INTRODUÇÃO E HIPÓTESE: A epinefrina é um potente vasoconstritor com efeitos inotrópico e arritmogênico, é utilizada em protocolos de reanimação cardiopulmonar e como fármaco de primeira escolha em alguns casos de choque. Contudo, o seu uso pode ser seguido por lesões do miocárdio e disfunção cardíaca. Modelos experimentais têm mostrado efeitos cardioprotetores do fentanil por meio de mecanismos antiarrítmicos e anti-isquêmicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito cardioprotetor do fentanil em suínos expostos a altas doses de epinefrina. MÉTODOS: Após aprovação do comitê de ética institucional, 26 porcos Large White e Landrace foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo fentanil (n = 10), no qual os porcos receberam 20 ug/kg de fentanil 5 minutos antes de 5 doses de 20 ug/kg de epinefrina, as quais foram intercaladas por intervalos de 5 minutos entre cada dose; grupo salina (n = 10), no qual os porcos receberam solução salina volume-equivalente ao fentanil 5 minutos antes das 5 doses de epinefrina e grupo Sham (n = 6), que não recebeu fentanil ou epinefrina. Foram coletadas variáveis hemodinâmicas, ecocardiográficas, gasométricas e marcadores cardíacos durante as 6 horas de experimento. Ao final do estudo, o coração e os pulmões dos porcos foram removidos para análise por microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica e imuno-histoquímica (caspase-3). Os dados foram analisados usando equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE) e a significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de troponina-I entre os grupos foram inicialmente equivalentes. Ao final do experimento, foi observado menor nível de troponina-I no grupo fentanil, em comparação com o grupo salina (1,91 ± 1,47 versus 5,44 ± 5,35 ng.ml-1, p = 0,019). Adicionalmente, a microscopia eletrônica e a imunohistoquímica demonstraram menor lesão miocárdica no grupo fentanil. Não houve diferença significativa entre o grupo fentanil e o salina para as variáveis hemodinâmicas, ecocardiográficas e gasométricas. CONCLUSÃO: O fentanil promove cardioproteção aos efeitos de altas doses de epinefrina sem prejudicar o efeito hemodinâmico da mesma / INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Epinephrine is a powerful vasopressor with inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects that is used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols and as first choice drug in some cases of shock. However, its use could be followed by myocardial injury and dysfunction. Experimental models have shown cardioprotective effects of fentanyl through antiarrhythmic and anti-ischaemic mechanisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of fentanyl on myocardial function in swine exposed to high doses of epinephrine. METHODS: After institutional ethics committee approval, twenty-six Large White and Landrace pigs were allocated randomly into three groups: Fentanyl group (n=10), which received 20ug/kg of fentanyl five minutes before five doses of 20ug/kg of epinephrine interspersed with 5 minute intervals between each dose; Saline group (n=10), which received saline in a volume-equivalent manner of fentanyl five minutes before 20ug/kg of epinephrine doses; and Sham group (n=6), which did not receive fentanyl nor epinephrine. We assessed hemodynamics, transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac markers, and gasometry for 6 h. At the end of the experiment, the heart and lungs were removed for analysis by optical and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical (Caspase-3) assay. Data was analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE) and statistical significance was assumed at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Troponin levels among the groups were initially equivalent. Fentanyl group showed lower levels of troponin at the end of the sixth hour compared to the saline group (1.91 ± 1.47 vs. 5.44 ± 5.35 ng.mL-1, p=0.019). There were no significantly difference between fentanyl and saline group for hemodynamic, echocardiographic and gasometrical data. Transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry also showed less myocardial injury in the fentanyl group. CONCLUSION: We concluded that fentanyl promotes effective cardioprotection to high-dose epinephrine without blunting the hemodynamic effect of epinephrine

O tempo para 1,0mm de depressão do segmento ST (T-1,0mm) adotado para caracterizar o fenômeno do aquecimento, uma expressão do precondicionamento isquêmico (PCI), em testes ergométricos sequenciais é consistente e reprodutível, porém, possui várias limitações. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar um escore eletrocardiográfico de isquemia miocárdica em testes ergométricos sequenciais comparando com o clássico índice T-1,0mm. Avaliamos 61 pacientes, com idade média de 62,2+7,5 anos, 86,9% homens, portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e coronariopatia multiarterial. Foram analisados 151 exames, destes 116 de pacientes completaram as duas fases de avaliação. A primeira fase compreendia dois testes ergométricos sequenciais para documentação do PCI e a segunda fase, após 1 semana, mais dois testes sob efeito de repaglinida oral. Dois observadores aplicaram o escore de forma cega. Observou-se concordância perfeita inter e intraobservador (Kendall Tau-b = 0,96, p<0,0001, Kendall Tau-b=0,98, p<0,0001, respectivamente). Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo negativo, valor preditivo positivo e acurácia, foram respectivamente de 72,41%, 89,29%, 75,8%, 87,5% e 81%. Concluímos que o escore de isquemia é um método consistente e reprodutível para documentação do fenômeno do aquecimento, representando uma alternativa factível ao índice T-1,0mm. / The time to 1.0mm ST-segment depression (T-1.0mm), adopted to document the warm-up phenomenon, an expression of the ischemic preconditioning (IPC), during sequential exercise tests is considered reliable and reproductible, although with several limitations. The main goal of this study was to apply an electrocardiographic ischemic myocardium score to sequential exercise tests, comparing with the standard T-1.0mm. We evaluated 61 patients, mean age 62,2+7,5 years-old, 86.9% male, with type 2 diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary disease. We analyzed 151 exercise tests, being 116 tests from patients who fulfilled the two phases of the study. The first phase enrolled the patients for two sequential exercise tests to document the IPC and the second phase, after 1 week, two additional sequential exercise tests were performed under repaglinide treatment. We observed a perfect concordance inter and intraobserver (Kendall Tau-b=0.96, p<0.0001; Kendall Tau-b=0,98, p<0,0001, respectively). The sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were also determined: 72.41%, 89.29%, 75.8%, 87.5% and 81%, respectively. In conclusion, the electrocardiographic ischemic score is a consistent and reproductible tool to document the warm-up phenomenon, representing a reliable alternative to the T-1.0mm.

O fenômeno do precondicionamento isquêmico é definido como o aumento da tolerância à isquemia e à lesão de reperfusão, induzida por curtos e sucessivos episódios de isquemia prévios a período de isquemia prolongada. A angina do aquecimento e a de pré-infarto são duas condições clínicas relacionadas ao precondicionamento. Este fenômeno apresenta duas fases distintas, clássica ou precoce e tardia. A atenuação do infradesnível do segmento ST provocada pelo precondicionamento precoce está bem documentada, porém sua expressão cintilográfica permanece controversa. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se as atenuações eletrocardiográficas do precondicionamento durante testes sequenciais estão associadas a modificações simultâneas das imagens de cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica em indivíduos com doença coronariana. Vinte e três pacientes foram selecionados entre março de 2009 e julho de 2011. A média de idade foi 64,5 anos (dp=7,0), 19 (82,6%) do sexo masculino e todos tinham lesão coronária em pelo menos um vaso superior a 60%. A medicação antiisquêmica foi suspensa por três a cinco dias. Os pacientes foram submetidos a três testes ergométricos a partir do exame de seleção, sendo dois deles sequenciais e o terceiro realizado após sete dias. A injeção do radiofármaco sestamibi-Tc-99m no teste de precondicionamento e contraprova foi administrado no tempo de aparecimento do infradesnível de ST de -2,0 mm na derivação MC5 e/ou dor precordial anotados no teste inicial ou de seleção. A imagem cintilográfica foi adquirida entre 60 a 90 minutos após o esforço. Os resultados do segundo teste (precondicionamento) mostraram aumento significativo do tempo para o aparecimento da depressão do segmento ST de 1,0 mm (338±130) e 2,0 mm (431±126), em relação ao teste inicial (245±96; 366±103) p<0,001. A diferença na redução do valor máximo de infradesnível de ST entre os três testes foi significativa (3,8±0,8; 2,3±0,6; 3,1±1,0) p<0,001. Houve redução significativa nos escores de perfusão de estresse (p=0,045) entre o primeiro e o segundo testes, bem como para o escore da diferença entre o estresse e repouso (p= 0,03), sem diferença na extensão da área de isquemia entre as três etapas detectadas pela cintilografia (p=0,691). Em conclusão, houve redução significativa das alterações eletrocardiográficas induzidas pelo precondicionamento isquêmico precoce em maior proporção do que as observadas nas respectivas imagens de cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica; não se observou associação entre a redução da depressão do ST e a redução do escore de perfusão na fase de precondicionamento, nem correlação entre a magnitude do infradesnível máximo de ST e a redução do escore de perfusão (r=0,07 e p=0,75). / The phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning is defined as the increase of tolerance to ischemia and injury of reperfusion induced by short and consecutive episodes of isquemia prior to prolonged arterial occlusion. Warm-up and pre-infarction angina are two clinical conditions regarding this phenomenon. The ischemic preconditioning has two distinct windows designed as classical and late. The improvement of ST depression induced by classical preconditioning is well documented, however its scintigraphy expression is still controversial. The aim of this research was to assess whether the reduction of ST depression induced by preconditioning during these sequencial exercise testing are associated to simultaneous alterations of the scintigraphy images of myocardial perfusion in individuals with coronary artery disease. From March 2009 to July 2011, 23 patients were selected, mean age 64,5 (sd=7,0), 19(82,6%) male. All patients had coronary artery stenosis at least 60% in one vessel. The anti ischemic therapy was discontinued for three days. Patients underwent three exercises testing after screening process; two of these tests were in a sequence and the other one performed after seven days. Tc-99m-sestamibi radiotracer injection was applied in the preconditioning test as well as for the third test at the time of development of ST depression 2,0 mm in the CM5 lead and/or chest pain estabilished in the screening process or first test. The scintigraphy image was obtained from 60 to 90 minutes after exertion. The results of the preconditioning test showed a significant increase of time for manifestation of the ST depression 1,0 mm (338±130) and 2,0 mm (431±126) regarding the first test (245±96; 366±103), p<0,001. There was a significant difference in the decrease of maximum value of ST depression among the three tests (3,8±0,8; 2,3±0,6; 3,1±1,0), p<0,001. A significant reduction in stress perfusion score (p=0,045) occurred between the first and second test as well as for the difference score between stress and rest (p=0,03). However, there was not a significant difference in the total defect size among the three stages detected by myocardial scintigraphy (p=0,691). In conclusion, there was a significant decrease of electrocardiographic alterations resulting from early preconditioning in greater proportion than the observed in scintigraphy images. It was not observed an association between the decrease of ST depression with the stress perfusion score during the preconditioning period nor the correlation between the magnitude of the maximum value of ST depression and the decrease of perfusion score (r=0,07 and p=0,75).

Cleaved fragments of the extracellular matrix protein perlecan have been shown to promote neuroprotection and repair after ischemic stroke. The cysteine proteases cathepsin B and L as well as the metalloprotease bone morphogenic protein 1 (BMP-1) are capable of releasing the biologically active C-terminal laminin-like globular domain (LG3) of perlecan. Exercise, a known method of reducing stroke risk and severity, has been shown to increase the expression of some proteases associated with perlecan processing. Using a transient distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model for focal ischemic stroke we show that while 7 days of running only slightly decreased infarct volume, BMP1 and perlecan (HSPG2) RNA expression in skeletal muscle was significantly increased in 3-month-old male wild type C57/BL6 mice. Moreover, elevated levels of BMP1 RNA were still detectable after 3 days of detraining, suggesting a prolonged effect of exercise on BMP1 expression. Levels of LG3 in the blood were below the limit of detection in the current study, however it is likely that a more sensitive method would enable analysis of serum. These preliminary findings suggest that LG3 could be a molecular mediator of neuroprotection afforded by exercise though further studies are required.

Abstract In pathologies of the ascending aorta or in congenital heart defects, circulation may be temporarily halted during surgical intervention. This is achieved by operating under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest or under hypothermia combined with isolated perfusion techniques. For deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), the patient is cooled below 18°C using an extracorporeal heart-lung machine, and circulation and breathing are stopped. The advantage of hypothermia is that it decreases oxygen and glucose consumption and provides the surgeons the time required to repair complex heart defects. However, there is still a relatively high risk of neurological complications that can affect the quality of life of patients and their families. One of the methods to mitigate ischaemia-reperfusion injury is remote ischaemic preconditioning. In this work, the neuroprotective mechanisms of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) were studied in acute and surviving chronic animal models. In study I, we used an acute model, and studied the effects of RIPC in cerebral microcirculation using an intravital microscope and samples analysed by transmission electron microscope. In study II, a chronic model was used to evaluate whether the effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning can be seen in the markers of oxidative stress or in redox-regulating enzymes. Study III was conducted to supplement the findings of study II, considering the markers of oxidative stress. Findings in all studies were consistent with one another. Study I showed the effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on leukocyte activation and adhesion to cerebrocortical vessels in piglets after prolonged DHCA. Additionally, cellular preservation of endoplasmic reticulum was present in transmission electron microscope analysis of the central nervous system. In studies II and III, the remote ischaemic preconditioning lowered markers of ischaemia-reperfusion-related oxidative stress. In study III the remote ischemic preconditioning lowered oxidative stress already during cardiopulmonary bypass. / Tiivistelmä Hoidettaessa nousevan aortan sairauksia ja synnynnäisiä sydänvikoja verenkierto voidaan tilapäisesti pysäyttää kirurgisten toimenpiteiden ajaksi. Tämä saavutetaan jäähdyttämällä elimistö verenkierron pysäytyksen ajaksi tai jäähdytettynä isoloitujen perfuusiotekniikoiden avulla. Potilas jäähdytetään alle 18 °C lämpötilaan käyttäen kehonulkoista sydän-keuhkokonetta, minkä jälkeen verenkierto ja hengitys voidaan väliaikaisesti pysäyttää. Elimistön viilentäminen vähentää hapen ja glukoosin kulutusta ja antaa kirurgeille aikaa korjata monimutkaisia sydänsairauksia. Verenkierron pysäytyksestä ja palauttamisesta voi ilmaantua keskushermostoon iskemia-reperfuusiovaurioita, mitkä vaikuttavat potilaiden ja heidän läheistensä elämänlaatuun. Esialtistava raajaiskemia on yksi tutkituista menetelmistä lieventää iskemia-reperfuusiovauriota. Tässä työssä esialtistavan raajaiskemian hermostoa suojaavia mekanismeja tutkittiin akuutilla ja kroonisilla koe-eläinmalleilla. Tutkimuksessa I tutkimme esialtistavan raajaiskemian vaikutuksia aivojen mikroverenkiertoon kuvaamalla aivojen pintaverisuonia mikroskoopilla, ja hermosoluihin käyttäen läpäisyelektronimikroskooppia. Tutkimuksessa II kroonisella mallilla tutkittiin voiko esialtistavan raajaiskemian vaikutuksia nähdä oksidatiivisen stressin määrässä tai hapetus-pelkistys reaktioita säätelevissä entsyymeissä. Kolmas tutkimus tehtiin toisen tutkimuksen päätelmien täydentämiseksi mitaten oksidatiivista stressiä. Kaikkien osatöiden löydökset olivat keskenään johdonmukaisia. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä esialtistava raajaiskemia vaikutti leukosyyttiaktivaatioon ja leukosyyttien tarttumiseen aivojen pintaverisuoniin pidennetyn hypotermisen verenkierron seisautuksen jälkeen. Myös hermosolujen sisäisten soluelinten säilyminen näkyi läpäisyelektronimikroskoopilla raajaiskemiaryhmällä. Tutkimuksissa II ja III esialtistava raajaiskemian todettiin alentavan iskemia-reperfuusion aiheuttamaa oksidatiivista stressiä, jonka todettiin tapahtuvan/alkavan jo sydän-keuhkokoneen käytön aikana tutkimuksen III perusteella.

Continuing the previous work in the preprint 97-11 done for the 2D-approach in this paper we describe the Yserentant preconditioned conjugate gradient method as well as the BPX-preconditioned cg-iteration fastly solving 3D-elliptic boundary value problems on unstructured quasi uniform grids. These artificially constructed hierarchical methods have optimal computational costs. In the case of the sequential computing several numerical examples demonstrate their efficiency not depending on the finite element types used for the discretiziation of the original potential problem. Moreover, implementing the methods in parallel first results are given.

La reconstruction des sources de l'activité cérébrale à partir des mesures de potentiel fournies par un électroencéphalographie (EEG) nécessite de résoudre le problème connu sous le nom de « problème inverse de l'EEG ». La solution de ce problème dépend de la solution du « problème direct de l'EEG », qui fournit à partir de sources de courant connues, le potentiel mesuré au niveau des électrodes. Pour des modèles de tête réels, ce problème ne peut être résolut que de manière numérique. En particulier, les équations intégrales de surfaces requièrent uniquement la discrétisation des interfaces entre les différents compartiments constituant le milieu cérébral. Cependant, les formulations intégrales existant actuellement ne prennent pas en comptent l'anisotropie du milieu. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse introduit deux nouvelles formulations intégrales permettant de palier à cette faiblesse. Une formulation indirecte capable de prendre en compte l'anisotropie du cerveau est proposée. Elle est discrétisée à l'aide de fonctions conformes aux propriétés spectrales des opérateurs impliqués. L'effet de cette discrétisation de type mixe lors de la reconstruction des sources cérébrales est aussi étudié. La seconde formulation se concentre sur l'anisotropie due à la matière blanche. Calculer rapidement la solution du système numérique obtenu est aussi très désirable. Le travail est ainsi complémenté d'une preuve de l'applicabilité des stratégies de préconditionnement de type Calderon pour les milieux multicouches. Le théorème proposé est appliqué dans le contexte de la résolution du problème direct de l'EEG. Un préconditionneur de type Calderon est aussi introduit pour l'équation intégrale du champ électrique (EFIE) dans le cas de structures unidimensionnelles. Finalement, des résultats préliminaires sur l'impact d'un solveur rapide direct lors de la résolution rapide du problème direct de l'EEG sont présentés. / Electroencephalography (EEG) is a very useful tool for characterizing epileptic sources. Brain source imaging with EEG necessitates to solve the so-called EEG inverse problem. Its solution depends on the solution of the EEG forward problem that provides from known current sources the potential measured at the electrodes positions. For realistic head shapes, this problem can be solved with different numerical techniques. In particular surface integral equations necessitates to discretize only the interfaces between the brain compartments. However, the existing formulations do not take into account the anisotropy of the media. The work presented in this thesis introduces two new integral formulations to tackle this weakness. An indirect formulation that can handle brain anisotropies is proposed. It is discretized with basis functions conform to the mapping properties of the involved operators. The effect of this mixed discretization on brain source reconstruction is also studied. The second formulation focuses on the white matter fiber anisotropy. Obtaining the solution to the obtained numerical system rapidly is also highly desirable. The work is hence complemented with a proof of the preconditioning effect of Calderon strategies for multilayered media. The proposed theorem is applied in the context of solving the EEG forward problem. A Calderon preconditioner is also introduced for the wire electric field integral equation. Finally, preliminary results on the impact of a fast direct solver in solving the EEG forward problem are presented.

Le principal frein au développement de la transplantation hépatique à donneur vivant est le risque de complication et de décès encourus par le donneur. Nous proposons une préparation du donneur par la réalisation d'un rétrécissement (sténose) de 20% de la veine d'un coté de son foie afin de faire grossir ce dernier sans altérer la viabilité du futur greffon. Pour cela, sur 32 porcs, nous avons recherché la plus petite sténose capable de déclencher le maintien du débit portal et étudié les déclenchements de la prolifération cellulaire et de l'atrophie. Des scanners associés à des scintigraphies hépatobiliaires à la mebrofénine ont été réalisés afin d'étudier les changements morphologiques et fonctionnels du foie. Nous démontrons que la sténose de 20% d'un coté du foie déclenche la régénération hépatique de l'autre coté et permet le gain d'une masse hépatique fonctionnelle. Conclusion : Notre pré-conditionnement est capable de préparer le foie d'un patient à l'hépatectomie majeure. / The main hindrance in promoting living donor liver transplantation remains the morbidity and mortality risk for the donor. We propose the realization of a 20% stenosis of the left portal vein (LPV) in order to induce an increase of the functional liver mass without altering the viability of the future graft.Materials and Methods: Thirty-two pigs were included in this program. The hemodynamic study identified the smallest stenosis capable of triggering mechanisms of maintenance of the hepatic blood flow. Cell proliferation and atrophy were studied. Scanners associated with Mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy were performed to study the morphological and functional changes of the liver.Results: A 20% LPV stenosis trigger liver regeneration in the contralateral lobe inducing a gain in hepatic functional hepatic mass.Conclusion: A 20% LPV stenosis is the effective preconditioning in order to get the remnant liver of living donor ready to take on graft harvesting.

Le contexte global de réchauffement climatique et de fin programmée des carburants d'origine fossile a conduit depuis quelques décennies au développement des biocarburants. Les nombreux inconvénients liés à la première génération de biocarburants ont peu à peu donné naissance aux biocarburants de seconde génération dont l'avantage notable est d'utiliser la partie ligno-cellulosique des plantes. La principale voie de conversion envisagée consiste en une gazeification suivie d'une synthèse Fisher-Tropsch. Mais la dispersion énergétique et géographique de la biomasse ainsi que les nombreuses contraintes liées au processus de fabrication nécessitent la mise au point d'un préconditionnement adéquat. Le matériau utilisé devra en effet être homogène, concentré énergétiquement, stockable et facilement transportable. Il devra aussi être facilement broyable en vue de son injection sous pression dans les gazéifieurs. Une voie de prétraitement possible consiste à torréfier la biomasse. Le présent travail s'inscrit dans cette thématique puisqu'il a permis une caractérisation chimique, énergétique et mécanique du bois (Pinus pinaster et Quercus robur) traité thermiquement (T°C<300°C). Dans une première partie du travail, des analyses chimiques et énergétiques de bois traités thermiquement à différentes intensités ont été réalisées. Les résultats ont permis de quantifier la dégradation chimique et la densification énergétique lorsque l'intensité du traitement augmente. Il s'avère que la perte de masse est un excellent indicateur de ces modifications : des relations de prédiction de l'évolution de ces propriétés ont été établies. Un dispositif d'impact original a été développé dans la seconde partie du travail. Les résultats obtenus montrent une augmentation de la broyabilité du bois lorsque l'intensité de son traitement thermique augmente. Avec l'intensité du traitement, le bois perd d'abord sa résilience, puis son comportement fibreux.Cela permet la formation de fines particules particulièrement adaptées aux processus de fabrication des biocarburants de seconde génération. / Biofuels are developed worldwide since the few last decades to face two major problems of our societies: global warming and peak oil. Due to many disadvantages of the first generation of biofuel, a second generation is developed, whose major advantage is to use the lignocellulosic part of plants. One interesting way to produce this kind of biofuel is a gasification followed by a Fisher-Tropsch synthesis. However, a pretreatment is needed because raw biomass is not suitable for a direct use in gasifier. The role of the pretreatment is to homogenize product properties, to ease storage and transport, to concentrate the energy content. Moreover, its grindability has also to be improved since fine particles are required to supply the gasifier. The present work proposes a comprehensive chemical, energetic and mechanical characterization of wood (Pinus pinaster and Quercus robur) with different treatment intensities (T°C<300°C). The first part proposes a full set of chemical and energy analysis on heat-treated woods. The mass loss was confirmed as a synthetic indicator of the effect of treatment intensity on the degree of chemical degradation and energy concentration. Therefore, analytical expressions allowing the prediction of energy and chemical properties as a function of the overall mass loss are provided. The second part of the work consists in the development and use of a novel impact device. Results obtained in radial and tangential directions show that the heat treatment improves the wood grindability. As the treatment intensity increases, wood first losses its resilience first, followed by a loss of its fibrous behavior. The later eases its transformation into small particles suitable for gasification process.

In this paper matrix compression techniques in the context of wavelet Galerkin schemes for boundary integral equations are developed and analyzed that exhibit optimal complexity in the following sense. The fully discrete scheme produces approximate solutions within discretization error accuracy offered by the underlying Galerkin method at a computational expense that is proven to stay proportional to the number of unknowns. Key issues are the second compression, that reduces the near field complexity significantly, and an additional a-posteriori compression. The latter one is based on a general result concerning an optimal work balance, that applies, in particular, to the quadrature used to compute the compressed stiffness matrix with sufficient accuracy in linear time. The theoretical results are illustrated by a 3D example on a nontrivial domain.