本研究以文本分析方法，剖析現今台灣兒童英語影視媒介教材，如何運用媒介特性、針對兒童閱聽人呈現英語教學的元素及互動性；並以深度訪談方法，探究兒童英語影視媒介教材產製之發展團隊分工與角色、發展策略、製作流程等面向。進一步剖陳在不同互動層次媒介之產製概念重點、差異、與影響因素，以期瞭解台灣兒童英語影視媒介教材之產製現況，為未來兒童英語教學教材製作之參考與依據。 本研究發現兒童英語影視媒介教材之定位為英語輔助教材，目標對象多未明確界定，產製上亦多以製作者面向思考、缺乏使用者觀點。媒介特性為兒童英語影視媒介教材呈現方式、及產製重點之主要考量；市場因素則為兒童英語影視媒介教材在教學設計與發展上的重要障礙。在發展團隊方面，兒童英語影視媒介教材之產製，需結合不同專業人才、不同執行單位，因而強而有力的品質管控者不可或缺；發展團隊的組成、運作、及角色分工，則受該團隊既有產製思維之影響甚深。評估兒童英語影視媒介教材之產製模式，普遍缺乏分析及總結性評鑑階段，亦需應加強製作階段之形成性評鑑、及評鑑後修正之落實。

La télémédecine existe et est pratiquée en France depuis les années 1980. Il faut cependant attendre la loi du 21 juillet 2009 portant réforme de l’hôpital et relative aux patients, à la santé et aux territoires (HPST), pour qu’une définition lui soit conférée dans le droit français : la télémédecine est reconnue comme « une forme de pratique médicale à distance utilisant les technologies de l’information et de la communication ». À partir de cette date, la pratique s’institutionnalise, une stratégie nationale de développement est mise en œuvre et une politique publique sectorielle lui est dédiée. L’objectif affiché est de lever les freins réglementaires et organisationnels à la pratique. En parallèle de cette reconnaissance juridique, la télémédecine devient un outil de renouvellement de l’action publique dans le champ de la santé. Toutefois, malgré l’intérêt qui lui est porté, la pratique ne s’intensifie pas et les stratégies successives mises en œuvre par les institutions en charge de son déploiement peuvent être qualifiées d’échecs. La télémédecine ne se développe pas, ou plutôt, ne se développe pas comme le souhaiterait la puissance publique. L’hypothèse générale de nos recherches est qu’au lieu de lever les freins au développement de la pratique, la politique publique dédiée à la pratique est à l’origine même du blocage. À partir d’une démarche institutionnaliste nous interprétons les rapports de force entre les échelles de régulation de la télémédecine, ce qui nous amène à questionner la pertinence du modèle de gouvernance de son déploiement. Nous mettons alors en évidence que les solutions apportées par les institutions en charge du développement de la télémédecine peuvent être contre-productives. / Telemedicine has been practiced in France since the 1980s. In 2009, the HPST law proposes a legal definition: Telemedicine is “a form of medical practice remotely using ICT”. From this date, the practice has been institutionalized, a national development strategy has been implemented and a sectoral public policy is applied. The objective is to remove regulatory and organizational barriers to the practice of telemedicine. Telemedicine is also becoming a tool for the renewal of public action. However, public policies are unsuccessful. Telemedicine is not developing as the public authorities have desired. The general hypothesis of our research is that instead of removing barriers to the development of telemedicine, public policies dedicated to its practice are actually impeding it. That is why we analyze power relations among stakeholders of regulation. To do this we adopt an institutionalist approach. We question the relevance of the governance model used for for deployment of telemedicine. We highlight that the solutions provided by the institutions in charge of the development of telemedicine can be improductive.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This study proposes a production model that increases the manufacturing capacity in a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) of garments with an aim to reduce the nonfulfillment of order deliveries. An assessment has been done and waiting times between production processes have been identified, along with defective products and inefficient work methods. This study proposes the design of a lean manufacturing model under the change management approach, whose methodology comprises five phases. In phase 0, awareness and training sessions are conducted (change management). Then, phase 1 reorganizes the work area (plant layout re-distribution and 5S) and phase 2 seeks better workload balances (line balance and Heijunka implementation). Later, phase 3 standardizes work methods (standardization). Finally, the proposed model will be validated to determine whether the selected operating tools are supported by the awareness that contributes to increasing production. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. / Revisión por pares

本研究旨在探討如何將漢語中詞彙的產出，建構在過去的語言生成模型(speech production model)之上。 在過去文獻中，語言生成模型主要有兩大流派：序列模型(serial-ordering model)主張各階段的激活過程只能單向進行，而連接模型(connectionist model)則允許各階段之間有雙向互動。此外，兩大模型闡述綜合性詞誤 (同時在語意及語音方面相關的詞誤)的生成也略有不同：序列模型認為綜合性詞誤起因於功能層次(functional level)與位置層次(positional level)同時發生錯誤，但若綜合性語誤的比例顯著高於機率，則較不支持此說法；連接模型則認為綜合性詞誤來自音系層(phonological stage)和詞條層(lemma stage)間的交互作用，倘若大部分的縱向聚合詞誤(paradigmatic errors)皆具有語音相似度，此說法較能得到驗證。 因此，為估算漢語詞彙選擇中語音的相似度，本研究分析了421個在自然語境中收集的單音節縱向聚合詞誤，結果發現綜合性語誤所佔的比例顯著偏高，此外，所有詞誤在字首、語音特徵、韻母、音節結構和聲調各方面的效應都達到顯著，這說明了語音和語意的確會同時影響詞彙的選擇，這也表示連接模型可能較接近中文的語言生成過程。 另外，語料分析的結果也顯示出漢語詞彙產出的特性。第一、在詞彙提取的過程中，字首比語音特徵和韻母扮演了更重要的角色，這同時也支持音節結構應以字首(C)和韻母劃分(CV/CVC)的假設；第二、聲調效應的顯著顯示聲調應存在於字彙的底層結構，因此聲調的促發應先於詞彙結的激化；第三、目標詞彙(target)的音節結構應在音系層的初期就已指定，因此有相同音節結構的詞彙結容易勝出。綜合以上可知，漢語的生成過程較傾向連接模型的架構，唯聲調和音節結構等語言特色宜納入模型討論。 / This study aims to investigate the process of word production in Mandarin, to see how it can be structured in previous models. Speech production models have two primary sects—the serial-ordering model versus the connectionist model—arguing for uni-directional and bi-directional activation respectively. Besides, between these two models, the generation of both semantically- and phonologically-related lexical errors (mixed errors) is different. On the one hand, the serial-ordering model (Garrett, 1988) interpreted mixed errors as malfunctions occur at both functional and positional level. It may not be favored if mixed errors occur more than chance in the corpus. On the other hand, the connectionist model (Dell, 1986) explained it as the feedback activation from the phonological level back to the lemma level. It would be supported if most paradigmatic substitutions show phonological similarities. Therefore, in order to facilitate the phonological similarities in lexical substitutions, 421 single-syllable paradigmatic (non-contextual) lexical errors collected in natural settings are examined. It is found that the percentage of mixed errors is significantly higher. Moreover, in the corpus the initialness, similarity, rhyme, syllable structure and tone effects are all prominent, which proves the joint effect of semantic and phonology in word selection. In other words, the connectionist network might better account for the processing of Mandarin. In addition, the analysis reveals certain issues of word-production in Mandarin. First, initials are primary activation units in word retrieval, rather than phonetic features or rhymes. It also supports the division of hierarchical syllable structure as an onset (C) and rhyme (VC/CVC). Secondly, the significance of tone effect suggests that tone may be stored in the underlying phonological organization of lexicons and thus is prior in word-activation. Thirdly, the syllable structure of the target is assigned at the beginning of phonological stage and thus lexical nodes with the same syllable structure tend to be selected. In conclusion, the analysis proves that the connectionist model could be applied to Mandarin Chinese if the status of tone and syllable structure is included.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-24T15:00:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAISSA BEZERRA ROCHA - TESE (PPgEE) 2017.pdf: 2547994 bytes, checksum: e7533ebc755ba778f971329b75a40ff2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAISSA BEZERRA ROCHA - TESE (PPgEE) 2017.pdf: 2547994 bytes, checksum: e7533ebc755ba778f971329b75a40ff2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / CNPq / A busca por novos modelos que representem a biofísica da fonação da voz é importante em aplicações que incluem o processamento do sinal de voz por representar uma ferramenta no conhecimento de característica dos locutores. Esta tese de doutorado apresenta uma nova abordagem para a teoria fonte-filtro de geração de voz, mais precisamente sons sonoros, que realiza a modelagem da voz por meio de três subsistemas independentes: fonte de excitação, trato vocal e radiação dos lábios e narinas. Trata-se de um modelo em que a geração da voz é feita por meio de filtros lineares e invariantes ao deslocamento no tempo e que leva em consideração a física da fonação, a partir da característica cicloestacionária do sinal de voz, proveniente do comportamento de vibração das cordas vocais. É sugerido que a frequência de oscilação das cordas vocais é dada em função da massa e comprimento delas, e que seu valor é alterado principalmente pela tensão longitudinal aplicada a elas. No modelo proposto para geração da voz, o movimento vibratório das cordas vocais é modelado por meio de um de gerador de trem de impulsos cicloestacionário, controlado por um sinal de tensão obtido a partir da forma de onda do sinal de voz. É realizada toda a análise matemática que abrange o novo modelo para a excitação glotal, apresentando-se uma expressão matemática da densidade espectral de potência do sinal que excita a glote, bem como para o sinal de voz, cujos parâmetros podem ser ajustados para emular patologias na glote. Além disso, apresenta-se a análise no domínio da frequência do pulso glotal usado. Para analisar o desempenho do modelo proposto, testes com locução foram realizados e os resultados indicam que o modelo proposto se ajusta bem a geração da voz. / The search for new models that represent the biophysics of voice phonation is important for applications that include voice signal processing because it represents a tool for getting to know the characteristics of the speakers. This doctoral thesis presents a new proposal for the source-filter theory of voice production, more precisely related to voiced sounds, that performs the voice modelling using three independent subsystems: the excitation source, the vocal tract, the lip and nostrils radiation system. It is a proposal for a model to generate voice using linear and time-invariant systems, and takes into account the phonation physics and the cyclestationarity characteristics of the voice signal, related to the vibrational behavior of the vocal cords. The model suggests that the frequency oscillation of the vocal folds is a function of the mass and length, but controlled by the longitudinal tension applied to them. In the proposed voice generation model, the vibratory movement of the vocal cords is modeled by a cyclestationary train of impulses, controlled by a tension signal obtained from the voice signal waveform. A mathematical analysis encompassing the new model for glottal excitation is accomplished by presenting a mathematical expression of the signal power spectral density which excites the glottis, as well as the voice signal, whose parameters can be adjusted to emulate pathologies in the glottis. Moreover, the analysis of the utilized glottal pulse in the frequency domain is presented. To analyze the performance of the proposed model, tests with locutions were done and the results indicate that the proposed model adjusts well to voice generation.

Este artículo de investigación analiza los antecedentes y problemas actuales que presentan las empresas del sector plástico por la prohibición en la fabricación, distribución y utilización de bolsas convencionales, debido a las diversas disposiciones establecidas por el Estado. Y a su vez los problemas internos de producción que se han identificado en la empresa de estudio, tales como la parada de máquinas y el inadecuado uso del personal, generando así la existencia de mermas y tiempos improductivos en la fabricación de bolsas plásticas. Por lo cual, se propone un Modelo de Producción Lean Manufacturing mediante un enfoque Biotecnológico para una empresa Mype del Sector Plástico. En donde, se utilizará técnicas de solución como la metodología 5S, la Gestión por Procesos y la Biotecnología, que consiste en utilizar recursos naturales como materia prima fundamental para producir un producto eficiente y adecuado, las cuales fueron analizadas y aplicadas en la revisión de la literatura. Como principal resultado de esta propuesta se obtendrá una producción eficiente de bolsas biodegradables, como alternativa de sustitución al plástico convencional. Finalmente, se realizará una validación por simulación para evidenciar las mejoras presentadas en la empresa. Es importante señalar que como principal conclusión se tiene obtener un producto innovador que garantice una viabilidad económica, social y medioambiental en los negocios del sector plástico. / This research article analyzes the antecedents and current problems that companies in the plastic sector present due to the prohibition on the manufacture, distribution and use of conventional bags, due to the various provisions established by the State. And in turn, the internal production problems that have been identified in the study company, such as the stoppage of machines and the inappropriate use of personnel, thus generating the existence of wastage and unproductive times in the manufacture of plastic bags. Therefore, a Lean Manufacturing Production Model is proposed through a Biotechnological approach for a Mype company in the Plastic Sector. Where, solution techniques such as the 5S methodology, Process Management and Biotechnology will be used, which consists of using natural resources as fundamental raw material to produce an efficient and adequate product, which were analyzed and applied in the review of the literature. The main result of this proposal will be an efficient production of biodegradable bags, as an alternative to conventional plastic. Finally, a simulation validation will be carried out to show the improvements presented in the company. It is important to note that the main conclusion is to obtain an innovative product that guarantees economic, social and environmental viability in business in the plastics sector. / Trabajo de investigación

The growth within internationalization has changed the world at a rapid pace, with businesses expanding into foreign markets on a daily basis. Similarly, to the growth within internationalization, social media has changed how marketing activities are conducted throughout the world. Influencer marketing has been one of those drivers of growth, changing the way that brands market themselves on a global basis. Therefore, there is a need to understand the relationship between internationalization and influencer marketing but determining the role that internationalization plays in the way that influencer marketing is used within businesses that plan on expanding to new markets. In relation to how traditional marketing tools are adapted through the use of influencer marketing during the internationalization process. For the data collection two interviews were conducted along with one questionnaire with 109 respondents. The study has followed the same structure as can be seen in the frame of reference, according to two main subjects: Internationalization and E-marketing. The findings gathered through the questionnaires showed that credibility was highly valued in relation to that the use of local influencers was preferred to increase trust and credibility between the brand, influencer and their target audience. Along with credibility being more valued by the respondents than an influencer's network size. The findings from the interviews show that the use of influencer marketing is greatly dependent on the needs and preference of the individual market. While one brand preferred a more united front, yet still adapting to the Chinese market in terms of using local influencers and social media platforms. The other brand favored using local influencers in their different markets in order to best reach their consumers. Influencer marketing was used by the two brands to build brand awareness in new markets, through different influencer networks, yet the size of the network was not important for one of the brands, instead it was the connections within the network that were important.

[pt] A transformação no espaço rural na Baixada Fluminense, ao longo dos séculos, moldou-se diante das demandas que surgiam. Entretanto, as atividades agrícolas resistiram às mudanças no tempo e persistiram, mesmo com a chegada da modernização. Com a chegada da Revolução Verde à mecanização, nos meios de produção no campo, agregada ao crédito agrícola, favorecedor dos grandes produtores, estimulavam o monocultivo e a baixa inserção de mão de obra agrícola. Todas essas mudanças nos processos produtivos, acabaram transformando o espaço da Baixada Fluminense, contudo, Tinguá persiste com práticas familiares agrícolas, numa hibridização com a inserção de pluriatividades, assim sendo, uma área periurbana. Para além disso, ela também está inserida em uma zona preservada por legislação ambiental, com Unidades de Conservação nas três instâncias governamentais. A região possui grande biodiversidade ecossistêmica e um elevado potencial hídrico, que vem sendo degradado por um turismo predatório e uma agricultura que utiliza insumos químicos na produção, ocasionando na poluição do solo e de corpos hídricos. Foi realizado uma avaliação da suposta implementação de um modelo de produção contínua de hortaliças, a partir da criação de módulos de hortas de 100 metros quadrados em áreas que já eram utilizadas pela agricultura, área de campo ou livres. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os maiores agricultores da região, para que pudesse ser identificada sua forma de produção, mas eles não possuíam nenhum registro, dificultando, assim, possíveis cruzamentos. Buscando equidade social, produtividade semanal, baixo impacto ambiental e produção ecológica, foram mapeados e encontrados um total de 2.942 módulos de 100 mestros quadrados, uma produção de 29.420 de sacolas semanal e 117.680 de sacolas de hortaliças por mês. / [en] The metamorphosis at the rural zone on Baixada Fluminense through the centuries took form following the up rising demands. Therefore the farm activities resisted the change and persisted even with the modern times. With the arrival of the Green Revolution, the mechanization of means of production in the countryside, added to the financial credit agricultural - which favored the great farm producers-, stimulated the monoculture and the low insertion of the workforce at the agriculture. All these changes in the productivity process ended up transforming Baixada Fluminense. However, Tinguá still persists with its own familiar practices of rural production, making a hybrid model by the injection of pluriactivity; for this reason, it is considered a peri-urban area. It is also inserted in a preserved zone by the environmental legislation, with Conservation Units present in the three government instances. However, the protection ends at the edge of Rebio do Tinguá, unity that cannot have any kind of activity in its interior. The region has large ecosystem biodiversity and a high water potential - which has been damage by a predatory tourism and by an agriculture that uses chemical inputs in the production, causing pollution of the soil and the hydric elements. Because of this, an evaluation of the supposed implementation of a model of continuous production of vegetables was made, since the conception of garden modules with 100 square meters in areas already used by the farm production or clear fields. There were interviews with the great farmers in the region aiming to identify their way, but they did not hold any data, making hard potential data analysis. In order to find social insertion, weekly productivity, low environmental impact, and organic production, 2.942 modules of 100 square meters, an output of 29.420 weekly bags and 117.680 vegetables bags were mapped and found at Tinguá Basin monthly, therefore, it is considered an ecological and social equity model.

正常人的語誤中可以取得在心理語言上何為音韻單位的證據，近來有許多針對失語症的病人語誤的研究，發現失語症病人的語誤也可當做測試語言表徵的重要來源資料。 　　本研究針對失語症病人在聲調方面表現，做聲調錯誤頻率分佈、語境影響錯誤、以及錯誤方向種類之分析 然後將整失語症病人聲調表現的分析跟心理語言學語言產出機制作連結。 　　本研究結果顯示，漢語失語症病人聲調表現上第四生錯誤雖然最多，但第四聲在漢語裡原本出現的頻率就最高，所以第四聲不應被認為對失語症病人最為困難。而第三聲雖然在漢語裡出現頻率最低，卻佔了失語症病人聲調錯誤頻率第二高位，因此我們判斷第三聲對失語症病人來說是最為困難的聲調。第二，我們發現漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤受語境影響比正常人低。第三，漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤裡，語境影響語誤之方向性中，錯誤來源在語誤出現前類型較多。第四，我們發現Dell的連續模型(connectionist model)，可以解釋失語症病人在聲調錯誤類型偏好原因。 / Naturally occurring speech errors have been used as evidence for testing the psychological reality of phonological units. A number of researchers start to look at evidence from aphasic speech for testing linguistic representation so the phenomena of aphasia provide tests of the validity of certain aspects of linguistic theory. 　　In this thesis, tone errors made by aphasics were examined and related overall analyses to psycholinguistic models of speech production. In light of the analysis of tone frequency in Mandarin written texts and oral data and tone errors produced by aphasics, relating issues concerning the research questions we put forward were elucidated. First, it seems that tone 4 is the most problematic tone for the aphasics in terms of error rate since tone 4 occurs the most often in errors. However, tone 4 errors intrinsically will occur more that other three tones because of its highest incidence in Mandarin. Thus, tone 4 may not be taken as the most difficult tone for aphasics merely from its high error rate. Second, the results indicated that non-contextual errors constitute most of the aphasic errors. Third, it has been shown that perseveration is a cross-linguistic feature of aphasia. Fourth, Dell’s connectionist model is proved to be able to account for and make predictions about the error patterns found in both aphasic and normal speech.