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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
551

Hole Probabilities for Determinantal Point Processes in the Complex Plane

Adhikari, Kartick January 2017 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
552

Modelling and forecasting human populations using sigmoid models

Raeside, Robert January 1987 (has links)
Early this century "S-shaped" curves, sigmoids, gained popularity among demographers. However, by 1940, the approach had "fallen out of favour", being criticised for giving poor results and having no theoretical validity. It was also considered that models of total population were of little practical interest, the main forecasting procedure currently adopted being the bottom-up "cohort-component" method. In the light of poor forecasting performance from component methods, a re-assessment is given in this thesis of the use of simple trend models. A suitable means of fitting these models to census data is developed, using a non-linear least squares algorithm based on minimisation of a proportionately weighted residual sum of squares. It is demonstrated that useful models can be obtained from which, by using a top-down methodology, component populations and vital components can be derived. When these models are recast in a recursive parameterisation, it is shown that forecasts can be obtained which, it is argued, are superior to existing official projections. Regarding theoretical validity, it is argued that sigmoid models relate closely to Malthusian theory and give a mathematical statement of the demographic transition. In order to judge the suitability of extrapolating from sigmoid models, a framework using Catastrophe Theory is developed. It is found that such a framework allows one qualitatively to model population changes resulting from subtle changes in influencing variables. The use of Catastrophe Theory has advantages over conventional demographic models as it allows a more holistic approach to population modelling.
553

On a continuous energy Monte Carlo simulator for neutron interactions in reactor core material considering up-scattering effects in the thermal energy region / Sobre um simulador Monte Carlo de energia contínua para interações neutrônicas no material do núcleo de reator considerando efeitos de up-scattering na região de energias térmicas

Barcellos, Luiz Felipe Fracasso Chaves January 2016 (has links)
Neste trabalho o transporte de nêutrons é simulado em materiais presentes no núcleo de reatores. O espectro de nêutrons é decomposto como uma soma de três distribuições de probabilidade. Duas das distribuições preservam sua forma com o tempo, mas não necessariamente sua integral. Uma das duas distribuições é devido ao espectro de fissão, isto é, altas energias de nêutrons, a outra é uma distribuição de Maxwell-Boltzmann para nêutrons de baixas energias (térmicos). A terceira distribuição tem uma forma a priori desconhecida e que pode variar com o tempo, sendo determinada a partir de uma simulação Monte Carlo com acompanhamento dos nêutrons e suas interações com dependência contínua de energia. Isto é obtido pela parametrização das seções de choque dos materiais do reator com funções contínuas, incluindo as regiões de ressonâncias resolvidas e não resolvidas. O objetivo deste trabalho é implementar efeitos de up-scattering através do tratamento estat ístico da população de nêutrons na distribuição térmica. O programa de simulação calcula apenas down-scattering, pois o cálculo do up-scattering microscópico aumenta signi_cativamente tempo de processamento computacional. Além de contornar esse problema, pode-se reconhecer que up-scattering é dominante na região de energia mais baixa do espectro, onde assume-se que as condições de equilíbrio térmico para nêutrons imersos em seu ambiente são válidas. A otimização pode, assim, ser atingida pela manutenção do espectro de Maxwell- Boltzmann, isto é, up-scattering é simulado por um tratamento estatístico da população de nêutrons. Esta simulação é realizada utilizando-se dependência energética contínua, e, como um primeiro caso a ser estudado assume-se um regime recorrente. As três distribuições calculadas são então utilizadas no código Monte Carlo para calcular os passos Monte Carlo subsequentes. / In this work the neutron transport is simulated in reactor core materials. The neutron spectrum is decomposed as a sum of three probability distributions. Two of the distributions preserve shape with time but not necessarily the integral. One of the two distributions is due to prompt ssion, i.e. high neutron energies and the second a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for low (thermal) neutron energies. The third distribution has an a priori unknown and possibly variable shape with time and is determined from a Monte Carlo simulation with tracking and interaction with continuous energy dependence. This is done by the parametrization of the material cross sections with continuous functions, including the resolved and unresolved resonances region. The objective of this work is to implement up-scattering e ects through the treatment of the neutron population in the thermal distribution. The simulation program only computes down-scattering, for the calculation of microscopic upscattering increases signi cantly computational processing time. In order to circumvent this problem, one may recognize that up-scattering is dominant towards the lower energy end of the spectrum, where we assume that thermal equilibrium conditions for neutrons immersed in their environment holds. The optimization may thus be achieved by the maintenance of the Maxwell-Boltzmann spectrum, i.e. up-scattering is simulated by a statistical treatment of the neutron population. This simulation is performed using continuous energy dependence, and as a rst case to be studied we assume a recurrent regime. The three calculated distributions are then used in the Monte Carlo code to compute the Monte Carlo steps with subsequent updates.
554

Évaluation probabiliste de la fiabilité structurelle des digues fluviales à partir du jugement d’expert / Probabilistic evaluation of the structural reliability of river levees based on expert judgment

Hathout, Michel 03 April 2018 (has links)
Les digues de protection contre les inondations sont d’une importance stratégique incontournable pour la sécurité des personnes et des biens. Une meilleure connaissance de leur fiabilité structurelle constitue un enjeu majeur pour les ingénieurs et pour les gestionnaires de ces ouvrages afin de répondre aux réglementations en vigueur et potentiellement les faire évoluer. La réglementation en France relative à la sûreté des ouvrages hydrauliques exige la réalisation d’études de dangers, au sein desquelles les démarches probabilistes d’évaluation de la sécurité prennent une place de plus en plus importante. De par la complexité de leurs mécanismes de rupture et l’absence de condition d’état-limite précis pour certains mécanismes de défaillance tels que l’érosion interne, la surverse ou l’affouillement, le calcul d’une probabilité de défaillance par des approches quantitatives demeure à ce jour impossible. Les digues induisent des problématiques particulières pour l’évaluation de leur fiabilité structurelle où l’intervention d’experts s’avère nécessaire et centrale. Ceux-ci doivent procéder à l’interprétation des données disponibles et la prise en compte de leurs incertitudes, pour pouvoir ensuite évaluer la fiabilité structurelle de digues en termes de probabilité de défaillance. L’objectif de la thèse est l’élaboration d’une démarche complète d’aide à l’évaluation probabiliste de la fiabilité structurelle des digues à partir du jugement expert. Une démarche scientifiquement justifiée pour le recueil et l’exploitation des évaluations expertes, incertaines mais quantitatives, de la fiabilité structurelle des ouvrages, sous la forme d’une probabilité de défaillance ou d’un coefficient de sécurité, assorti(e) d’une marge d’incertitude probabiliste. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, deux démarches ont été développée, « EiCAD » et « EiDA », toutes reposant (dans des ordres différents) sur les phases suivantes :- Une phase d’élicitation individuelle des avis experts (Ei) permettant le recueil des évaluations expertes probabilistes par la construction d’un formulaire de questionnement ;- Une phase de calibration (C) permettant de pondérer les évaluations expertes en fonction des degrés de précision et de justesse ;- Une phase d’agrégation (A) permettant une prise en compte simultanée de plusieurs évaluations expertes probabilistes ;- Une phase de débiaisage (D) permettant de traiter les biais susceptibles d’entacher les évaluations expertes probabilistes. Les démarches développées ont été mises en œuvre sur des cas de digues du Drac, dans l’agglomération grenobloise, pour évaluer la probabilité de défaillance, par jugement expert, vis-à-vis de mécanisme de rupture par glissement et par érosion interne / River levees as protective measures against flooding are a matter of utmost strategic importance for the security of people and property. A better knowledge of their structural reliability is a major challenge for engineers and managers of these structures in order to meet current regulations and potentially develop them. In France, the regulations relating to the safety of hydraulic structures require the realization of hazard studies, in which probabilistic safety evaluation procedures take on a more and more important role. Due to the complexity of their failure mechanisms and the lack of a specific condition of limit-state for some failure mechanisms such as internal erosion and overtopping or scour, calculating a probability of failure by quantitative approaches remains impossible to this day. Levees induce specific problems in evaluating their structural reliability where expert intervention is necessary and pivotal. They must interpret the available data and take into account the uncertainties in their analysis, in order to evaluate the structural reliability of levees in terms of probability of failure. The aim of the thesis is to develop and elaborate a complete approach for supporting probabilistic evaluation of structural reliability of levees based on expert judgments. It is designed as a scientifically justified approach to collect and use uncertain but quantitative expert evaluations of structural reliability, in the form of a failure probability or a safety factor, accompanied by a margin of probabilistic uncertainty. To meet this goal, two approaches have been developed, "EiCAD" and "EiDA" composed of the following phases (in different orders):- individual elicitation phase of expert judgment (Ei) allowing the collection of probabilistic expert evaluations by a constricted questionnaire ;- calibration phase (C) to weigh the probabilistic expert evaluations elicited depending on the degrees of precision and accuracy that can be provided;- aggregation phase (A) during which the probabilistic expert evaluations elicited by several experts are taken into account ;- debiasing phase (D) during which biases that may affect the probabilistic expert evaluations are removed. The developed approaches have been implemented for the cases of Drac levees, located in the Grenoble agglomeration, to assess the probability of failure, by expert judgment, with regard to sliding and internal erosion mechanism of failure
555

Programmation et apprentissage bayésien pour les jeux vidéo multi-joueurs, application à l'intelligence artificielle de jeux de stratégies temps-réel / Bayesian Programming and Learning for Multi-Player Video Games, Application to RTS AI

Synnaeve, Gabriel 24 October 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse explore l'utilisation des modèles bayésiens dans les IA de jeux vidéo multi-joueurs, particulièrement l'IA des jeux de stratégie en temps réel (STR). Les jeux vidéo se situent entre la robotique et la simulation totale, car les autres joueurs ne sont pas simulés, et l'IA n'a pas de contrôle sur la simulation. Les jeux de STR demandent simultanément d'effectuer des actions reactives (contrôle d'unités) et de prendre des décisions stratégiques (technologiques, économiques) et tactiques (spatiales, temporelles). Nous avons utilisé la modélisation bayésienne comme une alternative à la logique (booléenne), étant capable de travailler avec des informations incomplètes, et donc incertaines. En effet, la spécification incomplète des comportement "scriptés", ou la spécification incomplète des états possibles dans la recherche de plans, demandent une solution qui peut gérer cette incertitude. L'apprentissage artificiel aide à réduire la complexité de spécifier de tels modèles. Nous montrons que la programmation bayésienne peut intégrer toutes sortes de sources d'incertitudes (états cachés, intentions, stochasticité) par la réalisation d'un joueur de StarCraft complètement robotique. Les distributions de probabilité sont un moyen de transporter, sans perte, l'information que l'on a et qui peut représenter au choix: des contraintes, une connaissance partielle, une estimation de l'espace des états et l'incomplétude du modèle lui-même. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous détaillons les solutions actuelles aux problèmes qui se posent lors de la réalisation d'une IA de jeu multi-joueur, en donnant un aperçu des caractéristiques calculatoires et cognitives complexes des principaux types de jeux. En partant de ce constat, nous résumons les catégories transversales de problèmes, et nous introduisons comment elles peuvent être résolues par la modélisation bayésienne. Nous expliquons alors comment construire un programme bayésien en partant de connaissances et d'observations du domaine à travers un exemple simple de jeu de rôle. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous détaillons l'application de cette approche à l'IA de STR, ainsi que les modèles auxquels nous sommes parvenus. Pour le comportement réactif (micro-management), nous présentons un controleur multi-agent décentralisé et temps réel inspiré de la fusion sensori-motrice. Ensuite, nous accomplissons les adaptation dynamiques de nos stratégies et tactiques à celles de l'adversaire en le modélisant à l'aide de l'apprentissage artificiel (supervisé et non supervisé) depuis des traces de joueurs de haut niveau. Ces modèles probabilistes de joueurs peuvent être utilisés à la fois pour la prédiction des décisions/actions de l'adversaire, mais aussi à nous-même pour la prise de décision si on substitue les entrées par les notres. Enfin, nous expliquons l'architecture de notre joueur robotique de StarCraft, et nous précisions quelques détails techniques d'implémentation. Au delà des modèles et de leurs implémentations, il y a trois contributions principales: la reconnaissance de plan et la modélisation de l'adversaire par apprentissage artificiel, en tirant partie de la structure du jeu, la prise de décision multi-échelles en présence d'informations incertaines, et l'intégration des modèles bayésiens au contrôle temps réel d'un joueur artificiel. / This thesis explores the use of Bayesian models in multi-player video games AI, particularly real-time strategy (RTS) games AI. Video games are an in-between of real world robotics and total simulations, as other players are not simulated, nor do we have control over the simulation. RTS games require having strategic (technological, economical), tactical (spatial, temporal) and reactive (units control) actions and decisions on the go. We used Bayesian modeling as an alternative to (boolean valued) logic, able to cope with incompleteness of information and (thus) uncertainty. Indeed, incomplete specification of the possible behaviors in scripting, or incomplete specification of the possible states in planning/search raise the need to deal with uncertainty. Machine learning helps reducing the complexity of fully specifying such models. We show that Bayesian programming can integrate all kinds of sources of uncertainty (hidden state, intention, stochasticity), through the realization of a fully robotic StarCraft player. Probability distributions are a mean to convey the full extent of the information we have and can represent by turns: constraints, partial knowledge, state space estimation and incompleteness in the model itself. In the first part of this thesis, we review the current solutions to problems raised by multi-player game AI, by outlining the types of computational and cognitive complexities in the main gameplay types. From here, we sum up the transversal categories of prob- lems, introducing how Bayesian modeling can deal with all of them. We then explain how to build a Bayesian program from domain knowledge and observations through a toy role-playing game example. In the second part of the thesis, we detail our application of this approach to RTS AI, and the models that we built up. For reactive behavior (micro-management), we present a real-time multi-agent decentralized controller inspired from sensory motor fusion. We then show how to perform strategic and tactical adaptation to a dynamic opponent through opponent modeling and machine learning (both supervised and unsupervised) from highly skilled players' traces. These probabilistic player-based models can be applied both to the opponent for prediction, or to ourselves for decision-making, through different inputs. Finally, we explain our StarCraft robotic player architecture and precise some technical implementation details. Beyond models and their implementations, our contributions are threefolds: machine learning based plan recognition/opponent modeling by using the structure of the domain knowledge, multi-scale decision-making under uncertainty, and integration of Bayesian models with a real-time control program.
556

Probabilidades de ocorrência de deficiência hídrica nos solos da região central do Rio Grande do Sul / Probabilities of occurring water deficit in different soils of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state

Cardoso, Claire Delfini Viana 03 June 2005 (has links)
The detailed determination of the probabilities of occurrence of certain levels of water deficit (WD) is important for the farming planning and environmental management in the public and private administration. Such information not available for the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State. The objective of this study was to determine the total and maximum water deficits, the probability of their occurrence at different levels in a month, ten- and fifteen- day periods basis during the year, for different soils of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, under the scope of the meteorological station of Santa Maria (MSSM), to adjust techniques of geoprocessing for their spatialization and to evaluate the differences due to the adoption of daily, ten days or monthly periods of sequential water balance (SWB), and the use of two potential evapotranspiration estimation (ETP) methods. Daily meteorological data measured in the MSSM from August of 1968 to July of 2004 where used to calculate the ETP, with Penman-Monteih, Penman and Thornthwaite methods. The WDs were determined by SWB, for daily, ten days and monthly periods, for different capacities of available water storage (CAS) of region soils, obtained with the application of pedotransfer equations to the physical properties of each horizon and considering the depth of the soil explored by the native vegetation roots. For total WD values (TWD) and maximums (MWD) of each period, higher than 50, 40, 20, 10 and 5mmdistribution functions were adjusted and the probabilities of its occurrence for each five days, ten days or month periods in different soils were obtained and geographic distribution of values was done by geoprocessing techniques. It was verified that the monthly and ten days period values of WD of the soil adjusted to the log-normal, gamma and exponential functions, whit the best adjustment obtained with the log-normal for the months with higher WD and whit the gamma function for the months of lower WD of autumn, winter and spring. Shalower soils (Charrua) had the lower CAD, 40mm, and deepest ones (Cerrito) 215mm. In April and August months, there was not significant risk of WD, mainly in soil with the higher CAD. The probability of occurrence of MWD, accumulated during continuous periods without rain (pDHM), is a function mainly of the period of the year and the CAD of the soil: in soils with lower CAD, pDHM > 50mm is higher in December and January (18%), about 10% in November and lower than 5% in the other months, null from April to September; in soil of higher CAD, pDHM >50mm does not exceed 1.7% of the years in any month, but it raises with the reduction of the MWD to 40, 20, 10 and 5mm. There is not clear relationship betwen variation of the probability differences of occurrence between TWD and MWD and the CADs of the soil; the differences tend to be more related to the magnitude of the probabilities, mainly for deficiencies higher than 50, 40 and 20mm; the difference of probability between TWD and MWD is higher, depending on how high are the occurrence probabilities. In the periods of higher WD, pDHTs of ten days period for the different soil are lower then pDHMs of ten days period, decreasing to less than 5% from April to September and with increase of CAD. pDHT in fifteen days periods does not reach high values as in monthly and ten days periods, because of the lower number of considered days; the distribution of the deficiencies during the year is similar to other periods (monthly and ten days), MWD and TWD, but with better definition of beginning and end of the periods wiht different levels of WD. The monthly ETP estimated by Thornthwaite method is higher than the monthly total of the daily values of ETP estimated by the Penman method from January to July, but are not different from September to November. Decreasing TWD from 50 to 5mm, monthly probabilities of SWB on a daily basis are higher than SWB on a monthly basis, mainly during spring and summer, with an opposite trend during winter. / A determinação detalhada das probabilidades de ocorrência de certos níveis de deficiência hídrica (DH) é fundamental para o planejamento agropecuário e a gestão ambiental na administração pública e privada, o que ainda precisa ser realizado para a região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivou-se determinar as deficiências hídricas totais e máximas, a probabilidade de sua ocorrência de diferentes níveis em períodos mensais, decendiais e qüinqüidiais ao longo do ano, em função da unidade de mapeamento de solo para a região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, abrangida pela estação meteorológica de Santa Maria (EMSM), ajustar técnicas de geoprocessamento para a sua espacialização e avaliar as diferenças decorrentes da adoção de balanço hídrico seqüencial (BHS) diário, decendial ou mensal e da utilização de dois métodos de estimativa da evapotranspiração potencial (ETP). Utilizaram-se dados meteorológicos diários, medidos na EMSM, de agosto de 1968 a julho de 2004, para calcular a ETP, com os métodos de Penman-Monteih, Penman e Thornthwaite. As DHs foram determinadas por BHS, em escala diária, decendial e mensal, para as diferentes capacidades de armazenamento de água disponível (CAD) dos solos da região, obtidas com a aplicação de equações de pedotransferência às propriedades físicas da cada horizonte e considerando a profundidade do solo explorada pelas raízes da vegetação nativa. Aos valores de DH totais (DHT) e máximos (DHM) de cada período, maiores do que 50, 40, 20, 10 e 5mm, foram ajustadas funções de distribuição, com as quais obtiveram-se as probabilidades de sua ocorrência em cada qüinqüídio, decêndio ou mês nos diferentes solos, cuja distribuição geográfica de valores foi efetuada através das técnicas de geoprocessamento. Verificou-se que os valores mensais e decendiais de DH do solo se ajustam às funções log-normal, gama e exponencial, sendo o melhor ajuste com a log-normal nos meses com maior DH e a função gama nos meses de menor DH do outono, inverno e primavera. Os solos menos profundos (Charrua) possuem a menor CAD, 40mm, e os mais profundos (Cerrito) a maior, com 215mm. Nos meses de abril a agosto, não há risco de DH significativa, principalmente nos solos com a maior CAD. A probabilidade de ocorrência de DHM, acumulada durante períodos contínuos sem chuvas (pDHM), é função principalmente da época do ano e da CAD do solo: nos solos com menor CAD, a pDHM >50mm é mais elevada em dezembro e janeiro (18%), cerca de 10% em novembro e é menor do que 5% nos demais meses, sendo nula de abril a setembro; nos solos de maior CAD, a pDHM >50mm não ultrapassa 1,7% dos anos em qualquer mês, mas aumenta com a diminuição da DHM para 40, 20, 10 e 5mm. Não existe relação definida quanto a variação das diferenças de probabilidade de ocorrência entre DHT e DHM com a CADs dos solos; as diferenças tendem a estar mais relacionadas à magnitude das probabilidades, principalmente para deficiências maiores que 50, 40 e 20mm; a diferença de probabilidade entre DHT e DHM é maior, quanto maiores são as probabilidades de ocorrência. Nos períodos de maior DH, as pDHT decendiais para os diferentes solos são menores do que as pDHM decendiais, decrescendo para menos de 5% de abril a setembro e com o aumento da CAD. A pDHT em períodos quinqüidiais não alcança valores elevados como em períodos mensais e decendiais, o que é uma função do menor número de dias considerados; a distribuição das deficiências ao longo do ano é semelhante aos outros períodos utilizados em DHM e DHT mensais e decendiais, mas com melhor definição de início e final dos períodos de DH de diferentes níveis. A ETP mensal estimada pelo método de Thornthwaite é maior do que o total mensal dos valores diários de ETP estimados pelo método de Penman nos meses de janeiro a julho, mas não apresenta diferença de setembro a novembro. Na medida em que DHT decresce de 50 para 5mm, as probabilidades mensais obtidas com BH diário são maiores do que aquelas obtidas com BH mensal, principalmente na primavera e no verão, havendo tendência inversa no inverno.
557

Estatística e probabilidade: uma proposta para os anos iniciais do ensino fundamental / Statistical and probability: a proposal for the early years in the elementary school

Fernandes, Rúbia Juliana Gomes 29 April 2014 (has links)
Acompanha: Sequência de ensino: estatística e probabilidade nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar quais os impactos que uma Sequência de Estudo - SE, pautada no ensino e aprendizagem da Estatística e Probabilidade, poderá causar para os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Com a intenção de alcançar tal objetivo, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa aplicada, com enfoque qualitativo de cunho interpretativo numa turma de alunos do 4° ano do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Municipal de Educação da cidade de Curitiba. A fundamentação teórica pauta-se em autores que abordam o ensino de Estatística e Probabilidade, bem como as competências de letramento, pensamento e raciocínio estatístico, como: Cazorla (2002, 2006, 2008), Lopes (2003, 2008, 2010a, 2010b), Silva (2007), Cazorla, Kataoka e Silva (2010), Campos, Wodewotzki e Jacobini (2011), dentre outros. Inicialmente realizou-se uma análise prévia com relação aos conteúdos básicos de Estatística e Probabilidade que os alunos possuíam, por meio de um instrumento diagnóstico (pré-teste). Na sequência trabalhou-se uma sequência de ensino voltada aos conteúdos básicos de Estatística e Probabilidade, utilizando dados coletados na turma, ou seja, contextualizados. Assim, constatou-se, durante o trabalho com a SE, grande interesse, disposição e entusiasmo dos alunos para realização das atividades, além do envolvimento mais acentuado com relação aos conteúdos em questão. Os resultados das análises referentes ao desempenho e aproveitamento dos alunos após o trabalho (pós-teste) com a SE evidenciaram que a proposta favoreceu para que houvesse avanços relevantes quanto à apropriação dos conteúdos básicos de Estatística e Probabilidade dos alunos, em relação à representação tabular e gráfica, probabilidade, combinatória e média aritmética. Apesar disso, é importante destacar que, mesmo com os progressos obtidos, os alunos não compreenderam plenamente todos os conhecimentos sistematizados, ficando latente a necessidade do desenvolvimento de outros encaminhamentos pedagógicos de tais conteúdos. Para esta pesquisa foi elaborado um material didático de apoio, para os professores que atuam no nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, apresentando uma SE envolvendo os conteúdos básicos de Estatística e Probabilidade, a qual está anexada nesta dissertação. / This research aimed to analyze which contributions of a Sequência de Ensino (SE), based on the teaching and learning Statistics and Probability, can provoke in the irst years of Elementary School. With the intention to reach this aim, an applied esearch was developed, focusing the quality, with interpretative analysis, in a group of 4th year of Elementary School in a public institution in Curitiba, PR. The theory applied is based on theorists engaged in the Statistics and Probabilities teaching, as well as the competences of literacy and statistical thinking and reasoning, such as Cazorla (2002), Lopes (2003, 2008, 2010, 2010b), Silva (2007), Cazorla, Kataoka and Silva (2010), Jacobini et al. (2010), Campos, Wodewotzki and Jacobini (2011), and others. Initially an analysis about the student's Statistics and Probabilities knowledge was made concerning to the basis contents of Statistics and Probability. Using data collected in a group, it means, contextualized data. Then we could figure out, during the work with the SE, a big interest, disposition and enthusiasm from the students to do the activities, beyond the more pronounced engagement with the content in question. The results of the analysis from the (post-test) referring to the student's performance and achievement after working with the SE showed that the proposal favored the relevant advances regarding the appropriation of the students’ basic contents Statistics and Probability concerning the tabular and graphic representation, probability, combinatorial and half arithmetic. Therefore, it is important to remark that, even with the obtained progress, the students did not understand completely all the systematized knowledge, staying salient the necessity of development of other pedagogical ways of these contents. For this research we designed a didactic support material for teachers working in Elementary school in the early years, with a SE involving the basic Statistics and Probability contents, which is attached in this dissertation.
558

On a continuous energy Monte Carlo simulator for neutron interactions in reactor core material considering up-scattering effects in the thermal energy region / Sobre um simulador Monte Carlo de energia contínua para interações neutrônicas no material do núcleo de reator considerando efeitos de up-scattering na região de energias térmicas

Barcellos, Luiz Felipe Fracasso Chaves January 2016 (has links)
Neste trabalho o transporte de nêutrons é simulado em materiais presentes no núcleo de reatores. O espectro de nêutrons é decomposto como uma soma de três distribuições de probabilidade. Duas das distribuições preservam sua forma com o tempo, mas não necessariamente sua integral. Uma das duas distribuições é devido ao espectro de fissão, isto é, altas energias de nêutrons, a outra é uma distribuição de Maxwell-Boltzmann para nêutrons de baixas energias (térmicos). A terceira distribuição tem uma forma a priori desconhecida e que pode variar com o tempo, sendo determinada a partir de uma simulação Monte Carlo com acompanhamento dos nêutrons e suas interações com dependência contínua de energia. Isto é obtido pela parametrização das seções de choque dos materiais do reator com funções contínuas, incluindo as regiões de ressonâncias resolvidas e não resolvidas. O objetivo deste trabalho é implementar efeitos de up-scattering através do tratamento estat ístico da população de nêutrons na distribuição térmica. O programa de simulação calcula apenas down-scattering, pois o cálculo do up-scattering microscópico aumenta signi_cativamente tempo de processamento computacional. Além de contornar esse problema, pode-se reconhecer que up-scattering é dominante na região de energia mais baixa do espectro, onde assume-se que as condições de equilíbrio térmico para nêutrons imersos em seu ambiente são válidas. A otimização pode, assim, ser atingida pela manutenção do espectro de Maxwell- Boltzmann, isto é, up-scattering é simulado por um tratamento estatístico da população de nêutrons. Esta simulação é realizada utilizando-se dependência energética contínua, e, como um primeiro caso a ser estudado assume-se um regime recorrente. As três distribuições calculadas são então utilizadas no código Monte Carlo para calcular os passos Monte Carlo subsequentes. / In this work the neutron transport is simulated in reactor core materials. The neutron spectrum is decomposed as a sum of three probability distributions. Two of the distributions preserve shape with time but not necessarily the integral. One of the two distributions is due to prompt ssion, i.e. high neutron energies and the second a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for low (thermal) neutron energies. The third distribution has an a priori unknown and possibly variable shape with time and is determined from a Monte Carlo simulation with tracking and interaction with continuous energy dependence. This is done by the parametrization of the material cross sections with continuous functions, including the resolved and unresolved resonances region. The objective of this work is to implement up-scattering e ects through the treatment of the neutron population in the thermal distribution. The simulation program only computes down-scattering, for the calculation of microscopic upscattering increases signi cantly computational processing time. In order to circumvent this problem, one may recognize that up-scattering is dominant towards the lower energy end of the spectrum, where we assume that thermal equilibrium conditions for neutrons immersed in their environment holds. The optimization may thus be achieved by the maintenance of the Maxwell-Boltzmann spectrum, i.e. up-scattering is simulated by a statistical treatment of the neutron population. This simulation is performed using continuous energy dependence, and as a rst case to be studied we assume a recurrent regime. The three calculated distributions are then used in the Monte Carlo code to compute the Monte Carlo steps with subsequent updates.
559

Estimativas da contaminação dos sedimentos dragados no porto de Rio Grande para disposição em solo

Burgueño, Luís Eduardo Torma January 2009 (has links)
Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2009. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-20T17:59:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimativas da contaminação dos sedimentos dragados no porto de Rio Grande para disposição em solo..pdf: 1923559 bytes, checksum: 6f97d179c3f2dee35f932ef048833ef4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-09T00:57:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimativas da contaminação dos sedimentos dragados no porto de Rio Grande para disposição em solo..pdf: 1923559 bytes, checksum: 6f97d179c3f2dee35f932ef048833ef4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-09T00:57:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimativas da contaminação dos sedimentos dragados no porto de Rio Grande para disposição em solo..pdf: 1923559 bytes, checksum: 6f97d179c3f2dee35f932ef048833ef4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os níveis de contaminação dos sedimentos do canal de acesso ao Porto de Rio Grande – RS, com vistas a sua disposição em terra. Foram analisados os seguintes elementos: As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, COT, N-Total e P-Total. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos do Programa de Monitoramento elaborado pela FURG, em 2006, para a SUPRG, para o licenciamento de dragagem de manutenção. Em contraste a estes dados foram utilizados, também, àqueles gerados pela MRS, em 2007, para o licenciamento da obra de prolongamento dos molhes e aprofundamento do canal de acesso ao porto (de 40 para 60 pés). Os três níveis em que foram coletadas as amostras (Topo, Meio e Fundo) foram submetidos ao teste t, para diferenças entre médias, comparados dois a dois. Para cada elemento proposto, foram ajustadas as distribuições de probabilidade, Beta, Gama, Normal, Log-Normal e Weibull. A significância do ajuste das distribuições ao conjunto de dados foi verificada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A partir das distribuições que melhor ajustaram-se aos dados observados, foi calculado, para cada elemento o valor esperado para o nível de probabilidade de 0,99. Os valores estimados foram comparados àqueles estabelecidos pela legislação em vigor. Não existem diferenças significativas, ao nível d probabilidade α=0,05, entre os três diferentes níveis amostrados, nas duas séries analisadas. As distribuições que melhor modelaram os dados foram a Beta e a Normal. Os teores encontrados (P≤0,99) comparados aos limites estabelecidos na legislação pertinente denotam que os sedimentos dragados nos canais do porto de Rio Grande poderiam ser dispostos em terra sem impactos significativos ao ambiente. / This work estimates the levels of contamination of the sediments in the access channels to port of Rio Grande - RS, with views at land disposition. The following elements were analyzed: As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, COT, total N and total P. The used data were obtained of the Monitoring Program developed by FURG, in 2006, for SUPRG, for the licensing of maintenance dredging. It is composed by a group of 12 sediment cores, with samples collected in three levels of depth. Opposing these datas, was also used the information generated by MRS, in 2007, for the licensing of thework jetties prolongation and deepening of the access channel to the port (from 40 ft to 60ft). This series is constituted of a group of 111 sample points of which 31 are cores in three depth levels. The different levels were submitted to the ttest, for differences among the averages, comparedtwo by two. For each proposed element, probability distributions were adjusted, searching the ones that best represented the series of the data. The tested distributions were: Beta, Gama, Normal, Log-normal and Weibull. The significance of the adjustment of the distributions to the dataset was verified through the test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Considering the best distributions adjusted to the observed data, calculations were made, for each element the expected value for the level of probability of 0,99. It doesn’t significant differences, at the probability level α=0,05, among the three different depth sampled, in the both series analyzed. The distributions that best modeled the data were the Beta and the Normal.The estimated values were compared to those established by the legislation. The results found demonstrate that these sediments could be disposed in land without significant impacts to the environment.
560

Mobilidade geográfica de trabalhadores qualificados: principais evidências para o Brasil e o Espírito Santo

Campos, João Paulo de Souza 03 June 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-01-13T16:22:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação João Paulo de Souza Campos.pdf: 1722301 bytes, checksum: 23f3677c57c8784da115555f4a0134e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-03-02T20:23:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação João Paulo de Souza Campos.pdf: 1722301 bytes, checksum: 23f3677c57c8784da115555f4a0134e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-02T20:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação João Paulo de Souza Campos.pdf: 1722301 bytes, checksum: 23f3677c57c8784da115555f4a0134e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / O objetivo desta dissertação, de forma geral, foi estimar empiricamente a probabilidade de imigração interestadual de trabalhadores qualificados para o Brasil. Consideraram-se tanto as variáveis relativas ao indivíduo quanto as variáveis relacionadas aos fatores regionais de origem e destino do imigrante e as análises foram feitas para os anos de 2001, 2006 e 2011. Para estimar os coeficientes das variáveis explicativas foram utilizados os modelos probit e logit. Os bancos de dados utilizados foram os microdados da PNAD e os principais resultados mostram que o principal polo de atração de trabalhadores qualificados é o estado de São Paulo. Em geral a probabilidade de migração de trabalhadores qualificados é maior para os indivíduos do sexo masculino, brancos e solteiros. Pessoas mais jovens e com maiores salários também são mais propensas a serem imigrantes qualificados. / The purpose of this dissertation, in general, was empirically estimate the probability of interstate migration of skilled workers to Brazil. We considered both variables concerning the individual as related to regional factors origin and destination of immigrants and the analyzes were made for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011. Probit and Logit Models were used to estimate the coefficient of the explanatory variables. The databases used were the PNAD and the main results show that the main pole of attraction of skilled workers is the state of São Paulo. In general the probability of migration of skilled workers is higher for male individuals, white and unmarried sex. Younger and higher income people are also more likely to be skilled immigrants.

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