, that refer to the place: persons, events, places of current interest. In this work Ural image was studied in terms of advertising and PR texts, which contain precedence phenomenon referring to Ural. The study also touched on the question how important the precedence phenomenon for the local inhabitants are. As a result recommendations on usage of precedence phenomenon in advertising and PR texts were given.

No description available.

La réduction des informations redondantes et/ou non-pertinentes dans la description de données est une étape importante dans plusieurs domaines scientifiques comme les statistiques, la vision par ordinateur, la fouille de données ou l’apprentissage automatique. Dans ce manuscrit, nous abordons la réduction de la taille des signatures des images par une méthode issue de l’Analyse Formelle de Concepts (AFC), qui repose sur la structure du treillis des concepts et la théorie des treillis. Les modèles de sac de mots visuels consistent à décrire une image sous forme d’un ensemble de mots visuels obtenus par clustering. La réduction de la taille des signatures des images consiste donc à sélectionner certains de ces mots visuels. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux algorithmes de sélection d’attributs (mots visuels) qui sont utilisables pour l’apprentissage supervisé ou non. Le premier algorithme, RedAttSansPerte, ne retient que les attributs qui correspondent aux irréductibles du treillis. En effet, le théorème fondamental de la théorie des treillis garantit que la structure du treillis des concepts est maintenue en ne conservant que les irréductibles. Notre algorithme utilise un graphe d’attributs, le graphe de précédence, où deux attributs sont en relation lorsque les ensembles d’objets à qui ils appartiennent sont inclus l’un dans l’autre. Nous montrons par des expérimentations que la réduction par l’algorithme RedAttsSansPerte permet de diminuer le nombre d’attributs tout en conservant de bonnes performances de classification. Le deuxième algorithme, RedAttsFloue, est une extension de l’algorithme RedAttsSansPerte. Il repose sur une version approximative du graphe de précédence. Il s’agit de supprimer les attributs selon le même principe que l’algorithme précédent, mais en utilisant ce graphe flou. Un seuil de flexibilité élevé du graphe flou entraîne mécaniquement une perte d’information et de ce fait une baisse de performance de la classification. Nous montrons par des expérimentations que la réduction par l’algorithme RedAttsFloue permet de diminuer davantage l’ensemble des attributs sans diminuer de manière significative les performances de classification. / In several scientific fields such as statistics, computer vision and machine learning, redundant and/or irrelevant information reduction in the data description (dimension reduction) is an important step. This process contains two different categories : feature extraction and feature selection, of which feature selection in unsupervised learning is hitherto an open question. In this manuscript, we discussed about feature selection on image datasets using the Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), with focus on lattice structure and lattice theory. The images in a dataset were described as a set of visual words by the bag of visual words model. Two algorithms were proposed in this thesis to select relevant features and they can be used in both unsupervised learning and supervised learning. The first algorithm was the RedAttSansPerte, which based on lattice structure and lattice theory, to ensure its ability to remove redundant features using the precedence graph. The formal definition of precedence graph was given in this thesis. We also demonstrated their properties and the relationship between this graph and the AC-poset. Results from experiments indicated that the RedAttsSansPerte algorithm reduced the size of feature set while maintaining their performance against the evaluation by classification. Secondly, the RedAttsFloue algorithm, an extension of the RedAttsSansPerte algorithm, was also proposed. This extension used the fuzzy precedence graph. The formal definition and the properties of this graph were demonstrated in this manuscript. The RedAttsFloue algorithm removed redundant and irrelevant features while retaining relevant information according to the flexibility threshold of the fuzzy precedence graph. The quality of relevant information was evaluated by the classification. The RedAttsFloue algorithm is suggested to be more robust than the RedAttsSansPerte algorithm in terms of reduction.

Les villages et les domaines coutumiers de la région de Riung, dans le centre-ouest de l'île de Florès (Indonésie orientale), constituent un ensemble hétérogène marqué par une variabilité culturelle, linguistique, et religieuse. Cette diversité prend place dans un contexte ethno-historique caractéristique du monde austronésien : un paysage traversé par des dynamiques structurantes de mobilité, de dispersion et d'agrégation de groupes humains ; autant de processus qu'accompagne une nécessaire flexibilité sociale et politique. S'éparpillant à partir d'une montagne locale ou débarquant sur la côte, les communautés de Riung s'organisent selon un mode essentiellement dualiste fondé sur un principe de préséance. L'altérité, conçue localement comme un invariant du « vivre ensemble », participe à l'émergence et à l'entretien d'une ethnicité. Cette thèse interroge la construction du paysage social Riung à travers trois axes d'analyse principaux : d'abord les élaborations culturelles et sociales liées à la conception locale de l' « origine », ensuite les processus ethno-historiques d'organisation sociale, enfin les pratiques, notamment matrimoniales, qui articulent et alimentent les espaces d'interrelations. A ces différents niveaux de la vie sociale correspondent par ailleurs des dynamiques identitaires elles-mêmes variées : la continuité d'une identité « ancestrale » de lignage ; la gestion d'une division religieuse de la population entre catholiques et musulmans ; et l'émergence d'une identité « ethnique ». / The villages and traditional domains of the Riung region, in west-central Flores (eastern Indonesia) constitute a heterogeneous assemblage marked by cultural, linguistic, and religious variability. This diversity takes place in a typical Austronesian ethno-historical context: a landscape crossed by structuring dynamics of mobility, dispersion, and aggregation of human groups. Such processes necessarily go with a social and political flexibility. Scattered from a local mountain or landed on the coast, Riung communities are organized according to an essentially dualistic way founded on a principle of precedence. The ‘otherness', locally conceived as an invariant of the ‘togetherness', contributes to the emergence and the sustaining of an ethnicity. This dissertation questions the construction of Riung social landscape through three main analytical axes: the social and cultural elaborations concerned by the local conception of ‘origin', the ethno-historical processes of social organization, and the social practices, notably alliance and marriage, which articulate and maintain spaces of interrelations. To these different levels of social life corresponds a variety of dynamics of identity: the continuity of the lineage ‘ancestral' identity; the management of the religious division between Catholics and Muslims; and the emergence of an ‘ethnic' identity.

"The essence of software design is to construct well-defined, encapsulated modules that are composed together to build the desired software application. There are several design paradigms in use today, including traditional Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), Feature-Oriented Programming (FOP), Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) and Instance-Oriented Programming (IOP). FOP studies the modularity of features in product lines, where a feature is an increment in program functionality. AOP aims to separate and modularize aspects when an aspect is a crosscutting concern. IOP, as an extension to FOP, makes the layers work like object factories. While each is good at solving different types of problems, they are closely related. The composition of modules is complicated because modules have (often hidden) dependencies on other modules. This thesis aims to better understand the way dependencies are managed by each approach. Based on this, we focus on the precedence issue in AOP and FOP, that is, how designers are able to specify the order by which modules are composed together. Different precedence means different semantics, but the current tools can not guarantee the correct precedence is adopted. We first solve the precedence issue separately for AOP and FOP, then based on this, we come up with a unified model to solve the precedence issue by using source code annotations to specify the precedence. We evaluate our technique with use cases. "

Submitted by Elton Lever (elton@icomp.ufam.edu.br) on 2018-08-23T20:26:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoMestradoElton Lever-ProfRosiane-PPGI-VF.pdf: 2475783 bytes, checksum: 57e9ed5c603736311bd6f477643ff425 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secretaria PPGI (secretariappgi@icomp.ufam.edu.br) on 2018-08-23T20:35:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoMestradoElton Lever-ProfRosiane-PPGI-VF.pdf: 2475783 bytes, checksum: 57e9ed5c603736311bd6f477643ff425 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-08-24T13:35:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoMestradoElton Lever-ProfRosiane-PPGI-VF.pdf: 2475783 bytes, checksum: 57e9ed5c603736311bd6f477643ff425 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:35:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoMestradoElton Lever-ProfRosiane-PPGI-VF.pdf: 2475783 bytes, checksum: 57e9ed5c603736311bd6f477643ff425 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation addresses the class of job scheduling problems with precedence constraints and unit execution times, in identical parallel processors. Such a class of problems is of great importance in computational complexity theory, since small varia- tions in the conditions involved in scheduling make an easy problem very difficult. Two major problems involve the condition of the number of processors, where, if the number of processors is variable, given as input, such problem is proved to be NP-complete, but if the number of processors is fixed, the problem is still open. In this context, the focus of the research involves the problem already proven to be NP-complete, where for which we investigated the main approximation algorithms in the literature and their proofs of approximation ratio of the optimal, such as of the Garey & Jonhson’s 2-approximation algorithm, of the Hu, of the Coffman & Graham, and of the Gangal & Ranade with 2 − (7/(3P + 1)), the best approximation ratio in the literature. The approximation ratio proofs of such algorithms were detailed. As the main contribution of this research, were proved the optimality for specific classes of acyclic directed graphs involving trees (prece- dence trees, such as in-tree and out-tree) for the best approximation algorithms literature. / Esta dissertação aborda a classe de problemas de escalonamento de tarefas com restrições de precedências e tempos unitários em processadores paralelos idênticos. Tal classe de problemas tem uma grande importância em teoria da complexidade computacional, uma vez que pequenas variações nas condições envolvidas no esca- lonamento, fazem com que um problema fácil se torne muito difícil. Dois grandes problemas envolvem a condição do número de processadores, onde, se o número de processadores for variável, dado como entrada, tal problema é provado ser NP-completo, mas, se o número de processadores for fixo, o problema ainda está em aberto. Neste contexto, o foco da pesquisa envolve o problema já provado ser NP-completo, onde para qual se investigou os principais algoritmos aproximativos existentes na literatura e suas provas de razão de aproximação do ótimo, tais como o algoritmo 2-aproximativo de Garey & Jonhson e as melhorias de Hu, Coffman & Graham e de Gangal & Ranade (GR) com 2 −(7/(3P+1)), o de melhor razão de aproximação da literatura. As provas de razão de aproximação de tais algoritmos foram detalhadas. Como principal contribuição da pesquisa, foram determinados casos especiais ótimos, para classes específicas de grafos direcionados acíclicos que envolvem arborescências (árvores de precedência, como in-tree e out-tree) para o melhor algoritmos aproximativo da literatura. / Compreender o que querem em alguns momentos.