Beef subprimals (n = 356), representing USDA Low Choice and Select grades, were obtained from a major beef processor. Selected subprimals represented the normal weight variation and standard packer fat trim levels associated with commodity boxed beef. The subprimals selected included beef rib, blade meat; beef rib, ribeye roll, lip-on, bone-in; beef rib, ribeye roll (0x0); beef rib, ribeye, lip-on (2x2) (5.08 cm x 5.08 cm); beef rib, ribeye, lip-on modified (1x1) (2.54 cm x 2.54 cm); beef rib, ribeye (IM, individual muscle); beef rib, ribeye cap (IM); beef chuck, outside shoulder clod, trimmed; beef chuck, outside shoulder clod, top blade roast; beef chuck, square cut, pectoral meat (IM); beef chuck, chuck roll; beef plate, inside skirt (IM); beef round, top (inside) untrimmed; beef round, outside round (flat); beef round, eye of round (IM); beef loin, strip loin, bone in; beef loin, strip loin, boneless; beef loin, top sirloin butt, boneless, 2-piece; beef loin, bottom sirloin butt, flap boneless (IM); beef loin, bottom sirloin butt, ball tip, boneless; beef loin, bottom sirloin butt, tri-tip, boneless (IM); and beef chuck, outside shoulder, clod M. teres major. Subprimals were fabricated into bone-in or boneless retail or foodservice cuts and associated components by trained retail meat cutters. After each retail cutting test, trained technicians recorded weights of all cuts, lean trim, fat trim, and bone. All retail cuts were trimmed to an eighth of an inch (0.32 cm), unless otherwise specified. Time (s) was recorded for each-cutting test and in two major phases: opening (retrieval of the subprimal from vacuum-packaged bag) and cutting (removal of all external and seam fat, connective tissue, and separation of individual muscles, as well as producing tray ready retail cuts). In general, Select subprimals had higher saleable yields than Choice subprimals. Select subprimals had less trimmable fat than Choice subprimals, and differences in retail yields appeared to follow these factors. Few significant differences were observed for processing times between USDA quality grade groups. These data will serve as an update to the CARDS (Computer Assisted Retail Decision Support) software program.

<p>The Swedish Migration Board has during a long time had problems with long processing times for persons that apply for asylum. The government has set targets that investigation should not exceed 6 months although it is done in almost 70% of cases.</p><p>The study's aim has been to examine if steering can be linked together to long processing times and, if so, explain why. The intention has not been to provide a comprehensive picture of the problem but has defined itself to ensure steering impact. The study has been carried out by studying relevant governing documents, previous research and by interviews with administrators and decision-makers in two of the Migration Board asylum units.</p><p>The analyses of the study show that a combination of inadequate steering and inadequate resources have contributed to aggravate the implementation, which has lead to long processing times.</p>

The processing of DNA recovered from felony crime scenes often causes delays in trials of up to 3 years, calling into question defendants' rights to a speedy trial. Using Lewin's force field analysis as the theoretical framework, the purpose of this quantitative, comparative study was to compare the processing and reporting of results related to DNA testing in 4 states. Survey data were collected from state bar members (n=137), members of a professional law organization (n=149), and members of a state DNA laboratory (n=20). The purpose of this quantitative, comparative study was to determine whether these variables (interagency communications, staff retention, budget, legislative support, and changes in procedures and protocols) have an impact on outcome variables. Results indicated a major delaying factor was the delivery of evidence to process from law enforcement, as well as communication issues between agencies. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to state decision makers. Recommendations include either administratively or legislatively engaging in efficiency improvements related to ensuring the timely delivery of DNA evidence. Timely delivery would allow for more speedily engagement in trials when appropriate.

In this thesis, the research and development of a novel rapid figuring procedure for large ultra-precise optics by Reactive Atom Plasma technology is reported. The hypothesis proved in this research is that a metre scale surface with a form accuracy of ~1 μm PV can be figure corrected to 20 – 30 nm RMS in ten hours. This reduces the processing time by a factor ten with respect to state-of-the-art techniques like Ion Beam Figuring. The need for large scale ultra-precise optics has seen enormous growth in the last decade due to large scale international research programmes. A bottleneck in production is seen in the final figure correction stage. State-of-the-art processes capable of compliance with requisites of form accuracy of one part in 108 (CNC polishing, Magneto-Rheological Finishing and Ion Beam Figuring) have failed to meet the time and cost frame targets of the new optics market. Reactive Atom Plasma (RAP) is a means of plasma chemical etching that makes use of a Radio Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch operating at atmospheric pressure. It constitutes an ideal figuring alternative, combining the advantages of a non-contact tool with very high material removal rates and nanometre level repeatability. Despite the rapid figuring potential of this process, research preceding the work presented in this manuscript had made little progress towards design and implementation of a procedure for metre-class optics. The experimental work performed in this PhD project was conducted on Helios 1200, a unique large-scale RAP figuring facility at Cranfield University. Characterisation experiments were carried out on ULE and fused silica surfaces to determine optimum process parameters. Here, the influence of power, surface distance, tool speed and surface temperature was investigated. Subsequently, raster-scanning tests were performed to build an understanding on spaced multiple passes ... [cont.].

Under årens lopp har handläggningstiderna för bygglov tagits upp i flera propositioner och utredningar. Den senaste stora förändringen av plan- och bygglagen kom 2011 och innebar en tidsfrist för bygglov på tio veckor, med möjlighet till en förlängning på ytterligare tio veckor. Något sanktionssystem om kommunerna inte höll tidsfristen ansågs inte behövas vid tidpunkten, det var först efter två tillkännagivanden av riksdagen som regeringen har tagit fram ett lagförslag baserat på en utredning från Boverket. Detta går ut på att bygglovsavgiften ska reduceras mer en femtedel för varje påbörjad vecka när tio veckors fristen har löpt ut. Tanken med förslaget är att korta ner handläggningstiderna och få en effektivare byggprocess. Syftet med arbetet är att se om långa handläggningstider är ett problem, vilka orsakerna är till att tidsfristerna inte hålls. Syftet är även att se vilka lösningar som finns för att korta ner handläggningstiderna och få en effektivare bygglovsprocess. Undersökning görs likaså för att se vilka effekter det nya lagförslaget med avgiftsreduktion kommer att ha, om avsikten kommer att uppnås och vilka andra sätt det kommer att påverka. Undersökningen har gjorts med hjälp av intervjuer. De kommuner som har intervjuats är Stockholm stad, Sollentuna kommun, Tyresö kommun och Huddinge kommun. Frågor har ställts om deras handläggningstider, personal, bygglovsprocesser samt digitalisering och datasystem. Problemet med långa handläggningstider är inte så stort. De flesta kommunerna klarar av att hålla majoriteten av sina ärenden inom tidsfristen. Det är några få kommuner som handlägger under 50 % av ärendena inom tidsfristen. De vanligaste orsakerna till att handläggningen tar lång tid är att det är komplicerade ärenden och att det tar tid när ärendet behöver remitteras. Det tar lång tid att kommunicera, få ett remissvar och för att sedan utreda ytterligare i de fall det krävs. Ett bättre system för att kommunicera skulle behövas då det ofta drar ut på tiden när externa parter behöver vara med i ett ärende. Om kommunerna skulle anställa mer personal hade troligtvis handläggningstiderna kortats ner, men det krävs ekonomi för att göra det möjligt samt ska det finnas personer att anställa. Många kommuner upplever idag att det är svårt att hitta kompetent personal, med mycket erfarenhet, fler personer som utbildas till bygglovshandläggare skulle behövas. Ingen av de intervjuade kommunerna trodde att handläggningstiderna kommer att påverkas av lagförslaget, dock kan handläggningsrutinerna behövas ses över och ett större fokus kommer troligen att läggas på granskningen för att se om ärendet är komplett. Digitalisering är en viktig aspekt för att bli effektivare, flera kommuner uppger att det är en åtgärd de vidtagit och att det har påverkat handläggningsrutinerna. Rutinerna för nämndärenden behöver effektiviseras och fler ärenden kan möjligtvis beslutas på delegation. För att korta ner handläggningstiderna bör kommuner digitalisera sig och se över hela sin process för att se vilka skeden som tar tid, då alla kommuner står inför olika utmaningar. / During the years the processing times for building permits have been discussed several times. The last big change of the law was in 2011 with a time limit of ten weeks, with an option of an additional ten weeks. When the municipalities exceed ten weeks there are no sanctions because they thought there was no need, but now the government made a bill after Boverkets investigation. The building permit fee will be reduced by one fifth for every new week after ten weeks. The purpose of the bill is to shorten the processing times and make the construction process more efficient. The purpose of this essay is to see if long processing times are a problem and what causes the long processing times. Another purpose is to examine the solutions to shorten the times and make the process more efficient. The essay will also investigate how the new bill will affect processing times and what other affects it will have. The examination is made by interviews with the following municipalities Stockholm stad, Sollentuna kommun, Tyresö kommun and Huddinge kommun. The questions are about processing times, staff, building permits processes and digitizing. The problem with long processing times is not that big. Most of the municipalities keep their errands in the time frame of ten weeks. There are a few municipalities that process their errands inside of the timeframe in less than 50 %. The most common causes for long processing times are complicated errands and when the errand has to be referred to another unit. It takes a long time communicating, to get an answer and to continue to investigate when needed. There is a need for a better way to communicate because when other external units are needed in an errand it often takes a long time. If the municipalities would hire more people the processing times would probably be shorter, but to be able to hire more people the municipalities need the economic basis and there must be people to hire. Many municipalities experiencing that it is hard to find competent people with a lot of experience, more people are needed to be educated. No one of the municipalities that were interviewed thought the new bill will have a big effect, but their routines maybe need to be reviewed and a bigger focus will be at the examination in each errand to see if it is complete. Digitizing is very important to be more efficient, and many municipalities sais it has a big effect on the processing times. To shorten the processing times, the municipalities has to digitize and review their whole building permit process to see where it takes the longest time because all municipalities have different challenges.

The Swedish Migration Board has during a long time had problems with long processing times for persons that apply for asylum. The government has set targets that investigation should not exceed 6 months although it is done in almost 70% of cases. The study's aim has been to examine if steering can be linked together to long processing times and, if so, explain why. The intention has not been to provide a comprehensive picture of the problem but has defined itself to ensure steering impact. The study has been carried out by studying relevant governing documents, previous research and by interviews with administrators and decision-makers in two of the Migration Board asylum units. The analyses of the study show that a combination of inadequate steering and inadequate resources have contributed to aggravate the implementation, which has lead to long processing times.

Forskning visar att genom utveckling inom digitalisering finns flera nyttor att vinna. Dessa nyttor är att verksamheter effektiviseras, kvalitet på data höjs och kostnader sjunker. Lantmäteriet strävar mot att effektivisera fastighetsbildningsprocessen genom att tillvarata digitaliseringens möjligheter och där ett önskat tillstånd är skapa obrutna digitala informationsflöden.  För att uppnå ett obrutet digitalt informationsflöde krävs det att information samlas, digitaliseras och görs tillgänglig. Idag finns inget lagkrav för att avtalsrättigheter ska skrivas in i fastighetsregistret, vilket resulterar i att denna informationsmängd inte tillgängliggörs och därmed uppstår en lucka i det digitala informationsflödet. Därför är det viktigt att undersöka hur fastighetsbildningsprocessen påverkas av oinskrivna avtalsrättigheter, tillsammans med önskeläget om ett obrutet digitalt informationsflöde.  Syftet med studien är att belysa de effekter som kan komma att uppstå vid en förändrad inskrivning av avtalsrättigheter, vad detta skulle medföra för effektivisering av fastighetsbildningsprocessen och hur en förändring skulle kunna genomföras. För att besvara frågeställningen har den empiriska delen utgjorts av en enkätundersökning riktad mot förrättningslantmätare samt intervjuer genomförda med sakkunniga inom området.  Utifrån studiens resultat framkommer det att det är viktigt att arbeta mot en mer digital fastighetsbildningsprocess, att tillgängliggöra information digitalt och därmed skapa transparens. Nyttorna med ett mer komplett fastighetsregister bidrar till snabbare beslut inom fastighetsbildningsprocessen. En förändring av inskrivningsförfarandet bör genomföras genom en lagändring där nya avtalsrättigheter måste skrivas in för att få rättsverkan. / Through science it has been shown that through development within digitalization there are several benefits to be found. These benefits are that operations could be more efficient, quality of data could rise and costs could be reduced. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority, Lantmäteriet strives towards streamlining the property formation process by taking advantage of the possibilities that digitalization has to offer and a desired state is to create uninterrupted digital flows of information.  In order to create an uninterrupted digital flow of information it is required for information to be collected, digitized and made available. Today, there is no legal requirement to enrol contractual rights in the real property register. As a result, this amount of information is not made available and thus, there is a gap in the digital flow of information. Therefore, it is important to investigate how the property formation process is affected by unregistered contractual rights, together with the desired state of an uninterrupted digital flow of information.  The purpose of this study is to illustrate the effects that may arise in the event of a changed enrolment of contractual rights, what this would entail for streamlining the property development process and how a change could be implemented. To answer the question formulation the empirical part has consisted of a questionnaire aimed towards cadastral surveyors and interviews conducted with experts in the field.  Based on the results of the study, it emerges that it is important to work towards a more digital property development process, to make information available digitally and consequently create transparency. The benefits of a more complete real property register contribute to quicker decisions within the property formation process. A change of the enrolment procedure should be implemented by a law change where new contractual rights must be enrolled to achieve legal effect.

Nos travaux concernent l’étude d’une extension d’un problème d’ordonnancement bien connu sous l’appellation job shop. Nous appelons cette extension le General Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem (GFJSSP). Celui-ci se rencontre dans différents types d’ateliers ayant comme caractéristique commune d’être soumis à des contraintes dues à des ressources de transport. Le GFJSSP se caractérise par l’intégration de machines et robots flexibles. Le terme General induit par ailleurs la présence de robots dont la capacité est supposée unitaire dans notre étude, des temps opératoires bornés, et la possibilité de prise en compte d’emplacements de stockage spécifiques. Après avoir défini l’atelier et le problème correspondant à cette extension, nous avons proposé deux modélisations du GFJSSP ainsi défini : une première modélisation mathématique linéaire, et une modélisation graphique, qui correspond à une généralisation du graphe disjonctif couramment utilisé pour les problèmes de job shop. Nous avons ensuite abordé la résolution suivant deux étapes : tout d’abord en nous focalisant sur l’aspect séquencement des tâches de traitement et de transport, pour lequel nous avons élaboré deux méthodes heuristiques (de type Tabou et basée sur une procédure de shifting bottleneck améliorée) ; puis en intégrant dans un deuxième temps la problématique de l’affectation induite par la flexibilité de certaines ressources. Pour cette dernière étape, nous avons combiné les méthodes précédentes avec un algorithme génétique. L’algorithme hybride obtenu nous permet de résoudre des instances de la littérature correspondant à divers cas spécifiques, avec des résultats assez proches des meilleures méthodes dédiées. A termes, il pourrait être intégré dans un système d'aide à la décision général qui s’affranchirait de la phase d’identification préalable du type de job shop considéré, et serait adapté à la résolution de nombreux cas (avec ou sans problème d'affectation, temps de traitement fixes ou bornés, avec ou sans stockage, etc..). / Our work focuses on an extension of the well known job shop scheduling problem. We call this extension the General Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem (GFJSSP). It occurs in various kinds of workshops which are particularly constrained by one or several transportation resources (called robots). GFJSSP is characterized by the flexibility of both machines and robots. In the studied problem, the term General involves unitary capacity transportation resources, bounded processing times, and possible input/output buffers for machines. After defining the workshop and the corresponding problem, we proposed two kinds of model for the GFJSSP: a mathematical model, and a graphical one. This last one is a generalization of the disjunctive graph commonly used for job shop problems. We then addressed the resolution in two steps: firstly, by focusing on the sequencing of processing and transportation tasks. For this purpose we have developed two heuristics (Tabu search and an improved shifting bottleneck procedure). Secondly, we have considered the assignment problem involved by the flexibility of some resources. For this last step, we combined the above methods with a genetic algorithm. This hybrid algorithm allowed us to solve various specific cases of instances in the literature, with performance rather close to the best dedicated methods. In the future, it could be integrated within a general decision support system which could emancipate from the initial identification phase of the considered type of job shop, and which would be suitable for solving many cases (with or without assignment problem, fixed or bounded processing times, with or without storage, and so on).