The US-led war to oust the regime of Saddam Hussein elicited a wide range of responses among liberal states, from active diplomatic opposition in the prelude to war to actual combat support once hostilities commenced. These divergent responses, in part, reflected different perceptions of the legitimacy of force and international law. Furthermore, I contend that these perceptions are rooted in the unique regional security environment in which each state is situated, with states located in relatively insecure regional environments being more favorably disposed to view US military preponderance and use of force as a legitimate public good. Consequently, I hypothesize that the more insecure a state's regional security environment, the more likely it was to support, either diplomatically or militarily, the "major combat" phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom. To this end, I develop a measure of regional security based on concepts of power and polarity adapted from John Mearsheimer's The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. I then test this measure using a logistic regression analysis for 85 states located in 10 regions. The results indicate support for the hypothesis, but also illuminate the need for more research on the implications of power distributions within regional settings for international conflict in the post-Cold War era. / Master of Arts

The cruel nature of war gives reason for its study. A crucial component of this research aims to uncover the reasons behind victory and defeat. Winning, after all, is the central attraction of organized violence. Unfortunately, political science efforts in this direction have been rare, and the few theories on offer (numerical preponderance, technology theory, and proficiency) are infrequently tested against the empirical record. This dissertation therefore not only subjected the main theories of battlefield victory to a systematic test against the historical record, but also did so with a dataset more comprehensive and with greater chronological breadth than any other in the political science literature. The range of battles included runs from Megiddo (1469 BC) to Wanat (2008). Such a historically ambitious undertaking is unfortunately fraught with a series of methodological concerns. However, fears regarding the reliability of these historical statistics are best allayed by the assortment of historiographical techniques that have been used to eliminate the more dubious estimations. Concerns regarding data validity are similarly met with a clear delineation of methodological scope: current data is both western-centric and fails to speak to combat in pre-agrarian settings; the conclusions drawn below therefore keep a recognition of these limitations in mind. Ultimately, the chief findings of this study are that neither Napoleon’s ‘big battalions’ nor armies boasting technological supremacy over their rivals are assured any guarantee of battlefield success. This result is a powerful blow to both mainstream realist theory (whose power calculations rely on raw aggregations like army size) and Western defence planners (who have predicated their strategies on the belief that technology is the chief underpinning of victory). That being said, the most compelling causal explanation for battlefield victory, combat proficiency, appears subject to a crucial caveat: even the most talented armies can be ground into dust. This finding will provide little comfort to gifted armies that find themselves involved in a costly and prolonged campaign, such as Canada and America in Afghanistan. Lastly, this project’s contribution should be seen as not only theoretical and practical in nature, but also as providing a methodological toolkit and empirical resource of use to anyone subsequently interested in tracing the evolution of organized violence over time. In short, this project is summation of how political science thinks about the most basic aspect of war: battle. As the findings of this dissertation suggest, what is distinctly troublesome is that our existing theories and assumptions about who wins and why appear to bear little resemblance to reality. If anything, this dissertation calls attention to the urgent need for further research into the matter of battle victory.

The end of the Cold War in 1990 was followed by a shift from a bipolar to a unipolar world, profoundly transforming the nature of international alliance politics. Then, what are the systemic features of the unipolar system that have changed alliance relations in comparison to the previous bipolar and multipolar world? How can we explain the diverse reaction of the U.S. allies in different regions in response to the U.S. request for the modification of alliance functions and reshaping of the alliance burden sharing? How do we measure and interpret changes in the nature of alliance politics in a unipolar system? The goal of this project is to provide a systematic answer to these questions. Focusing on international system polarities and alliance burden sharing behavior, this dissertation builds a framework for understanding the dynamics of alliance politics. In particular, I argue that alliance burden sharing as an empirical indicator plays a critical role in explaining the changed nature of the unipolar alliance system. First, I examine how the two interrelated systemic factors - external threat and the distribution of power - influence alliance burden sharing with a system-level analysis by utilizing a quantitative method with state-year burden sharing data from 1885 to 2000. Second, I present case studies of South Korea and Japan's alliance burden sharing in the post-Cold War period. A central argument of the dissertation is that the role and function of alliance is determined by structural constraints of different international system polarities. Specifically, this project demonstrates that burden sharing is a key factor representing the impact of systemic properties of unipolarity on the behavioral changes in alliance politics.

美國自第二次世界大戰以後，超強的特質使其步入「全球干預」的國際主義途徑，處 處偏向以「壓倒性權勢」(Preponderance of power)來解決世界問題；經歷越戰的消 耗與創傷後，美國雖然無法一時回轉至傳統「關閉自守」的孤主主義老路，但亦在尼 季「和解」的架構中，走向「均衡」(Balance of power)政治。本文的目的，旨在藉 探討越戰對美國外交政策的影響，以「權力」以「絕對積極」、「絕對消極」或「二 者之間」的形式持續捍衛其國家利益的理論與實際。 本文共分六章、十五節，約十二萬餘言。除第一章導論及第六章結論外，主文以四章 撰成。第二章論美國越戰誤導的經驗，第三章論越戰支持共識的瓦解及其演變，第四 章論國會外交權的伸張，第五章論武力的使用。全篇兼顧時間的推演性與空間的代表 性，期能對影響美國對外政策的某些因素、運作過程、結果作一重點的瞭解。

<p>The reason for this study is to settle the balance between technology and preponderance in war. Each theory claims its own superiority to be decisive when it comes to achieving military victories, but this study will show what actually happens when the two theories are analyzed together in the same conflict. To prove the conclusions, a case-study on Operation Gazelle is used. The study will describe the theories, what a military victory is and which party in the conflict came out victorious after this specific operation. Both sides’ forces will be shown and compared. The most significant technological systems will be analysed and compared. When this is done, the victory and the theories’ importance can be explained. Operation Gazelle was an act performed by Israel in October 1973 during the conflict with Egypt. It was an attempt to cross the Suez Canal and in that way gain an improved political status during the peace negotiations that were to come. The main question that will be answered is:- Which of the two theories, numerical preponderance and technology, is decisive when it comes to achieving military goals? To answer this question three other questions are answered:- What were the numerical conditions during Operation Gazelle?- What were the technological conditions between the parties?- Which party was victorious?</p>

A tese trata do tema das tutelas de urgência e da evidência nos processos societários e está dividida em dez partes. A primeira parte aborda a tutela de urgência e tutela da evidência no contexto da tempestividade da tutela jurisdicional, sempre sob a égide da celeridade do processo, da segurança jurídica e da técnica processual e as propostas para o Novo Código de Processo Civil. A segunda, trata do devido processo legal e o do contraditório, da análise econômica do direito, das relações entre direito e processo e do regime jurídico das medidas urgentes. A terceira parte aborda os limites do controle judicial, as medidas inaudita altera parte, as astreintes, o descumprimento, a contracautela, a irreversibilidade; a relação entre a medida urgente nas eficácias da sentença e seu reflexo no regime das nulidades em direito societário. A quarta parte trata da tutela da evidência no direito societário, abordando a quebra da ordinariedade do sistema processual brasileiro atual, alguns conflitos societários e as propostas para o Novo Código de Processo Civil. A quinta parte contém desdobramentos da tutela da evidência e da tutela de urgência nas deliberações sociais. A sexta e a sétima partes tratarão das tutelas de urgência e demais questões societárias (produção antecipada de provas, a antecipação de haveres, afastamento de sócio, arrolamento, exibição de livros e documentos societários). A oitava parte diz respeito à arbitragem em matéria societária e as relações entre juízes togados e árbitros. A nona parte conterá propostas legislativas e as concusões da tese. A décima e última parte trará a bibliografia utilizada. / This thesis focuses the subject of interim measures and injunctive relief in corporation litigation and is divided in ten parts. The first part addresses ínterim measures and injunctive relief in the context of judicial reliefs opportune timing, always taking into account readiness, legal security and procedural technique, as well as the proposals for a new Code of Civil Procedure. The second addresses procedural due process and participation in the proceedings, law and economics, the relations between substantive and procedural law, and the legal regime of interim measures. The third part approaches the limits of judicial review, inaudita altera parte relief, contempt of court fees, noncompliance, counter-guarantee, irreversibility, the relationship between the interim measure in the final awards effects and its impact in the regime of nullity defects in corporate law. The fourth part discusses interim measures based on preponderance of evidence in corporate law, bracing the fracture of ordinary proceedings in the current Brazilian Procedural system, some corporate disputes, and the proposals for the New Code of Civil Procedure. The fifth parte contains the unravelling of interim relief based on preponderance of evidence and urgent relief regarding the corporations decisions. The sixth and seventh parts will engage in the matters of urgent relief and other remaining corporate issues (anticipated disclosure of evidence, anticipated payment of shareholders assets, termination of shareholders, probate proceedings, disclosure of business records and other company documents). The eight part focuses arbitration in corporate law and the relationship between state judges and arbitrators. The ninth part contains proposals for statute drafts and the conclusions of the thesis. The tenth and last part shall bring the bibliography utilised.

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A tese trata do tema das tutelas de urgência e da evidência nos processos societários e está dividida em dez partes. A primeira parte aborda a tutela de urgência e tutela da evidência no contexto da tempestividade da tutela jurisdicional, sempre sob a égide da celeridade do processo, da segurança jurídica e da técnica processual e as propostas para o Novo Código de Processo Civil. A segunda, trata do devido processo legal e o do contraditório, da análise econômica do direito, das relações entre direito e processo e do regime jurídico das medidas urgentes. A terceira parte aborda os limites do controle judicial, as medidas inaudita altera parte, as astreintes, o descumprimento, a contracautela, a irreversibilidade; a relação entre a medida urgente nas eficácias da sentença e seu reflexo no regime das nulidades em direito societário. A quarta parte trata da tutela da evidência no direito societário, abordando a quebra da ordinariedade do sistema processual brasileiro atual, alguns conflitos societários e as propostas para o Novo Código de Processo Civil. A quinta parte contém desdobramentos da tutela da evidência e da tutela de urgência nas deliberações sociais. A sexta e a sétima partes tratarão das tutelas de urgência e demais questões societárias (produção antecipada de provas, a antecipação de haveres, afastamento de sócio, arrolamento, exibição de livros e documentos societários). A oitava parte diz respeito à arbitragem em matéria societária e as relações entre juízes togados e árbitros. A nona parte conterá propostas legislativas e as concusões da tese. A décima e última parte trará a bibliografia utilizada. / This thesis focuses the subject of interim measures and injunctive relief in corporation litigation and is divided in ten parts. The first part addresses ínterim measures and injunctive relief in the context of judicial reliefs opportune timing, always taking into account readiness, legal security and procedural technique, as well as the proposals for a new Code of Civil Procedure. The second addresses procedural due process and participation in the proceedings, law and economics, the relations between substantive and procedural law, and the legal regime of interim measures. The third part approaches the limits of judicial review, inaudita altera parte relief, contempt of court fees, noncompliance, counter-guarantee, irreversibility, the relationship between the interim measure in the final awards effects and its impact in the regime of nullity defects in corporate law. The fourth part discusses interim measures based on preponderance of evidence in corporate law, bracing the fracture of ordinary proceedings in the current Brazilian Procedural system, some corporate disputes, and the proposals for the New Code of Civil Procedure. The fifth parte contains the unravelling of interim relief based on preponderance of evidence and urgent relief regarding the corporations decisions. The sixth and seventh parts will engage in the matters of urgent relief and other remaining corporate issues (anticipated disclosure of evidence, anticipated payment of shareholders assets, termination of shareholders, probate proceedings, disclosure of business records and other company documents). The eight part focuses arbitration in corporate law and the relationship between state judges and arbitrators. The ninth part contains proposals for statute drafts and the conclusions of the thesis. The tenth and last part shall bring the bibliography utilised.

The reason for this study is to settle the balance between technology and preponderance in war. Each theory claims its own superiority to be decisive when it comes to achieving military victories, but this study will show what actually happens when the two theories are analyzed together in the same conflict. To prove the conclusions, a case-study on Operation Gazelle is used. The study will describe the theories, what a military victory is and which party in the conflict came out victorious after this specific operation. Both sides’ forces will be shown and compared. The most significant technological systems will be analysed and compared. When this is done, the victory and the theories’ importance can be explained. Operation Gazelle was an act performed by Israel in October 1973 during the conflict with Egypt. It was an attempt to cross the Suez Canal and in that way gain an improved political status during the peace negotiations that were to come. The main question that will be answered is:- Which of the two theories, numerical preponderance and technology, is decisive when it comes to achieving military goals? To answer this question three other questions are answered:- What were the numerical conditions during Operation Gazelle?- What were the technological conditions between the parties?- Which party was victorious?

The dissertation examines mainly segmental assimilatory processes of Xhosa phonology within the dependency framework. This model is a multi-faceted approach which involves hierarchical organisation of features into larger constituents known as gestures. The analysis includes an elementary historical background to the development of phonological theory with emphasis on the shift from traditional linear approaches to modern non-linear models, as well as a shift from derivational theories to representational frameworks. An exploration of the phonetics/phonology interface through the application of gestures is considered an advantage of using the dependency framework over other theories of phonology. The focus of the dissertation is the description of phonetically-motivated and morphologically-motivated Xhosa phonological processes. A brief exposition of the use of the dependency framework in non-assimilatory Xhosa phonological processes is given as a possible recommendation in the conclusion of the dissertation. / Language Education, Arts and Culture / M.A. (African Languages)