Effects of marketing mix tools, such as price promotions and digital advertising, are dynamic and long-term. Yet marketing literature has mainly focused on their immediate and short-term effects. Marketing Mix changes consumers' state, such as expectations and beliefs, and the changed state affects consumers' subsequent behaviors and responses to marketing stimuli and treatment, which may cause unintended consequences and generate important marketing opportunities as well. In Essay 1, we uncover the perils of tensile discounts (e.g., maximum discounts such as "up to 60% off") by examining their effects on store visits and purchases. Through a series of studies and using a multi-method approach including empirical data analysis, quasi-field experiment, numerical simulations, and controlled lab studies, we find that despite the initial efficacy in shaping consumer discount expectations and stimulating store visits, a maximum discount (vs. a minimum discount such as "starting at 20% off" or a range discount such as "20% off to 60% off") could reduce consumer purchases in many conditions. There is thus a need to balance the outcomes of the two stages and choose the optimal tensile discount under different discount distributions to maximize store sales. In Essay 2, we investigate how digital platforms leverage curation source (algorithm or human) advertising to promote depth or breadth selling and best sequence these two types of advertising to further improve advertising effects. Through a survey study and a field experiment, we find that consumers have a lay belief about the competitive advantages of algorithms and humans that algorithms (humans) generate personalized (novel) recommendations, and importantly, they consider and purchase products similar (new) to their previous preferences when receiving such advertising. Moreover, the complementarity between depth and breadth selling can be best leveraged in sequential advertising by the initial breadth selling amplifying the subsequent depth selling effectiveness. Thus, a carefully-sequenced hybrid advertising can help cultivate consumers’ ever-renewing interests and consumption. / Business Administration/Marketing

本研究旨在探討價格促銷型式，廣告參考價格與原產國對 消費者的品質 評價與購買意願之影響。本研究以政大商學院 一、大二１７６位學生為 對象，而以成衣為作為研究產品，簽罌情砭情砭惘]子實驗設計進行研究 。主要的統計分析方法隻h變量多異數分析，且以ＳＡＳ作為本研究之分 析工具。主n研究結果如下：? 不同的價格促銷型式對消費者的品質評價 無顯著的影響效 果，但平均而言，消費者在品質認知上，對以打折方式 促 銷的成衣仍高於以特價方式促銷的成衣。? 不同高低水準的廣告參 考價格，對消費者的品質認知有顯 著的影響效果，亦即較高的廣告參考 價格使消費者產生較 高的品質認知。? 受試者對美製成衣的品質認知 高於台製成衣。

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Lista de tabelas, lista de figuras entram antes do sumário; Att, Mayara 3799-3438 on 2018-01-26T20:50:14Z (GMT) / Submitted by Monica Antunes do Couto (monicaacouto@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-28T23:19:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Monica Couto.pdf: 1487098 bytes, checksum: 9f91f6546893867e1e2c1acb4e39b06f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-29T20:48:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Monica Couto.pdf: 1487098 bytes, checksum: 9f91f6546893867e1e2c1acb4e39b06f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-30T11:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Monica Couto.pdf: 1487098 bytes, checksum: 9f91f6546893867e1e2c1acb4e39b06f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a sensibilidade do consumidor a preço após promoções com diferentes percentuais de desconto em produtos líderes e não líderes e com duas maneiras distintas de comunicação da oferta. Tal questão é relevante, pois um plano de oferta otimizado possibilita ganho dos dois lados da cadeia: consumidor e varejista. O consumidor reconhece e valoriza a oferta e o supermercadista não sofre com o desperdício de recursos financeiros, ou com a aplicação de recursos em produtos que trazem pouco retorno à empresa. Além disso, se a empresa compreende o comportamento do cliente em períodos promocionais é possível projetar melhor as receitas e o estoque. Algumas variações de desconto não são reconhecidas pelos clientes e, portanto, não resultam em aumento na quantidade comprada. Além disso, a maneira que uma oferta é comunicada desempenha um papel fundamental para o sucesso de uma promoção de preço, seja ela para produtos líderes ou não líderes. Os resultados dos experimentos foram medidos de maneira comparativa entre os produtos analisados. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma rede de supermercados no interior do Estado de São Paulo e é quantitativa experimental. Este estudo pretende contribuir para a prática empresarial e acadêmica. No plano corporativo, possibilita um melhor entendimento de como variações no percentual de desconto de preço influenciam de maneira diferente na quantidade vendida, oferece alternativas que possibilitam aos varejistas a implantação de políticas de oferta mais eficientes, ampliando o conhecimento da relação: precificação e respostas dos consumidores, e mostra que mudanças simples na maneira de comunicar a oferta geram impactos importantes na quantidade vendida. Já no plano acadêmico, agrega conteúdo à literatura de precificação no varejo. Os resultados deste estudo trazem implicações para os varejistas e a indústria alimentícia. / The present study aims to investigate the price sensitivity of consumers to price and promotions with different percentages of price reduction in leading and non-leading products and to two different ways of communicating the offer. This investigation is relevant, since optimized alternatives allow the gain of both sides: consumer and retailer. To the consumers, as they recognize and value the price promotion, and to the supermarkets, as they will not suffer from the waste of financial resources, or the application of resources in products that bring little return to the company. In addition, if the company understands customer behavior during promotional efforts, sales and inventories can be better predicted. Some price promotional discount variations are not recognized by customers and therefore do not result in an increase in the quantity purchased. In addition, the way an offer is communicated plays a key role in the success of a price promotion, whether for leading or non-leading products. An empirical research through experimental design was conducted, allowing valuable comparisons among different products and different price and promotional alternatives. The research was carried out in a supermarket chain in cities of the State of São Paulo. This study offers contributions not only to conceptual frameworks, but also to business applications. At the corporate level, it contributes to: a better understanding of how variations in the percentage of price discounts influence the quantity sold, offers alternatives for retailers to implement more efficient promotional policies, broadens the knowledge about the relationship between pricing and consumer responses, and shows that simple changes in the way to communicate promotions can have significant impacts on the quantity sold. In the conceptual context, it aggregates knowledge to the literature of pricing in the retail industry. The results of this study have therefore implications for retailers and for the food industry.

Background: As businesses started to recognize the potential of live streaming platforms in reaching and engaging with their target audience, live streaming commerce (LSC) started to gain traction and popularity over the past few years. LSC, with its elements of time pressure, price promotion, and interaction, plays a significant role in influencing consumers’ impulsive buying behaviour. The live nature of these streams create a sense of urgency, making viewers feel like they need to act quickly before the opportunity is gone. Price promotions, such as limited-time discounts or exclusive deals, entice viewers to make impulsive purchases to take advantage of the savings. Moreover, the interactive aspect of live streaming allows viewers to ask questions and receive real-time responses, which enhances the overall shopping experience and can further stimulate impulsive buying. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to investigate how Gen Z consumers’ impulsive buying behaviour of cosmetics through LSC is influenced by three factors, being; time pressure, price promotion, and interaction. As well as how emotions such as the feeling of urgency, the feeling of excitement, and perceived enjoyment could mediate this relationship. Methodology: A deductive research approach  and a quantitative method was selected and utilised for this research. To gather data, a self-completion questionnaire was developed in Google Forms, taking into consideration ethical and societal factors. A total of 312 valid responses were collected, which were then subjected to descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis, and mediation analysis.  Findings: The results of this research revealed that H2 and H3 were accepted, indicating that price promotion and interaction have a significant positive impact on Gen Z consumers’ impulsive buying behaviour in LSC. In the same vein, H1a, H2a, and H3a, i.e., the feeling of urgency, excitement, and perceived enjoyment were accepted. However, H1, measuring the influence of time pressure, was rejected.  Conclusion: This study concluded that price promotion (H2) and interaction (H3) have a positive influence on the impulsive buying behaviour of Generation Z consumers. However, time pressure (H1) was not found to have a significant impact. Additionally, the results indicate that the feeling of urgency (H1a) mediates the relationship between time pressure and impulsive buying behaviour, the feeling of excitement (H2a) mediates the relationship between price promotion and impulsive buying behaviour, and perceived enjoyment (H3a) mediates the relationship between interaction and impulsive buying behaviour among Gen Z consumers in Sweden. Keywords: “Live Streaming Commerce” “Live Streaming E-commerce” “Time Pressure” “Price Promotion” “Interaction” “Impulsive Buying Behaviour” “Urgency” “Excitement” “Perceived Enjoyment” “Quantitative Research”.

摘要 隨著時代變遷，行銷手法愈來愈推陳出新，商品零售市場的競爭也愈來愈激烈，走進零售店會看到二件八折，第二件五折或是買一送一等降價促銷活動；剛開始做第二件五折的時候，業績瞬間成長，但是多做幾次之後，效益可能就開始往下降，因此可能開始加碼做買一送一，或是增加降價促銷的頻率，最後無法抽身，而陷入一個不得不做的僵局。所以，如何訂定適當的行銷策略，在價格促銷深度和頻率間取得平衡點，追求最大的效益，是製造商常常面臨的問題與決策。 本研究使用尼爾森量販店商品掃描資料，以餅乾銷售資料做為研究品類，探討價格促銷深度與頻率的相互關係，如何影響消費者購買趨勢。本研究根據迴歸線性模型，利用銷售資料先了解前期、節慶及競爭者等變數對該品類的影響，再分析不同的促銷折扣下的價格彈跳幅度，最後分別以二個月及三個月為單位搭配促銷的頻率，看前期有無促銷的時候，對最後一個月不同的價格促銷深度時的業績增加幅度影響。 最後以消費者預期下一次促銷時間與預期價格差異的行為理論，針對本研究結果做分析，提供行銷建議。

近年來國人旅遊風氣盛行，旅遊產業規模日益增大也帶動了住宿業的商機。根據中華民國交通部觀光局的統計，2015年國人國內平均旅遊次數為8.5次，國外旅遊平均為0.56次。與2014年相比，國內旅遊總旅次成長了14.25%，國外總旅次則成長11.3%；旅遊總費用亦有可觀的成長，其中住宿又是主要的支出項目，約占旅遊總支出的33%。隨著網際網路的發達，消費者對旅遊規劃的自主性提高，帶動自由行的風潮，也讓訂房網站得以快速擴張。然而訂房網站面對的是一群價格敏感度較高的消費者，同時產業內多元的競爭者也讓網站業者面臨更激烈的價格競爭，大多以強調低價為主要的行銷手段。本研究欲探討訂房網站行銷4P策略，特別是價格策略，對顧客滿意度與忠誠度之影響，以及影響訂房網站滿意度之消費者心理因素。 本研究透過文獻探討決定研究變數並建立研究架構，再以問卷調查的方式蒐集初級樣本資料，共蒐集295份有效問卷，並以敘述性統計及迴歸分析等方法進行假設驗證。 研究結果發現低價策略及價格/非價格促銷策略皆無法讓消費者同時達到行為及態度忠誠。網站品質、關係行銷策略以及主打經驗性的品牌形象可以透過提升滿意度進而達到顧客忠誠。然而本研究發現當消費者有安全或隱私風險的疑慮時，會對常態性低價策略及短期的價格促銷的滿意度造成不同的影響。本研究認為訂房網站必須跳脫價格競爭的泥淖，做出差異化的策略，同時保障消費者個資以及交易安全，才能確保永續經營的優勢。 / The expansion of tourism industry has thrived the online accommodation reservation market. The increased popularity of Internet has lowered the cost of information search and inspired people to become more willing to arrange their tours online. Consumers who reserve accommodation online are considered more price sensitive than those who do so through the offline channel. In order to attract consumers, online travel agencies (OTA) use different marketing tools, and put special emphasis on providing price incentives such as EDLP strategy or temporary price discount. In this study, we investigate how OTAs’ marketing strategies (including product attributes, price strategy, website quality, promtions and brand image) influence customer satisfaction and loyalty. Also, we will find out whether consumers’ perceived risk will influence the effectiveness of OTAs’ pricing strategy. A total number of 295 samples were obtained through Internet questionnaire conducted by the study. It was found that 1. EDLP has significantly positive effect on satisfaction while temporary price promotion doesn’t. However, both pricing strategies aren’t able to achieve complete customer loyalty, which is comprised of behavioral and attitual dimension. 2. The loyalty program of OTA has significantly negative effect on satisfaction. 3. Enhancing website quality, conducting relationship marketing and creating experiential brand image have significantly positive effect on both satisfaction and loyalty. 4. Consumers’ perceived risk will pose different effect on EDLP and temporary price promotion.