Digitalization is an inevitable part of working life as well as life in general. At the same time, the leader is an important part of a business where they can act as an influential and engaging role.  The purpose of this essay is to look into the correlation between, leadership and digitalization. Moreover, what the effects are on businesses if digitalization projects are implemented and more so what the effects are if those projects are implemented in an unprepared organization. The method that formed the basis of the essay is of a qualitative approach as well as an abductive approach. Nine informants were interviewed and gave their own perspective on, and experience of, digitalization. Results, that have been obtained through studies, show that leadership has an effect on digitalisation which can be contributed to communication, environment and employees’ engagement. Leadership is the foundation of successful digitalisation and successful digitalisations in certain areas leads to, improvement of Leadership opportunities Conclusions that can be drawn from the results are that leadership’s commitment, involvement and communication is perceived to be important in creating a pleasant working environment, satisfied employees and a well-functioning business. The leader role has been determined to play an important part in various areas of a business and particularly when implementing digitalization.

This thesis aims to provide insights on how private-sector inter-organizational collaboration creates interaction and synergistic value towards sustainability. Value propositions are directed towards individuals, organizations and society at large. To achieve this purpose, an explorative, in-depth case study on the NextWave initiative is conducted to address the sustainability challenge of marine plastic pollution. An abductive research approach is applied, matching main theories of both private-sector partnerships and value co-creation with empirical data gathered through semi-structured interviews with NextWave members. The study looks at individual as well as collaborative activities leading to the cocreationof interaction and synergistic value. It is further analyzed, how these created values lead toexternal system change towards sustainability. Key findings are limited to the case of NextWave as the intent of the study is an initial exploration of the topic. The data leads the authors to an affirmative conclusion, delivering a number of activity and process examples that foster collaboration and promote interaction and synergistic value. That, in turn, allows for system change and a more sustainable development. Therefore, this thesis makes valuable contributions to the theoretical knowledge of collaboration and value creation. Additionally, a conceptual and analytical framework based on contemporary literature contributes to the body of knowledge as well as allows practical application.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att marknadsundersöka och identifiera nya kundmarknader samt konkurrenter inom den privata sektorn för företaget Green Landscaping AB i Stockholm. Genom intervju av företagets befintliga kunder tillsammans med teorin, kunde företagets olika marknadssegment och dess konkurrenter identifieras och jämföras. Utifrån analysen identifierades segment A, som det mest attraktiva segmentet för att företaget skulle positionera sig inom. Segment A utgör större delar av marknader vilket bidrar till att företaget får möjligheter till flera nya potentiella marknader som består av kunder där företaget har lätt att övertyga i val av leverantör. Företag C valdes som den primära konkurrenten bland de identifierade konkurrenterna eftersom företaget får utvecklingsmöjligheter för att förbättras och avancera sig inom olika områden genom konkurrens med ett stort företag. En konkurrens mellan stora företagen påverkar även de mindre företagen indirekt t ex vid en pristjustering då följer små företagen utveckling, eftersom det är de stora företagen som är marknadsledande. / The purpose of this thesis was to research and identify new customer markets and competitors within the private sector for Green Landscaping AB in Stockholm. The company's different market segments and its competitors could be identified and compared by theory together with interviewing the company's existing customers. Based on the analysis, segment A was identified as the most attractive segment for the company to position itself. Segment A covers larger parts of the markets, which means that the company has opportunities for several new potential markets consisting of customers where the company has easy to convince in the choice of supplier. Company C was chosen as the primary competitor among identified competitors because the company has development opportunities to improve and advance in different areas through competition with a large company. A competition between large companies also affects the smaller companies indirectly for example in price adjustments the small companies are following the large companies development because they are the market leaders.

This master thesis investigates the public servants’ motives for switching their employment from the private to the public sector and for having a tendency to work in the public organization. It also focuses on factors they describe as job satisfaction and the challenges they have encountered after transitioning to the public-sector employment. The framework of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s two factor theories provide an explanation for the reasons why public employees switched sectors and their perception on factors they perceived as motivation and challenges after switching into a new workplace in a new sector. A qualitative study was conducted, using semi-structured interviews to collect data from 8 respondents who are currently working for the government. All of them used to work in the private sector and later moved into the public sector. The study reveals a number of distinctive motives for them to make a sector switch. These include secure employment and pension, less workload and work-related stress, family inspiration, pride in the public sector job, career advancement, and making positive impacts to the community. The findings also identify a number of challenges faced by these sector switchers such as low wage and moonlighting, complicated hierarchy and bureaucratic structures, ineffective leadership and other management issues within the public office. The knowledge and information on these challenges have the implications for certain stakeholders, including recent graduates, employees, politicians, leaders at public institutions, and especially policy makers. Policy makers and/or politicians should consider creating employment policies that entice talented individuals to work for the government and enhance the working conditions for new civil servants. The study also has the potential to pave the way for the prospective recent graduates and employees, giving them sufficient information on which to base their choice of employment, either in private sector or for the government.

To maintain and attain a strong competitiveness, it is necessary for companies to recruit personnel with relevant competence for specific positions. Recruiting personnel, in turn, involves making decisions about whether to recruit internally or externally, which justifies an investigation into the consequences of choosing internal versus external recruitment strategies. The purpose of the study is thus to determine whether the choice of internal or external recruitment strategy affects a company's ability to achieve optimal recruitment. The study is qualitatively oriented with a deductive approach, emphasizing description and analysis. The study describes and analyzes a selection of previous research on recruitment along with data obtained through structured interviews with respondents who collectively work in various capacities related to recruitment. The study's results indicate, among other things, that recruitment decisions have direct consequences for internal dynamics, corporate culture, and competitiveness. To achieve long-term success and adapt to a competitive market, the importance of a balanced recruitment strategy is particularly emphasized. / För att företag skall kunna såväl bibehålla som erhålla en god konkurrenskraft är det nödvändigt att rekrytera personal med relevant kompetens för specifik tjänst. Att rekrytera personal innebär i sin tur att fatta beslut om personal skall rekryteras internt eller externt, vilket motiverar en undersökning av konsekvenserna kring valet av intern- respektive extern rekryteringsstrategi. Syftet med studien är därmed att ta reda på huruvida valet av intern- eller extern rekryteringsstrategi påverkar företags möjligheter att uppnå en optimal rekrytering. Studien är kvalitativt inriktad med en deduktiv ansats där tonvikten ligger på beskrivning och analys. Det som beskrivs och analyseras är ett urval av tidigare forskning kring rekrytering tillsammans med ett datamaterial som inhämtats genom strukturerade intervjuer med respondenter som gemensamt på olika sätt arbetar med frågor kring rekrytering. Resultatet av studien indikerar bland annat att rekryteringsbeslut har direkta konsekvenser för intern dynamik, företagskultur och konkurrenskraft. För att företag skall kunna uppnå en långsiktig framgång och anpassning till en konkurrensutsatt marknad framhävs i synnerhet vikten av en balanserad rekryteringsstrategi.

This study examined the influence of human resources development on systemic practices, utility, and organizational results among contracting professionals within the public and private sectors. The study used a quantitative, correlational research design to answer the research questions, which asked whether or not statistically significant correlations were observed between human resources development and systemic practices, utility, and organizational results in the public and private sectors. A purposive sample was drawn from the membership of the National Contract Management Association to obtain the data necessary to answer the research questions. Once data was collected, it was reviewed for missing values and outliers. Then, the data was coded and imported into SPSS version 22.0 for Macintosh for data analysis. The data was first analyzed descriptively to identify similarities and differences between public and private sector contracting professionals. Additionally, the data was arranged by construct and analyzed for correlations between HRD and systemic practices, utility, and organizational results. The study was grounded in two theories – Kirkpatrick’s hierarchy and contingency theory. The data were evaluated against each of these theories. Keywords: Federal contract management, contract specialist, contract professional, contracting professional, human resource development, organizational results, federal contracting, training, workforce development

Public sector organisations are established in order to promote the quality of citizen's lives through the provision of public services. However, the demands for public services often outstrip the limited resources at the disposal of the public sector for the delivery of such services. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are emerging as an important tool of public policy to deliver public infrastructure and the attendant services. The main aim of this study is to establish the extent to which PPPs can be used to improve the quality of the delivery of secondary education in the Gaborone City area in Botswana. The study includes a conceptual analysis of the nature of the public services in general, and in particular, the nature and the provision of secondary education in Botswana with specific reference to the Gaborone City area. The study also includes a conceptual analysis of PPPs as gleaned from published literature. Various dimensions of PPPs are analysed and these include but are not limited to definitions, benefits, models and the antecedents for the successful implementation of PPPs. Among the various models that are analysed in the study, the design, build, operate and finance (DBOF) model is preferred for improving the quality of the delivery of secondary education in the Gaborone City area in Botswana. In addition to the conceptual analysis, an empirical research study is undertaken in which the secondary school heads are the respondents to a structured questionnaire. The results of the empirical research support the conceptual analysis to the extent that in both cases, it is possible to improve the quality of the delivery of secondary education through PPPs. More secondary schools can be built and more facilities be made available to schools. Through the use of PPPs, most if not all learners can receive the entire secondary education programme, from junior to senior secondary education. Existing secondary schools can be modernised through PPPs. Ancillary services can be delivered by the organisations that have the necessary expertise. Certain antecedents for the successful implementation of PPPs are necessary. Through PPPs, secondary schools can be made attractive and intellectually stimulating. / Public Administration / (D.Litt. et Phil. ( Public Administration))

Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / The study asserts that Swaziland’s socio-economic development challenges cannot be effectively tackled by the Government and civil society alone but requires the participation of the private sector. The study explores the prospects for collaboration between the state and business in the context of MDGs, PPPs and CSR. The study highlights the importance of the participation of beneficiaries in the design and implementation of development projects. The importance of beneficiary participation in the design and implementation of development initiatives is discussed in the context of “good governance” linked to the notion of sustainable human development. The case studies are aimed at poverty reduction/alleviation. Linkages between the private sector and SMEs in advancing broad economic growth are explored in the case studies. It is argued that economic growth is a necessary condition for creating employment and fighting poverty underpinned by the MDGs. The Moneni upgrading project (section 3.2) explores the extent the initiative aims to improve the living standards of low-income and poor communities in line with the MDGs. The STH case study (section 3.3) is a spin off from government. The STH seeks to provide a market intermediary for the SME sector particularly rural based cultural “handicraft” industries in Swaziland as way to mitigate the effects of poverty for marginalised rural producers. The last case study (section 3.4) discusses the entrepreneur of the year awards (EYA), an initiative aimed at reducing poverty and promoting local economic empowerment and sustainable development in Swaziland. The study recommended further research in view of the major constraints highlighted by the study. It was problematic to engage in critical and detailed discourse because the concepts explored by the study are new in the Swazi development context. The other dimension that compromised detailed analysis was posed by the unavailability of research data related to both the Swazi private sector and SME sectors. The majority of the SME sector operate at micro level and have insignificant economic turnover. Further studies are important to explore ways to promote linkages for growth of these sectors in the context of poverty reduction/alleviation.

Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study examines the key success factors in the Public Private Partnerships (PPP) field in the Healthcare Sector in South Africa. It gives health departments insight into the factors which should be considered when using PPP procurement and when looking at possible PPP opportunities. The development of PPP’s around the world has urged governments to look at alternative service delivery methods because of increased pressures on government budgets. Public Private Partnerships presents governments with a means of generating private funds for health service delivery whilst government manages the relationship via a negotiated PPP agreement to monitor the quality of services rendered. Different PPP models are applied all over the world depending on the specific needs of countries. Different factors impact on the success of these partnerships and it is essential that government share knowledge and best practices. The study showed that in order for PPP’s to be successful the public institution must do its homework thoroughly and that the legal framework should be conducive for private sector involvement in service delivery. The study showed that the government of a country plays a pivotal role in the PPP process by giving the necessary political support to ensure the trust of foreign investors. The legislative framework is a critical factor in the advancement of PPP procurement and the allocation of risk as an important consideration when pursuing this type of procurement. The study examined three concluded PPP Health Sector agreements in South Africa and looked at lessons learnt, mistakes which were made and what should be avoided in the future. The three PPP’s in South Africa in this study were the first though there are other health sector PPP agreements concluded. The other PPP’s are still in the commencement stage and it is too early to make an assessment at this stage. However, the three case studies conducted give departments a clear picture of the process, the lessons learnt and the impediments in the PPP process. The uniqueness of the South African Health sector also prompted the Government to look at a model which will be best suited to the local market. Best practices from other countries provide useful information and lessons learnt from other countries are also important in a developing PPP environment.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis analyse the new trend of governance and management, introduced in the public sector abroad and now for the past couple of years in South Africa. The research further explores issues affecting public service delivery in general and then concludes by exploring local government in the Boland area in the Western Cape. The development role of government, and especially local government in South Africa necessitates alternative methods of service delivery, funding and skills transfer. The performance in developing countries as far as service delivery is concerned is hampered due to many constraints, of which unemployment and poverty are two most important ones. The literature review has explored the role New Public Management can play in achieving sustainable local government and further reviews developmental local government in South Africa. Public-private partnerships as a means of service delivery have also been dealt with in the literature review. The case study focuses on a municipality in the Western Cape, Boland region, the Breede River/Winelands Municipality and its demographic, employment and affordability status. It further highlights the investigations done to determine using alternative measures to render services and for partnerships. The current public-private partnership that is in place is also evaluated and elaborated on. If the municipality do not use alternative sources to generate income, create jobs and render services, be it due to outsourcing or partnerships, the municipality will not be able to deliver affordable services and meet its obligation to render sustainable services in the area. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing dienslewering in ondersoek verder aspekte wat openbare en sluitdan af deur n Opsomming Die tesis analiseer die nuwe tendense van regeer en bestuur, wat in die publieke sektor internasionaal, en nou ook vir die afgelope aantal jare in Suid-Afrika toegepas word. die geheel raak, ondersoek na plaaslike regering binne die Boland area, in die Wes-Kaap. Die ontwikkelings rol van regering, en in besonder plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika noodsaak alternatiewe metodes van dienslewering, befondsing en die oordra van vaardighede. Die prestasie binne ontwikkelende lande sover dit dienslewering betref, word belemmer deur te veel struikelblokke, waarvan werkloosheid en armoede twee van die belangrikste is. Die li teratuur studie ondersoek die rol wat nuwe publieke bestuur (New Public Management) kan vervul om volhoubare plaaslike regering te verseker. Verder ondersoek ditook ontwikkelende plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika. Publieke privaat vennootskappe (public-private partnerships as n middelom munisipale dienste te lewer was ook ondersoek. Die gevalle Munisipaliteit. area in die studie fokus op die Breërivier/Wynland Die munisipali tei t is geleë in die Boland Wes-Kaap. Sy ligging, werkgeleenthede en bekostigbaarheids aspekte word ook ontleed. Die ondersoeke wat gedoen is om alternatiewe metodes en bronne vir dienslewering te bepaal, wat vennootskappe ins lui t, is ook hierin vervat. Die publieke privaat vennootskap wat tans bestaan binne die munisipaliteit, word ook op uitgewei. Indien die munisipaliteit nie alternatiewe bronne vind om inkomste te genereer, werkgeleenthede te skep en diens te lewer nie, hetsy deur privatisering of vennootskappe, sal die munisipaliteit nie daarin slaag om bekostigbare diens te lewer en dienste te verskaf nie. Die munisipaliteit sal dan ook nie sy verpligting om volhoubare dienslewering binne sy regsgebied te verseker en ook nie sy verpligting om volhoubare plaaslike regering daar te stel, kan nakom nie.