The justification of property ownership based on individual subjective rights is tightly bound to humanist moral perspectives. God is left out as irrelevant to the just grounds of ownership, which is established primarily on the basis of human self-referential, moral capacity. This thesis aims at developing an alternative justification, both for property as an institution and as a private holding, with a view to bringing God back into the centre stage and thereby placing property ownership on the objective concept of right. A tradition hitherto generally left unnoticed, yet uncovered here as the source of inspiration, vests the whole project with a moral-teleological tone. The tradition, enunciated by St. Augustine and developed by St. Bonaventure and John Wyclif, invites us to see property from the perspective of a moral end: it ought to be used for the love of God and neighbours, and as such it can be owned only by the just. In spite of important insights into the moral nature of property, the Augustinian thesis not only fails to spell out what ‘use for love’ means but also suffers from elitism. Nor does it offer an adequate justification of private property. Such weaknesses call for revision. When we reinterpret the Augustinian thesis through the concept of the divine imperative of service coupled with a proper understanding of human work, property acquires a distinctive justification. Property, as an institution, is justified as a requisite for carrying out God’s redemptive work towards the world. From this general justification ensues the particular justification. We hold property as specifically ‘mine,’ since each person’s ordained mission to participate in God’s work requires a uniquely personal material means, although the recognition and fulfilment of individual mission still demands communal efforts. The duty to carry out the God-commanded mission at first allows us to possess private property only in a non-proprietorial and non-exclusive manner. Yet in the prevailing condition of economic scarcity and human greed, civil jurisdiction must provide a structure of rights to enforce property institution. As God’s invitation for the transformation of the world is a universal command, everybody should have a minimum of property, and yet in differentiation of the scope and kinds commensurate with the particularities of individual mission.

Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutoral Getulio Targino Lima.pdf: 1640984 bytes, checksum: 8c934d939a76f446c8c86d036cca3843 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-29 / The aim of the present work is to demonstrate that the property right has suffered a serious crisis in its conceptual profile conformation, which has to be rebuilt due to the symptomatic changes occurred in the contemporary law, referred to its subjective right nature, to the absence of property character in its focus and to the intersubjectivity of the juridical relation that it is constituted by, to the new possession role derived from it, all due to the application of the social function principle. The methodological procedure determined a general survey of the institute, in time and space, from the ancient times to the contemporaneity. Next, a view about the property conceptual crises, according to the Code texts, the matter of the juridical appearance and substance of the property and the conflict between the individual nature and the social function of the property. After that, the social function of the property, its conceptual idea, the social function of the possessions and the role of the property right, the view of the principle in the foreign law and, finally, the institute in the Brazilian civil Codes: the previous and the current ones. Pursuing the aim of the thesis, the following chapter deals with the construction of the new property right, to which were analyzed the following topics: the right to the property and the right of property, the property as an active and passive intersubjective relation, a matter of property statutes, to define or not the appearance of many properties and a final draw of a new profile of this right. Next, the possession was treated, mainly the one derived from the property, to define the real role to be performed in the new property, going from a mere projection or external image of control to essential instrument for the fulfillment of its social function and, consequently, legitimacy element of constituent title of this right. In the last chapter, the treatment of the property in the constitutional plan, specially focusing the study of the human being and the principle of preserving the dignity, which is concluded to be the main fundamental and justificative of the functional, intersubjective and supportive property, which travels from the mere individualism to its function / O objetivo do presente trabalho é demonstrar que o direito de propriedade sofreu e ainda sofre uma crise séria, na conformação de seu perfil conceitual, que deve ser reconstruído, ante as sintomáticas mudanças ocorridas no direito contemporâneo, referentes à sua natureza de direito subjetivo, à despatrimonialização de seu enfoque e à intersubjetividade da relação jurídica que o constitui, e ao novo papel da posse dela derivada, tudo em decorrência da aplicação do princípio da função social. O procedimento metodológico determinou um levantamento geral do instituto, no tempo e no espaço, da antiguidade à contemporaneidade. A seguir, uma vista sobre as crises conceituais da propriedade, em face dos textos do Código, a questão da aparência e da substância jurídica da propriedade e o conflito entre a natureza individual e a função social da propriedade. Em seguida, a função social da propriedade, sua idéia conceitual, a função social dos bens e o papel do direito de propriedade, a visão do princípio no direito estrangeiro, e, finalmente, o instituto nos Códigos Civis brasileiros: o anterior e o vigente. Perseguindo o objetivo da tese, o capítulo seguinte trata da construção do novo direito de propriedade, para o que foram analisados os temas: direito à propriedade e direito de propriedade, a propriedade como relação intersubjetiva ativa e passiva, a questão dos estatutos proprietários, a definirem ou não o surgimento de várias propriedades e um traçado final de um novo perfil deste direito. Cuidou-se, em seguida, da posse, mormente a derivada da propriedade, para lhe definir o real papel a ser desempenhado na nova propriedade, passando de mera projeção ou imagem externa do domínio a instrumento essencial para o cumprimento da função social da mesma e, conseqüentemente, elemento de legitimação do título constitutivo deste direito. No último capítulo, buscou-se o tratamento da propriedade no plano constitucional, com especial relevo ao estudo da pessoa humana, e ao princípio do resguardo de sua dignidade, concluindo-se ser ele o principal fundamento e justificativa da propriedade funcionalizada, intersubjetiva e solidária, que se transporta do mero individualismo ao valor de sua função

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Margarida Maria Moura Mesquita.pdf: 632388 bytes, checksum: 33c84333243b0b4c6d95226952256067 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-14 / Socio-environmental function of urban private property is the central theme of this work. The study includes a historical analysis of the property and its development, which no longer has an absolute character going to have a social character, impacting not only on matters of urban as well as on issues relating to protecting the environment and quality of life. The theme of the need to review what we call theoretical assumptions of socio-environmental function of urban private property, where situate the origin of social function for advancing the examination of its various manifestations in different spheres such as environment, based on the qualifications legal. This approach requires, in addition, an approach to constitutional principles as a basis of our legal system apart from the issue, controversy still the limits and restrictions for the property may ultimately suffer for a balanced and sustainable society, phenomena that are legal underlying these instruments. Established the theoretical basis, continuing with the verification of their practical application, which is the analysis of the contribution of doctrine for understanding the rules of the articles contained in our Federal Constitution, Civil Code and other laws sparse, and, yet, No examination of the contribution of jurisprudence. In all, the apparent attempt to demonstrate that the use of the property directly impacts the quality of life of mankind, therefore, the comprehensiveness of the importance that the socio-environmental function of urban private property has to our lives, as part of harmonization of interests social and individual directed to achieving social justice / Função sócio-ambiental da propriedade privada urbana constitui o tema central deste trabalho. O estudo compreende o desenvolvimento e a análise histórica da propriedade, que deixa de ter um caráter absoluto, passando a ter um caráter social, impactando não somente nas questões de ordem urbanística como também nas referentes à proteção ao meio ambiente e à qualidade de vida. O tema proposto parte da necessidade de exame do que denominamos pressupostos teóricos da função sócio-ambiental da propriedade privada urbana, onde situamos a origem da função social avançando para o exame de suas diversas manifestações em diferentes esferas, como a ambiental, tendo por base os diplomas legais vigentes. Tal perspectiva exige, ainda, uma abordagem dos princípios constitucionais, como base do nosso sistema jurídico, além da questão, ainda polêmica, dos limites e restrições que o direito de propriedade pode vir a sofrer em prol de uma sociedade equilibrada e sustentável, fenômenos jurídicos que são subjacentes a esses instrumentos legais. Estabelecida a base teórica, prossegue-se com a verificação de sua aplicação prática, o que se revela na análise da contribuição da doutrina para a compreensão das regras dos artigos contidos na nossa Constituição Federal, Estatuto da Cidade, Código Civil e demais legislações esparsas, e, ainda, no exame da contribuição da jurisprudência. De tudo, resulta a tentativa de demonstrar que a utilização da propriedade impacta diretamente na qualidade de vida do ser humano, realçando a abrangência da importância que a função sócio-ambiental da propriedade privada urbana possui perante nossas vidas. Trata-se, pois, de um elemento de harmonização dos interesses sociais e individuais direcionado à concretização da justiça social

La domanialité des biens de l'administration publique à l'épreuve des régimes fonciers traditionnels pose le problème de la situation juridique du domaine au Mali. Il s'agit de donner la photographie des biens de l'administration publique ainsi que leur évolution par rapport aux régimes fonciers coutumiers. Cette étude passe naturellement par un aperçu historique des biens de l'Etat et des collectivités territoriales. Nous aborderons en même temps la situation juridique des biens au sens traditionnel de l'expression. Il sera notamment question de l'étude des biens pendant la période précoloniale, coloniale et postcoloniale. Avant la colonisation,le domaine tel que connu aujourd'hui n'existait pas et le mode de détention des biens était collectif. On ne parlait pas de domaine mais bien plutôt de propriété collective. Aussi, ce ne sont pas les lois qui ont établi les modes de tenure traditionnelle mais plutôt les principes quazi religieux. Les biens qui constituent aujourd'hui le domaine de l'Etat et des collectivités locales appartenaient, non pas aux hommes mais aux divinités. Ils étaient la propriété de la collectivité et étaient gérés le chef de terre ou le Dji tigui (propriétaire de l'eau). Ces derniers étaient les dépositaires d'une partie de la souveraineté divine et en même temps les délégués des puissances supérieures. Plus qu'ils ne les possédaient, la terre et l'eau étaient les propriétaires du chef de terre net du Dji tigui. Leurs obligations étaient dictées par les croyances ancestrales amoindries certes par le temps et les interprétations partisanes. Ces biens n'étaient pas dans le commerce juridique, ils étaient inaliénables. La propriété individuelle existait certes, mais elle n'était pas très repandue. Elle ne concernait ni la terre ni les cours d'eau. Cette propriété individuelle au sens du code civil ne pouvait concerner que certains biens biens mobiliers à l'exception de ceux qui constituaient la fortune mobilière indispensable des collectivités indigènes. A l'entame de la colonisation, l'Etat colonial décidait, non sans opposition, de mettre en place le système expérimenté en Australie du Sud par les anglais à savoir l'Act Torrens. Les indigènes avaient leur propre régime juridique et ne voulaient aucune bouleversements de leurs habitudes millénaires. Mais, dans la perspective de développer l'agriculture et l'industrie dans la nouvelle possession française, il importait d'introduire dans l'arsenal juridique de la colonie le principe de domanialité des biens. Pour ce faire, l'administrationdevait jouer toute sa partition. En conséquence, elle devait avoir les moyens de sa politique par la constitution, en premier lieu, d'un domaine public et privé. Cette constitution de domaine passait forcément par des spoliations de biens appartenant aux collectivités autochtones. A l'accession du pays à l'indépendance, la problématique est restée entière. Les textes coloniaux ont continué à régir le domaine jusqu'à l'adoption d'un code domanial et foncier en 1986. Les droits coutumiers désormais reconnus et magnifiés à la faveur de la valorisation des traditions séculaires contestent la primauté du droit écrit. Ce dernier reconnaît, qu'avant son avènement, les rapports juridiques et économiques entre individus et groupements d'individus étaient bien organisés. C'est d'ailleurs pourquoi le colonisateur n'a pas entendu faire table rase des coutumes précoloniales encore moins les nouvelles autorités. Pour autant, des problèmes de constitution et de gestion ont persisté. De nos jours encore, de nombreuses difficultés demeurent par rapport à la gestion du domaine qu'il soit public ou privé, qu'il appartienne à l'Etat ou aux collectivités territoriales. / The state ownership of assets of public administration to the test traditional land tenure raises the question of the legal situation of the area in Mali. This is to give the photograph the property of the government and their evolution in relation to customary land tenure. This study course with a historical overview of state assets and local authorities. We will discuss together the legal status of goods in the traditional sense of the term. The tropics adressed include the study of the property during the precolonial, colonial and postcolonial. Before colonization, the area as known today did not exist and the mode of holding property was collective. They spoke not domain but rather of collective awnership. Also, these are not laws that established the traditional tenure bur rather quasi-religious principles. The goods, which are now the domain of state and local government, belonged not to men but to the gods. They were owned by the community and were managed either by the land chief or dji tigui (owner of the water). Thes were the custodians of a part of God's sovereignty and at the same time delegates from higher powers. More than they possessed them, earth and water were the owners of the land chief and dji tigui. Their bonds were dictated by the ancestral beliefs certainly diminished bye time and biased interpretations. Thes goods were not in the lega trade, they were inalienable. Individualownership was true, but it was not widespresd. It did not concern either the land or waterways. This individual property within the meaning of the french Civil Code could only relate to certain personal property except those who were truly essential property of indigenous community. At the start of colonization, the colonial state decided, not without opposition, to implement the experimenced en South Australia by the English to know the Torrens Act. Indeed, the natives had their own legal system and did not want any disruption in their habits millennia. But, in view of developing agriculture and industry in the french possession, it was important to introduce into the legal arsenal of the colony the principle of state ownership of property. To do this, government should play itd full score. Consequently, it must be adequate means of its policy by establisheing, first, a public and private domain.This domain constitution necessarily spent by the spoliations of property belonging to indigenous communities. At the country attained independence, the problem remained large. The colonial tested continued to govern the field until the adoption of a code Land Law in 1986. Customary rignts recognized and magnified now thanks to the recovery of ancient traditions challenge the rule of written law. The latter recognizes that before his accession, economic and legal relationships between individuals and groups of individuals were well organized. This is why the colonizers did not intend to make a clean sweep of pre-colonial customs let alone the new authorithies. However, problems of formation and management persisted. Even today, many challenges remain in relation to the management domain whether public or private, whether owned by the state or local authorithies.

Detaljplaner reglerar hur Sveriges mark och vatten ska användas. Detaljplanering regleras i plan- och bygglagen (2010:900). En detaljplan ska ange vad som är allmän plats, kvartersmark och vattenområde. Allmän plats får beträdas av allmänheten och ägs av kommunen. Kvartersmark kan ägas av olika aktörer men framförallt av privatpersoner. På kvartersmark kan ändamål såsom bostäder, kontor, handel, skola m.m. förekomma. Frivilliga planbestämmelser kan tillämpas i en detaljplan. Den här studien handlar om den frivilliga planbestämmelsen "x". Ett gement "x" i en detaljplan symboliserar ett markreservat för allmän gång- och cykelväg vilken planläggs på kvartersmark. Vid planläggning av "x", inskränks den berörda fastighetsägaren i sin äganderätt.Genom att bilda en rättighet för x-området undviks fastighetsägarens möjlighet att stänga ute allmänheten från fastigheten. Oklarheter rörande drift och underhåll undviks också när en rättighet bildats. Rättigheten i fråga skapas lämpligast genom bildande av servitut eller nyttjanderätt. Det finns två olika typer av servitut, avtalsservitut och officialservitut. Officialservitut skrivs in automatiskt i fastighetsregistret och är ett säkrare alternativ än avtalsservitutet. Bildande av officialservitut sker efter ansökan till lantmäterimyndigheten som bland annat prövar om servitutet är av väsentlig betydelse för den fastighet som får förmån av servitutet. Vid bildande av servitut för x-område bör den fastighet som får förmån av servitutet (härskande fastighet) vara en kommunal fastighet, med tanke på dess allmänna ändamål. Genomföranderegler saknas för x-områden vilket medför en risk för att en rättighet aldrig bildas för dem. När en rättighet inte bildas finns det ingen rätt för kommunen att använda marken för allmän gång- och cykelväg. Det medför även oklarheter rörande drift och underhåll i och med att gång- och cykelvägen är lokaliserad till en fastighet som inte ägs av kommunen men som nyttjas av allmänheten.Vid avsaknad av bildad rättighet kan fastighetsägaren om så önskas stänga ute allmänheten, till exempel genom förbudsskyltar eller bommar vilket antagligen bidrar till att x-området inte uppfyller sin funktion. Tidigare studier har visat att x-områden används i större utsträckning än vad som var ämnat med införande av bestämmelsen. Det har även tidigare framgått att "x" kombineras med "g" med syfte att undvika kostnader, som istället överlåts från kommunen på de delägande fastighetsägarna i gemensamhetsanläggningen. Ett "g" i en detaljplan innebär att en gemensamhetsanläggning ska bildas inom området. Det har även uttryckts under föreläsningar vid Högskolan Väst att oklarheter gällande vem som ansöker om officialservitut förekommer vid exploateringar. Syftet med studien är att undersöka förändring av användningsfrekvensen för "x". Studien gäller beslut mellan 1 januari 2002 och 31 december 2011 i de tre kommunerna Motala, Linköping och Mjölby i Östergötlands län. Syftet är även att utreda hur många av x-områden som ett officialservitut har bildats för.Resultatet av studien visar att inrättande av x-områden minskar. De två sista åren i studien har få inrättningar av x-områden ägt rum. Motala kommun har till skillnad från Linköpings och Mjölby kommun en uppåtgående trendlinje. Dock avviker 2011 i Motala då inga x-områden inrättats. Det avvikande resultatet tyder på en förändring även i Motala kommun. Resultatet från de intervjuer som hållits med planarkitekter i de olika kommunerna kompletterar resultatet ovan. Planarkitekterna bekräftar att de inrättar "x" mer sällan idag än för några år sedan. Av samtliga x-områden i studien har 44 % inte genomförts genom bildande av officialservitut. Markåtkomst kan ha lösts genom annan rättighet eller saknas helt. / Detailed development plans regulate how Sweden's land and water should be used. Statutes on detail planning are to be found in the Swedish planning and building act. A detailed development plan must specify public area, private property area and water area. Everybody may enter the public areas which the municipality owns. The private property area is private and has owners like a housing company or an individual. Optional rules can be used in the detailed development plan. This study deals with the optional regulation "x", which is a land reserve for public pathways. "X" is located on the private property areas.The private property owner may suffer from a restriction of their property rights by getting an "x" over the property. To avoid the risk that the public is prevented from passing through the x-field, a right is formed. If no right is formed, the owner of the property can choose to shut the public out. The right in question occurs appropriate by official easement which occurs by an application. An application can be made to the land survey to create an official easement. The land survey investigates if the official easement has an essential use for the property that has the advantage of the easement.Implementation rules are missing for x-areas, which results in that no right is formed. When no rights are formed there is no legal right for the public to use pedestrian and bicycle pathways. The property owner can choose to put up prohibiting signs and barriers to exclude the public, which results in that the x-areas are not filling their purpose. Previous studies have shown that the x-areas are used more often than intended. Its also used as a combination with "g", to avoid costs for the municipality. A "g" in a detail development plan means that a joint facility will be formed, that consist of the property owners in the area. The cost transfer to the members instead. During lectures at University West it has aroused uncertainties who it is that applies for official easement. The purpose of this study is to investigate how often x-areas have been applied for in the three municipalities of Motala, Linköping and Mjölby in Östergötland County, January 1, 2002 – December 31, 2011. The purpose is also to see how many official easements that have been formed for the x-areas.The result of this research shows that the use of x-areas decreases. The last two years very few x-areas have been established. Motala municipality has unlike Linköping and Mjölby an increasing trend of x-areas. However, in 2011 Motala municipality had no establishment of x-areas. The abnormal result indicates a change, even in Motala. Interviews with plan architects in the different municipalities confirm the result above. The plan architects admit to establish fewer x-areas today than a few years ago. Of all x-areas in the study, 44 percent have no official easement. It may have another easement but it is also possible that they have no easement at all.

The aim of this essay is to provide an answer to the question "What is the Meaning of Meaningless sex in Dystopia?". It will show that meaningful concepts such as sexual satisfaction, pleassure, passion, love, bonding, procreation and family are handled as threats in dystopian societies described in well-known novels as We, Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four . It will explain how the conflict between the collective and the individual influences peoples' sexuality. It will also show how leading powers in the three dystopian societies use different methods to remove the significanse and functions of sex. It will suggest meaningless sex is a means to control the masses in a collective and that meaningful sex is an act of rebelion against the state. / .

Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)

A pesquisa proposta pretende esclarecer os pontos obscuros e controvertidos do artigo 1228, 4 e 5 do Código Civil, tendo por finalidade a busca da efetividade de tal dispositivo legal, que possui, na sua essência, o reconhecimento do direito fundamental de moradia e, ainda, tutela o direito ao trabalho. O dispositivo em questão rompe com o paradigma da posse como mera sentinela avançada do direito de propriedade e reconhece a defesa da posse autônoma exercida por aqueles que realmente cumprem com a sua função social. A partir do preenchimento dos requisitos previstos na lei, concede-se a legitimação da posse aos possuidores e, com o pagamento da indenização ao proprietário, converte-se a posse em direito de propriedade. Dessa forma, o instituto visa não apenas à regularização fundiária de áreas urbanas ou rurais, mas, principalmente, à efetividade dos direitos fundamentais de moradia e trabalho, que dão substância ao principio norteador de qualquer sociedade civilizada: o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Assim sendo, na busca pela efetividade do dispositivo, o estudo tem ainda como finalidade desenvolver a natureza jurídica específica do instituto, reconhecendo-o como um modo autônomo de aquisição onerosa do direito de propriedade, não se equiparando a formas de desapropriação ou de usucapião do direito de propriedade. / The proposed research aims to clarify the obscure and controversial points presented in the article 1228, 4 and 5 of the Civil Code, aiming at the effectiveness of this legal device which has at its core the acknowledgment of the fundamental right to housing and even guards the right to work. The device in question breaks the paradigm of possession as a mere advanced outpost of law of property and recognizes the defense of autonomous possession made by those who actually fulfill their social role. After the fulfillment of the requirements foreseen by law, it is granted the legitimacy of the possession to the possessors, and as compensation, pay the possession to the proprietor is turned into ownership right. Thus, the institute aims not only the regularization of urban and rural areas, but mostly the effectiveness of the fundamental rights of dwelling and work, which strengthen the mainstream principle of any civilized society, that is, the principle of human dignity. Thus, in the pursuit of the effectiveness of the advice, the study also aims to develop the specific legal nature of the institute, recognizing it as an autonomous way of costly acquisition of property law, not being equated with ways of dispossession or prescription of real property right.

A pesquisa proposta pretende esclarecer os pontos obscuros e controvertidos do artigo 1228, 4 e 5 do Código Civil, tendo por finalidade a busca da efetividade de tal dispositivo legal, que possui, na sua essência, o reconhecimento do direito fundamental de moradia e, ainda, tutela o direito ao trabalho. O dispositivo em questão rompe com o paradigma da posse como mera sentinela avançada do direito de propriedade e reconhece a defesa da posse autônoma exercida por aqueles que realmente cumprem com a sua função social. A partir do preenchimento dos requisitos previstos na lei, concede-se a legitimação da posse aos possuidores e, com o pagamento da indenização ao proprietário, converte-se a posse em direito de propriedade. Dessa forma, o instituto visa não apenas à regularização fundiária de áreas urbanas ou rurais, mas, principalmente, à efetividade dos direitos fundamentais de moradia e trabalho, que dão substância ao principio norteador de qualquer sociedade civilizada: o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Assim sendo, na busca pela efetividade do dispositivo, o estudo tem ainda como finalidade desenvolver a natureza jurídica específica do instituto, reconhecendo-o como um modo autônomo de aquisição onerosa do direito de propriedade, não se equiparando a formas de desapropriação ou de usucapião do direito de propriedade. / The proposed research aims to clarify the obscure and controversial points presented in the article 1228, 4 and 5 of the Civil Code, aiming at the effectiveness of this legal device which has at its core the acknowledgment of the fundamental right to housing and even guards the right to work. The device in question breaks the paradigm of possession as a mere advanced outpost of law of property and recognizes the defense of autonomous possession made by those who actually fulfill their social role. After the fulfillment of the requirements foreseen by law, it is granted the legitimacy of the possession to the possessors, and as compensation, pay the possession to the proprietor is turned into ownership right. Thus, the institute aims not only the regularization of urban and rural areas, but mostly the effectiveness of the fundamental rights of dwelling and work, which strengthen the mainstream principle of any civilized society, that is, the principle of human dignity. Thus, in the pursuit of the effectiveness of the advice, the study also aims to develop the specific legal nature of the institute, recognizing it as an autonomous way of costly acquisition of property law, not being equated with ways of dispossession or prescription of real property right.