O donatismo, uma dissidência religiosa cristã, ocupou um lugar de destaque na cristandade africana entre os séculos IV e V, dividindo-a e polarizando-a em duas vertentes, sendo o foco da atenção de importantes pensadores do período, como Agostinho de Hipona e Optato de Milevo. Sua singularidade advém de se tratar, em sua gênese, de uma querela quanto à conduta moral do clero. Em uma época de dissidências doutrinárias principalmente trinitárias, o donatismo foi considerado como um desdobramento das perseguições perpetradas por Diocleciano; estas teriam deixado vestígios indeléveis, sementes para novos desentendimentos geradores de cismas e divisões. O presente estudo busca explorar as noções básicas de retórica, ou retórica cristã (conforme esta era entendida por Agostinho), e a delimitação do ethos constituído para a vertente donatista pelo bispo de Hipona, seu adversário. A partir da premissa de que o que estava realmente em jogo na querela era a definição de qual das vertentes era verdadeiramente a portadora do legado de Cristo, a presente pesquisa procura abordar duas questões fundamentais na gênese da mesma: a concepção de via salvífica e o batismo. Almeja-se, portanto, investigar o ethos retórico imputado aos donatistas por Agostinho por meio de uma consideração da representação e das justificativas da dissidência presentes nos tratados anti-donatistas desse tão célebre autor. / Donatism was a particularly significant Christian dissidence within African Christianity between the 4th and 5th centuries AD, one that split Christians into two highly polarized factions and became an object of study for important thinkers of the period, such as Augustine of Hippo and Optatus of Milevis. Its uniqueness comes from the fact that it originally consisted of a quarrel concerning the moral conduct of members of the clergy. At a time of doctrinarian disagreements that were mostly of a Trinitarian nature, Donatism was regarded as having unfolded from the religious persecutions perpetrated by Diocletian; the latter were seen as having left an indelible mark upon Christianity, and as having sowed the seeds for future discord and schisms. It is the intention of the present study to investigate the basic notions of rhetoric, particularly as applied to Christian values, present in the thought of Augustine, as well as the characteristics of the ethos said author gradually built for his adversaries, the Donatists. Starting from the premise that what was really at stake in the controversy was determining which of the two factions was the true bearer of the legacy of Christ, the investigation seeks to approach two issues at the heart of the quarrel: namely, the notion of a true path to salvation and the sacrament of baptism. Its aim is, therefore, to analyze the rhetorical ethos Augustine characterized the Donatists with by means of a consideration of the way this particular dissidence was portrayed in the anti-Donatist treatises produced by the celebrated bishop of Hippo.

O saco vitelino é a principal fonte de nutrição do embrião durante o período em que a placenta verdadeira ainda não está completamente formada. É responsável pela hematopoiese, pois dele se desenvolvem os primórdios das células sanguíneas, bem como parte do sistema circulatório primitivo do embrião. Tivemos como objetivo caracterizar a área transicional do saco vitelino para o intestino primitivo através de análise macroscópica, microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e reação imunohistoquímica para detecção de células germinativas (Oct-4). Foram realizados cortes seqüenciais de todos os embriões para permitir a visualização da estrutura como um todo. Nas amostras obtidas, pudemos observar a presença do saco vitelino com a área de conexão com intestino primitivo composto por inúmeras ilhotas vasculares que correspondem aos vasos envolvidos pelas células vitelínicas e células mesenquimais. No interior dos vasos identificamos hemangioblastos em grande quantidade. A camada correspondente ao mesênquima é delgada e com células alongadas e endoderma da membrana vitelínica é composto por células endodérmicas, grandes, uni ou binucleadas. Tal arranjo celular se assemelha a uma glândula devido a sua arquitetura em ilhas vasculares somado às camadas teciduais. O epitélio do intestino primitivo inicia sua diferenciação com células colunares estratificadas e bordadura em escova seguido de células mesenquimais indiferenciadas. A área transicional entre o saco vitelínico e o intestino primitivo é estreita em relação à luz destas duas estruturas com células de formato irregular, constituindo um delicado revestimento no lúmen contendo hemangioblastos. No mesênquima da área transicional inúmeros e pequenos capilares foram observados com hemangioblastos em seu interior. Em embriões e fetos submetidos à imunohistoquímica, verificamos células reativas como o metanefro, gônadas, parênquima hepático e saco vitelino. / The yolk sac is the main source of embryo nutrition during the period that true placenta are not still formed and responsible by hematopoieses because from it were developed the blood cells, as a part of embryo primitive circulatory system. We aimed to characterize the transitional area between the yolk sac and the primitive intestine by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and detection of germ cell lines by Oct-4 immunohistochemistry. Were done in all embryos serial sections to permit the identification for all structures. Were possible identify the yolk sac connection with primitive intestine composed by many blood islet corresponding to relation with yolk and mesenchymals cells. Inside the vessels were identified hemangioblasts. The layer corresponding to mesenchyme is thin and with elongated cells and the vitellinic membrane endoderm is composed by large, uni or binucleate endodermic cells. This shape is similar to a gland related to their architecture, vessels islets and tissue layers. Primitive intestine epithelium begins their differentiation with stratified columnar cells and undifferentiated mesenchymals cells. This transitional area is thin related to their lumen with irregular shape and constituted by delicate lumen basement and hemangioblast. Inside the mesenchyme there are many smaller capillaries observed with hemangioblast in it. Embryos and fetus submitted to immunohistochemistry and were verified positive cells like metanefrons, gonads, hepatic parenchyma and yolk sac.

This thesis addresses the relatively narrow understanding of simple polyphony in music history. Using three examples, I provide a survey, mostly of secondary literature available in English, and offer an overview of the use of simple polyphony in three different places and time periods in Western Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. More specifically, I examine the music of the Devotio Moderna in the Low Countries and Northern Germany during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Llibre Vermell and Iberian pilgrim culture in the fourteenth century, and the laude and processional genres in Northern Italy during the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. My purpose is to bring the topic of simple polyphony—significant despite its simplicity—back to the center of the music history narrative.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-12-06T18:26:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadna Cléia de Araújo Barros.pdf: 693213 bytes, checksum: 663b8d0dcbbd21c1f7f3410e0d0f1e6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T18:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadna Cléia de Araújo Barros.pdf: 693213 bytes, checksum: 663b8d0dcbbd21c1f7f3410e0d0f1e6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research, of theoretical nature, had as objective to discuss the trauma related to the theory of primitive emotional development proposed on the work of D. W. Winnicott, as well as the association with the illnesses of patients called difficult. For this purpose, the theory of maturational development was initially presented in its general aspects, emphasizing the importance assigned by the author to the environmental function during human life beginning and, consequently, the motherly flaws which, being established as a pattern, contribute to the emergence of several forms of psychic suffering. It was sought, then, to express Winnicott’s contributions to the field of psychoanalytic nosography, mentioning the classification and characterization of some pathological manifestations, highlighting the forms of illnesses originated from early environmental flaws. Thereafter, the evolution of the trauma concept stands out in the author’s work, with the systematization of his propositions from the first reference to the term, in 1931, until the last discussion, held in a 1969 text. In the final part, the handling and its specificities in trauma practice were approached, emphasizing the modified analysis and the regression to absolute dependence, as to highlight the importance of adaptation in analytical environment to the fundamental needs of the patient / Esta pesquisa, de natureza teórica, teve como objetivo discutir o trauma em relação à teoria do desenvolvimento emocional primitivo proposta na obra de D. W. Winnicott, bem como a associação com o adoecimento dos pacientes ditos difíceis. Para tanto, foi apresentada inicialmente a teoria do desenvolvimento maturacional nos seus aspectos gerais, enfatizando-se a importância atribuída pelo autor à função ambiental nos primórdios da vida humana e, consequentemente, às falhas maternas que, ao se estabelecerem como um padrão, contribuem para o surgimento de diversas formas de padecimento psíquico. Buscou-se, então, explicitar as contribuições de Winnicott para o campo da nosografia psicanalítica, trazendo a classificação e caracterização de algumas manifestações patológicas, com destaque para as formas de adoecimento originárias de falhas ambientais precoces. Em seguida, ganha destaque a evolução do conceito de trauma na obra do autor, com a sistematização de suas proposições desde a primeira referência ao termo, em 1931, até a última discussão, realizada em texto de 1969. Na parte final, foi abordado o manejo e suas especificidades na clínica do trauma, enfatizando-se a análise modificada e a regressão à dependência absoluta, de modo a se ressaltar a importância da adaptação do ambiente analítico às necessidades fundamentais do paciente

La myélofibrose primitive (MFP) est un néoplasme myéloprolifératif (NMP) chronique BCR-ABL1-négatif associant une dérégulation de l’hématopoïèse (myéloprolifération, dysmégacaryopoïèse et migration des cellules souches et progéniteurs hématopoïétiques (CSH/PH)) à une altération du stroma médullaire et splénique (fibrose ostéomyélosclérose, néoangiogenèse). Le mégacaryocyte (MK) est un acteur majeur de sa pathogenèse, via la production de cytokines et facteurs fibrosants, dans un contexte inflammatoire. Plusieurs arguments suggèrent que les mutations JAK2V617F et MPL515L/K qui caractérisent les NMP ne sont pas les événements initiaux de la MFP car elles ne sont retrouvées que chez la moitié des patients. L’objectif de mon travail a été de rechercher si d’autres anomalies, géniques ou non, pouvaient expliquer la pathogenèse de la MFP. Pour cela, parallèlement à une démarche génomique (transcriptome et CGH array), nous avons développé une approche de biologie cellulaire ciblée sur le rôle du stroma hématopoïétique. Bien que n’ayant pas identifié d’autres anomalies génomiques que celles décrites dans la littérature et en particulier, la délétion 13q, les approches génomiques que nous avons développées nous ont permis de préciser les bornes de cette délétion dans les PH CD34+ et les polynucléaires des patients. Cette délétion (région chromosomique minimale 13q14-13q21) est située à 2 mégabases (télomérique) du cluster FLT où est localisé le gène FLT3. Plusieurs arguments nous ont ensuite conduits à rechercher si le couple Flt3-ligand/Flt3 était impliqué dans la dérégulation de l’hématopoïèse et plus particulièrement dans la dysmégacaryopoïèse observée chez les patients. Parmi ceux-ci, citons : 1) l’existence d’une modulation d’expression de gènes inclus dans la zone de délétion 13q et dans le cluster FLT, dont le gène FLT3 et 2) le fait que Flt3, un récepteur clé de la régulation de l’hématopoïèse primitive, soit souvent impliqué dans la pathogenèse d’hémopathies malignes et que son ligand, Flt3-ligand, soit majoritairement produit par le stroma hématopoïétique. Notre étude montre une dérégulation de Flt3 et des MAPKs p38 dans les PH CD34+ et les MK des patients atteints de MFP et ceci, quelque soit leur statut mutationnel Jak2. Elle démontre également que la persistance de la stimulation de l’axe Flt3/p38 en réponse à une production accrue de Flt3 ligand, participe à la dysmégacaryopoïèse qui caractérise la maladie. En effet, nous avons mis en évidence : 1) une augmentation du taux sérique de Flt3 ligand et de son expression par les cellules du stroma médullaire et splénique ainsi que par les PH des patients atteints de MFP, 2) une surexpression spécifique de son récepteur Flt3 et de sa phosphorylation dans les CSH/PH CD34+ et les progéniteurs mégacaryocytaires (MK), qui persistent au cours de la différenciation MK, quelque soit le statut mutationnel de Jak2 des patients, 3) une activation de Flt3 dans les progéniteurs MK en réponse au Flt3 ligand conduisant à la phosphorylation en cascade de la voie de signalisation des MAPKs p38 et à l’expression de ses gènes cibles tels que AP-1, p53, NFATc4, ATF2, IL-8, 4) une restauration de la mégacaryopoïèse et une inhibition de la migration (Flt3-ligand)-dépendante des progéniteurs MK des patients après inhibition de Flt3 ou de p38.Nos résultats confirment l’importance d’une altération des MAPKs dans une dérégulation de l’hématopoïèse et soulignent le rôle d’une activation persistante de la voie p38, via le couple Flt3-ligand/Flt3, dans la dysmégacaryopoïèse qui caractérise la myélofibrose primitive. Ils suggèrent également que cette dérégulation participe au processus inflammatoire à l’origine de la réaction stromale et « lit » d’une transformation leucémique potentielle. Ce dialogue altéré entre les cellules hématopoïétiques pathologiques (Bad seeds), en particulier mégacaryocytaires et les cellules stromales (Bad soil), conforte notre concept « Bad seeds in Bad soil ». / The primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm (NMP) BCR-ABL1-negative associating a dysregulation of hematopoiesis (myeloproliferation, dysmegacaryopoiesis and egress of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC / PH)) from an altered bone marrow stroma (osteosclerosis, fibrosis, angiogenesis) to the spleen. The megakaryocyte (MK) is a major player in its pathogenesis through the production of cytokines and fibrotic factors in an inflammatory context. Several arguments suggest that mutations JAK2V617F and MPL515L / K which characterize the NMP are not the initial events of the PMF since they are found only in half of patients. The aim of my work was to investigate whether other abnormalities, genetic or otherwise, could explain the pathogenesis of the PMF. For this, a process parallel to genomics (transcriptome and CGH array), we developed a cell biology approach focused on the role of hematopoietic stroma.Although we have not identified other genomic abnormalities as those described in the literature and in particular, deletion 13q, by genomic approaches we have clarified the limits of this deletion in the PH CD34+ and polymorphonuclear patients. This deletion (chromosomal region 13q14-13q21 minimum) is located 2 megabases (telomeric) of the cluster where is located the FLT gene FLT3. Several arguments have then led to inquire whether the couple was involved in Flt3-ligand/Flt3 deregulation of hematopoiesis, especially in the dysmegakaryopoiesis observed in patients. Among these are: 1) the existence of an expression modulation of genes included in the area of deletion 13q and FLT in the cluster, as gene FLT3 and 2) the fact that Flt3, a key receptor the regulation of primitive hematopoiesis, is often implicated in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies and its ligand, Flt3-ligand, was predominantly produced by the hematopoietic stroma.Our study shows dysregulation of Flt3 and p38 MAPKs in CD34+ and PH MK from patients with PMF and this, whatever their Jak2 mutation status. It also shows that persistent stimulation of the axis Flt3/p38 in response to increased production of Flt3 ligand, participates in the dysmegacaryopoiesis that characterizes the disease. Indeed, we have highlighted: 1) an increase in serum Flt3 ligand and its expression by stromal cells and bone marrow and spleen by PH patients with PMF, 2) a specific overexpression of its receptor Flt3 and its phosphorylation in HSC / PH CD34+ and megakaryocytic progenitors (MK), which persist during the MK differentiation, regardless of the mutational status of Jak2 patients, 3) activation of Flt3 in MK progenitors by the Flt3 ligand leads to phosphorylation cascade signaling pathway, p38 MAPK and expression of its target genes such as AP-1, p53, NFATc4, ATF2, IL-8, 4) a restoration of megakaryopoiesis and inhibition of migration (Flt3-ligand)-dependent patients after of MK progenitors by Flt3 or p38 inhibitors.Our results confirm the importance of an alteration of MAPKs in a deregulation of hematopoiesis and highlight the role of a persistent activation of the p38 pathway, via the couple Flt3-ligand/Flt3 in the dysmegakaryopoiesis that characterizes idiopathic myelofibrosis. They also suggest that this dysregulation contributes to the inflammatory process at the origin of the stromal reaction and "bed" of a leukemic transformation potential. The dialogue among impaired hematopoietic cell disease (Bad Seeds), especially the stromal cells and megakaryocyte (Bad Soil), reinforces our concept of "Bad Seeds in Bad Soil". This work could help improve the dialogue with therapeutic approaches targeting the axis Flt3-ligand/Flt3 mediated by activation of p38 which, by reducing the inflammatory process, re-establish a link between the "seed" and the "Soil".

La variabilité spatiale et temporelle des biomarqueurs entre tumeur primitive et métastase est une question clé à une époque où une meilleure individualisation des thérapeutiques est vivement attendue par les cliniciens, les chercheurs et les patients. Le projet de la thèse est de préciser les profils moléculaires différentiels entre tumeur primitive et métastases. Des échantillons conservés congélation issus de deux cohortes de patients ont été considérés : cancer bronchique non à petites cellules (15 patients) et cancer colorectal (13 patients, dont 11 patients avec contrôle de tissus sains). Ces prélèvements ont été analysés par séquençage haut débit et en expression génique afin d'étudier l'hétérogénéité tumorale lors de la progression métastatique et ainsi que les voies potentiellement impliquées dans le processus métastatique.Une forte conservation des profils génomiques est observée à la première progression métastatique pour les gènes récurrents des cancers bronchiques non à petites cellules et des cancers colorectaux. Si les études d'expression génique ne permettent pas de mettre en évidence de profil spécifique de la métastase, elles apportent des éléments utiles sur la conservation de certaines voies importantes dans les processus oncogéniques, identifient des gènes d'intérêt particulier dans l'étude de la progression métastatique et soulignent l'impact de l'effet tissu pour les analyses d'expression. / The question of spatial and temporal variability of biomarkers in solid tumors is a key issue in an era where personalized therapy is strongly advocated by clinicians, researchers and patients. The purpose of the work is to compare molecular profiles of primary tumor and matched metastasis in order to precise tumor heterogeneity during metastatic progression and to investigate pathways potentially involved in the metastatic process.Frozen samples from two cohorts of patients were considered: non-small cell lung cancer (15 patients) and colorectal cancer (13 patients, 11 patients with healthy control tissues). These samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and gene expression. Highly conserved genomic profiles were observed in the first metastatic progression for known recurrent genes in non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer. If gene expression studies do not highlight specific profile of metastasis, they provide useful data on the conservation of some important oncogenic pathways; identify genes of interest in the study of metastatic progression and highlight the putative impact of the effect of healthy tissue for expression analysis.

In the late antique West, every individual becoming Christian first entered the community as a catechumen (catechumenus). Many spent several years in this status called the catechumenate, only ending with baptism and the acquisition of the membership of the faithful (fideles). This thesis considers the catechumenate not only as an initiation but as a peculiar way of being Christian. It demonstrates the fluid nature of Christian membership and shows how clerics strove to develop their authority over catechumens to build a cohesive community in a context of rivalry between churches and polemical controversies. The catechumenate both enabled converts to adhere progressively to the community and constituted an opportunity for clerics to set a standard path of progression, enforce discipline and define what it meant to be a Christian. This thesis opens up new avenues to study the process of Christianisation by stressing the continuous significance of the catechumenate for the formation of Christian communities in late antiquity. After an introduction, Chapter Two focuses on Augustine's recollections of his time as a catechumen. Chapter Three looks at Augustine to investigate more broadly the practices of catechumeni, shedding light on the pervasive polemical context in which they are discussed. Chapter Four provides case studies on the cross put on the forehead to manifest Christian membership and the treatise De fide et operibus, exploring how Augustine aimed at shaping practices and ideas. Chapter Five investigates contemporary evidence: first an African canon regulating the ritual participation of catechumeni, then sermons describing unique rituals of the baptismal preparation and demonstrating that practices often varied locally. Chapter Six compares the sixth-century letter exchanges between Ferrandus and Fulgentius with John the Deacon's letter to Senarius, showing the enduring importance of the catechumenate in the West and the creative reception of earlier African sources addressing recurrent pastoral problems.

No description available.

O donatismo, uma dissidência religiosa cristã, ocupou um lugar de destaque na cristandade africana entre os séculos IV e V, dividindo-a e polarizando-a em duas vertentes, sendo o foco da atenção de importantes pensadores do período, como Agostinho de Hipona e Optato de Milevo. Sua singularidade advém de se tratar, em sua gênese, de uma querela quanto à conduta moral do clero. Em uma época de dissidências doutrinárias principalmente trinitárias, o donatismo foi considerado como um desdobramento das perseguições perpetradas por Diocleciano; estas teriam deixado vestígios indeléveis, sementes para novos desentendimentos geradores de cismas e divisões. O presente estudo busca explorar as noções básicas de retórica, ou retórica cristã (conforme esta era entendida por Agostinho), e a delimitação do ethos constituído para a vertente donatista pelo bispo de Hipona, seu adversário. A partir da premissa de que o que estava realmente em jogo na querela era a definição de qual das vertentes era verdadeiramente a portadora do legado de Cristo, a presente pesquisa procura abordar duas questões fundamentais na gênese da mesma: a concepção de via salvífica e o batismo. Almeja-se, portanto, investigar o ethos retórico imputado aos donatistas por Agostinho por meio de uma consideração da representação e das justificativas da dissidência presentes nos tratados anti-donatistas desse tão célebre autor. / Donatism was a particularly significant Christian dissidence within African Christianity between the 4th and 5th centuries AD, one that split Christians into two highly polarized factions and became an object of study for important thinkers of the period, such as Augustine of Hippo and Optatus of Milevis. Its uniqueness comes from the fact that it originally consisted of a quarrel concerning the moral conduct of members of the clergy. At a time of doctrinarian disagreements that were mostly of a Trinitarian nature, Donatism was regarded as having unfolded from the religious persecutions perpetrated by Diocletian; the latter were seen as having left an indelible mark upon Christianity, and as having sowed the seeds for future discord and schisms. It is the intention of the present study to investigate the basic notions of rhetoric, particularly as applied to Christian values, present in the thought of Augustine, as well as the characteristics of the ethos said author gradually built for his adversaries, the Donatists. Starting from the premise that what was really at stake in the controversy was determining which of the two factions was the true bearer of the legacy of Christ, the investigation seeks to approach two issues at the heart of the quarrel: namely, the notion of a true path to salvation and the sacrament of baptism. Its aim is, therefore, to analyze the rhetorical ethos Augustine characterized the Donatists with by means of a consideration of the way this particular dissidence was portrayed in the anti-Donatist treatises produced by the celebrated bishop of Hippo.

Orientador: Alexandre César Rodrigues da Silva / Resumo: Devido ao grande avanço da tecnologia e à miniaturização de circuitos, o estudo de sistemas lógicos que podem ser aplicados à nanotecnologia vem sendo realizado de forma abrangente. Para criação de circuitos nanoeletrônicos destacam-se a lógica reversível e a lógica majoritária. Neste trabalho é proposto o algoritmo MPC, utilizado para síntese de lógica majoritária. O algoritmo recebe uma tabela verdade como entrada e retorna uma função majoritária que cobre o mesmo conjunto de mintermos. A criação de uma função de saída válida é realizada a partir da combinação entre funções primitivas previamente otimizadas. Como critério de custo busca-se a geração de funções que tenham a menor quantidade de níveis, seguida da menor quantidade de operadores, inversores e literais. Nesse trabalho também é realizada a comparação do MPC com o algoritmo exact_mig, considerado o melhor algoritmo para síntese de funções majoritárias atualmente. O exact_mig codifica a síntese exata de funções utilizando a quantidade de níveis e operadores como critério de custo. O MPC utiliza dois critérios de custo adicionais, o número de inversores e o número de literais, com o objetivo de otimizar ainda mais os resultados gerados pelo exact_mig. Dessa forma, o MPC busca a síntese de funções que possuam a mesma quantidade de níveis e de operadores, mas com uma quantidade menor de inversores e literais. Testes mostraram que ambos os algoritmos retornam soluções ótimas para todas as funções com 3 variáveis de ent... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to technology advancements and circuits miniaturization, the study of logic systems that can be applied to nanotechnology has been progressing steadily. Among the creation of nanoeletronic circuits the reversible and majority logic stands out. This paper proposes the MPC (Majority Primitives Combination) algorithm, used for majority logic synthesis. The algorithm receives a truth table as input and returns a majority function that covers the same set of minterms. The formulation of a valid output function is made with the combination of previously optimized functions. As cost criteria the algorithm searches for a function with the minimum number of levels, followed by the minimum number of gates, inverters, and literals. In this paper it's also presented a comparison between the MPC and the exact_mig, currently considered the best algorithm for majority synthesis. The exact_mig encode the exact synthesis of majority functions using the number of levels and gates as cost criteria. The MPC considers two additional cost criteria, the number of inverters and the number of literals, with the goal to further improve exact_mig results. Therefore, the MPC aims to synthesize functions with the same amount of levels and gates, but with less inverters and literals. Tests have shown that both algorithms return optimal solutions for all functions with 3 input variables. For functions with 4 inputs, the MPC is able to further improve 66% of all functions and achieves equal results for ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre