Examensarbetets ämnesval fastställdes i samråd med en kontaktperson på Brottsoffer- och personssäkerhetssektionen region Syd. Trots tydlig ansvarsfördelning mellan polis-och åklagarmyndighet samt ett väl utarbetat metodstöd finns en problematik med att kvinnor inte upprätthåller sin initiala medverkan i utredningar. Studien ämnar därmed att belysa hur kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relation hanteras, vilket således handlar om att undersöka vilka verktyg polisanställda och åklagare har och på vilket sätt verktygen används. Frågeställningarna har besvarats genom semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer med polisanställda och åklagare i Malmö. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultatet att polisanställda och åklagare har verktyg att tillgå när kvinnan vill avbryta sin medverkan i utredning. De arbetsmetoder och verktyg som finns att tillgå när kvinnor inte längre vill medverka i utredningen används. Poliser i yttre tjänst är en viktig del för att kvinnorna ska upprätthålla sin initiala medverkan i utredningen. Motivation för kvinnans fortsatta medverkan krävs i de flesta ärenden, men när och i vilken utsträckning kan variera beroende på målsägandens inställning. Metodstöd används mer frekvent av vissa informanter och mer sällan av andra. Utifrån studiens resultat och med stöd av teoretiska utgångspunkter samt tidigare forskning har policyimplikationer tagits fram. Kunskap om normaliseringsprocessen anses vara en del i den ökade utredningskvaliteten som bedöms nödvändig för att få kvinnor att upprätthålla sin initiala medverkan. / The degree project was determined in consultation with a contact person in Region Syd’s Crime Victims and Personnel Security unit. Despite a clear designation of responsibilities between police employees and prosecutors, in addition to well- established guidelines, women not remaining as participants in the investigation is a problem. Therefore the study aims to elucidate how women subjected to intimate partner violence are treated by police employees and prosecutors. The study examines the tools police employees and prosecutors have and in the manner they are used. The questions have been answered through semi-structured telephone interviews with police employees and prosecutors in Malmö. In summary, new evidence shows that police employees and prosecutors have tools available to keep women in the investigation who wanted to remove themselves. The tools that are available when women no longer wish to participate in the study are used. Police officers are an important part of ensuring that women maintain their initial involvement in the investigation. Motivation to keep women in the investigation is required in most cases, but when and to what extent may vary depending on the plaintiff's attitude. The manual is used by the informants both frequently and less frequently. Policy implications have been developed based on the results of the study and with the support of theoretical perspectives as well as previous research. Knowledge of the ”normalization processes” is considered to increase the quality of investigation that enables women to maintain their participation.

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In recent decades the Swedish legislature has increasingly focused on the treatment of victims of crime and the information they receive. Victimology research has also shown the importance of treating victims with respect and of keeping them informed of their rights and the progress of their case throughout the process. The requirements thus set have to be met by all judicial actors, which presuppose a level of cooperation among them. Cooperation therefore constitutes one way of meeting victims' needs. In the current study these three factors; information, good treatment and cooperation, are referred to as victims’ rights.           Studies have shown that victims experience shortcomings in the legal process regarding information and treatment. The causes of these shortcomings can be multiple, but from a legal point of view, however, the issue raises the question of whether there may be potential legal difficulties involved in incorporating adequate information and good treatment of crime victims into the judicial process. The purpose of this thesis is to study and analyse victims’ rights in the judicial process. As they are not without a legal context, these victims’ rights are analysed in relation to other legislation, principles and requirements that govern the functions of the judicial system, such as the duty of the police, prosecutors and courts to act objectively, conduct their work independently, and run an efficient legal process. The main question is whether the incorporation of victims’ rights conflicts with other rules and legal principles.         The study concludes, inter alia, that victims’ rights concerning the treatment of victims and coordination of the work with victims is vaguely regulated and the intended meaning of the requirements are not clear, which may lead to problems when these requirements are incorporated into the justice system. Regarding information, treatment of victims and coordination and cooperation, little guidance is given about how to incorporate this at the local level. Informational requirements are expressed more clearly in the legislation, but how and to what extent information to victims should be given can still be a matter of interpretation on the part of the actors. The existence of local differences is therefore likely, which can affect the actual support that individual victims gain access to. The legislature could choose to further clarify and elaborate upon how victims’ rights issues relate to other aspects of the judicial process, how priorities or balancing of interests should be handled as well as to reveal the underlying motives for such considerations. Such clarification could possibly increase the consistency of the incorporation of victims’ rights, and transform abstract goals into concrete actions.

The process of investigation, which begins when a crime is reported and ends after a suspect has been convicted or discharged by a court of law, is a mammoth task which requires cooperation between various stakeholders, such as investigators and prosecutors. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the specialised commercial crime investigators in the prosecution process. The study evaluated and explored the status of the current roles played by these investigators with the intention of recommending changes that could improve investigator practice. Two research questions were posed. First, the researcher endeavoured to find answers to a question regarding what the prosecution process entails. Secondly, the researcher sought to establish the roles of the specialised commercial crime investigator in the prosecution process. It was envisaged that the answers to these questions could be obtained from specialised commercial crime investigators and prosecutors deployed in the commercial crimes courts. On this basis two samples were chosen, with nine investigators from the Gauteng North office of the Specialised Commercial Crimes Unit and four prosecutors from the Specialised Commercial Crimes Court in Gauteng North. Some of the findings were that the investigators in trying to fulfil their roles of investigations have an adverse impact on the investigation and successful prosecution of offenders, which in turn lead to recidivism and apathy among the communities being served by the police and the justice system in general. The image of the police, particularly that of the commercial crime investigators, is often negated and the justice system is portrayed as a failure in addressing the problem of crime. The conclusions drawn from the data were that the roles of investigators in the prosecution process are mandatory as they are legislated rather that persuasive and that investigators cannot rely on prosecutors to handle all aspects of investigation once a case has been handed over to the prosecution. Apart from a lack of knowledge about these roles, it was established that some investigators deliberately ignore their roles in this relationship. It is proposed that dedicated training should be afforded to investigators and prosecutors above their existing training, with a focus on how to take part in the prosecution process. Investigators should be informed that their responsibilities in the prosecution process are a result of legislation and that failure to satisfy the legislation will carry adverse consequences for the investigation itself, the prosecution and the other stakeholders. / Criminal and Procedural Law / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigations)

Le mémoire vise à déterminer quelle contribution la justice internationale peut apporter à la résolution des conflits et au maintien de la paix et plus précisément si les pouvoirs octroyés au Procureur de la Cour pénale internationale, dans le cadre du Statut de Rome, lui donnent la capacité d’influencer les conflits en cours. Le premier chapitre décrit l’historique des événements ayant mené à l’adoption du Statut de Rome en 1998 et permet d’expliquer l’évolution de la notion d’une justice post-conflictuelle à une justice pouvant favoriser la paix. Le débat théorique paix-justice est ensuite analysé afin de démontrer que le Procureur de la Cour pénale internationale peut exercer une certaine influence sur les conflits lorsqu’il possède un pouvoir discrétionnaire important. Le second chapitre examine les prérogatives octroyées au Procureur dans le cadre du statut de Rome et comment elles s’appliquent durant les différentes étapes de procédure menant à la délivrance d’un mandat d’arrêt. Il est démontré que le pouvoir discrétionnaire du Procureur est limité par le régime de complémentarité et par des enjeux de coopération avec les États Parties. Par conséquent, cela nuit à sa capacité d’influencer la résolution des conflits. Le troisième chapitre analyse deux situations en cours à la Cour pénale internationale, soit celle de l’Ouganda et celle du Darfour, afin de vérifier si le Procureur a réellement un impact sur les conflits en cours. Il est avancé que dans le cadre actuel du Statut de Rome, le Procureur est dépendant de la coopération des États Parties pour influencer la résolution des conflits. / The thesis aims to determine how international justice can contribute to peace-building and ending conflicts and more specifically whether the powers given to the International Criminal Court Prosecutor, in the Rome Statute, enable him to take action on ongoing conflicts. The first chapter describes the events that led to the adoption of the Rome Statute in 1998 and explains the evolution from a post-conflict justice to a justice for peace. The Peace and Justice debate is further analysed as to demonstrate that the International Criminal Court Prosecutor may have an impact on ongoing conflicts if granted with prosecutorial discretion. The second chapter looks into prosecutorial discretion in the Rome Statute and how it is implemented during the main steps of the process leading to an arrest warrant. It is demonstrated that prosecutorial discretion is limited by complementarity and cooperation issues between State Parties. Therefore it restricts the Prosecutor’s ability to ending conflicts. The third chapter analyses two ongoing situations at the International Criminal Court that is Uganda and Darfur, as to verify if the Prosecutor can have an effect on ongoing conflicts. It is concluded that in the current Rome Statute, the Prosecutor is dependent on State Parties cooperation to influencing conflict resolution.

Le « ministère public » est aussi appelé parquet, expression par la quelle on désigne l'ensemble des magistrats qui dans une juridiction sont chargés a la fois de poursuivre les infractions pour défendre les intérêts de la société, et de protéger l'individu. Les magistrats debouts sont toujours une partie essentielle en matière pénale, parfois en matière civile. D'après les jurisprudences constitutionnelles française et taïwanaise, ils relèvent de l'autorité judiciaire.Mais le péché originel réside dans le principe de la subordination hiérarchique parce qu'il s'oppose au principe de l'indépendance. Ce paradoxe a émergé de l'arrêt de la CEDH, l'arrêt Medvedyev, qui affirmé que les procureurs français ne sont pas une autorité judiciaire. Cet arrêt a entraîné une polémique sur le statut et l'évolution du ministère public français.L'étude de l'institution du ministère public en droit comparé met en relief deux aspects fondamentaux :Le premier est l'aspect organique du ministère public et la deuxième est celui de son évolution.Quelle est à l'heure actuelle la structure du ministère public ? Est-ce que le procureurs vont garder le statut de magistrat ou est-ce qu'il vont évoluer vers un statut administratif après l'arrêt Medvedyev ? Est-ce que le procureurs français et taïwanais appartiendront dans le futur à l'autorité judiciaire ou devront-ils être indépendants ? Quel est l'avenir des ministère public français et taïwanais ? / The «prosecution »is also called parquet expression by any means all judges in a jurisdiction which are loaded both prosecute offenses to defend the interests of the society, and protect the individual. Judges are standing still an essential part in criminal matters, sometimes in civil matters. In constitutional jurisprudence after French and Taiwanese, they belong to the judicial authority. But original sin lies in the principle of hierarchical subordination because he opposes the principle of independence. This paradox has emerged from the judgment of the R, judgment Medvedyev, who said the French prosecutors are not judicial. This decision led to a controversy over the status and evolution of ministrère French public.The study of the institution of the prosecution in comparative law highlights two fundamental aspects:The first is the organic aspect of the prosecution and the second is its evolution.What is the current structure of the public ministry?Is that the prosecutors will keep the status of magistrate or is it going to change the administrative status after the case of Medvedyev?Is that the French and Taiwanese prosecutors in the future belong to the judiciary or will they be independent? What is the future of French and Taiwanese prosecutors?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Rogerio Bastos Costa.pdf: 516336 bytes, checksum: f9710c26f4494a09102082c141cd6c0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-15 / This present work broaches the question of legitimation when proposing protection in advocacy of collective interests, under the thinking of Mauro Cappelletti, which emphasizes the sense of intermediary bodies. On the first chapter, it approaches the evolution of collective interest s conception and the bodies that could invocate its protection. On the second chapter, discusses the appearance of the Brazilian Legal System protection of collective interests, following and its orientation that emphasizes the State as an agent to claim protection to collective interests mainly by Public Prosecutor s Office. The third chapter concentrates on analyzing the article Formazioni sociale e interesse di grupo davanti ala giustizia civile from Mauro Cappelletti (1975), where the subject is discussed. Finally, the fourth chapter exposes the legitimation for the defense of collective interests by intermediary bodies, understood as contemporary third-sector Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), and indicated as more viable solutions to the question of the effectiveness on the defense of collective interests, as well the modern political thinking of Minimal State. As conclusion, it is defended that NGOs should be increasingly involved with the challenge of acting on protection of the collective interests / O presente trabalho aborda a questão da legitimação para a proposição de tutela na defesa dos interesses coletivos, sob a perspectiva do pensamento de Mauro Cappelletti, no sentido da ênfase nos corpos intermediários. No primeiro capítulo, aborda-se a evolução do conceito do interesse coletivo e dos entes que poderiam invocar sua tutela. No segundo capítulo, discute-se o surgimento e positivação da tutela dos interesses coletivos, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e sua opção pela ênfase ao Estado, como agente para a postulação das tutelas dos interesses difusos. Já o terceiro capítulo dedica-se à analise do artigo Formazioni sociale e interesse di grupo davanti ala giustizia civile, de Mauro Cappelletti (1975), em que o tema é discutido. Finalmente, o capítulo quarto expõe a legitimação para a defesa dos interesses coletivos pelos corpos intermediários, compreendidos como as atuais Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs), indicando ser essa a solução mais viável sob o ponto de vista da efetividade na defesa dos interesses coletivos, bem como a questão do Estado mínimo. Como conclusão, tem-se que se deva estimular a atuação pelas ONGs na tutela dos interesse difusos

The subject of this study is the policing of the drug problem during the period between the nationalization of the police force in 1965 and the introduction of imprisonment as a penalty for drug consumption in 1993. The influence of four key factors are discussed: legislation, organization, the conception of and the attention paid to the drug problem. Qualitative and quantitative data from police archives, the prosecutor general, parliamentary publications, a public TV newsroom and various statistics from other sources are combined. The analysis shows four important stages in the process towards a substantially increased drug control: By the end of the 1960s, all data indicate increased attention to the drug problem. The penal law on narcotics was passed in 1968. It laid the foundation for subsequent policing activities. The police was also given increased possibilities to use telephone-tapping to combat serious crimes. By the end of the 1970s, the creation of a special narcotics police organization at the medium level of police hierarchy institutionalized, emphasized and assigned manpower to combat serious crimes. Since the beginning of the 1980s new target groups have been added. The "street dealer" is a new direct target. With the strengthening of the preventive role of the police new indirect target groups emerged: the police also emphasized their work against recruitment of new drug users. The main objective of the new penal law on narcotics of 1968 was to help drug addicts recover and merge back in society again. Addiction was seen as a disease. Drug dealing by the addicts was reprehensible but not a priority matter to the police. Over time, this attitude changed and in 1989 the police saw distinct actions against street dealers as the most important element in the repressive policy.

<p>Kenya&rsquo / s December 2007 Presidential elections sparked a wave of violent clashes over allegations of election rigging. The protests broke out along ethnic lines, causing greater civil unrest. There have been allegations that during these outbreaks of violence crimes against humanity were committed. This violence attracted world-wide concern and was universally condemned. Kenya is loathe to prosecute the perpetrators or those who bear the highest responsibility for the alleged commission of crimes against humanity. It has instead established a national investigatory mechanism, the Kenyan Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter TJRC). This approach adopted by Kenya has been criticized for the fact that it fosters a culture of impunity. However, the Prosecutor of International Criminal Court (hereafter ICC) has used his proprio motu powers to initiate an investigation of alleged commission of crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the Court. This research paper has analysed the reasons for the proprio motu intervention of the ICC in Kenyan situation. It also examined whether Kenya was unwilling or genuinely unable to prosecute the perpetrators of the post-election violence of 2007. Furthermore, the paper&nbsp / evaluated the provisions of the Kenyan TJRC, the major shortcomings of the Commission and the challenges it is facing in fulfilling its mandate. In conclusion the paper analysed the relationship between TJRC and ICC and re-evaluate any role that the two bodies could play in dispensing justice in Kenya. But before that, the paper laid down the factual&nbsp / background that led to the proprio motu interevention of the ICC in Kenya where a truth commission had alreday been established.<br /> <br /> &nbsp / </p>

Le mémoire vise à déterminer quelle contribution la justice internationale peut apporter à la résolution des conflits et au maintien de la paix et plus précisément si les pouvoirs octroyés au Procureur de la Cour pénale internationale, dans le cadre du Statut de Rome, lui donnent la capacité d’influencer les conflits en cours. Le premier chapitre décrit l’historique des événements ayant mené à l’adoption du Statut de Rome en 1998 et permet d’expliquer l’évolution de la notion d’une justice post-conflictuelle à une justice pouvant favoriser la paix. Le débat théorique paix-justice est ensuite analysé afin de démontrer que le Procureur de la Cour pénale internationale peut exercer une certaine influence sur les conflits lorsqu’il possède un pouvoir discrétionnaire important. Le second chapitre examine les prérogatives octroyées au Procureur dans le cadre du statut de Rome et comment elles s’appliquent durant les différentes étapes de procédure menant à la délivrance d’un mandat d’arrêt. Il est démontré que le pouvoir discrétionnaire du Procureur est limité par le régime de complémentarité et par des enjeux de coopération avec les États Parties. Par conséquent, cela nuit à sa capacité d’influencer la résolution des conflits. Le troisième chapitre analyse deux situations en cours à la Cour pénale internationale, soit celle de l’Ouganda et celle du Darfour, afin de vérifier si le Procureur a réellement un impact sur les conflits en cours. Il est avancé que dans le cadre actuel du Statut de Rome, le Procureur est dépendant de la coopération des États Parties pour influencer la résolution des conflits. / The thesis aims to determine how international justice can contribute to peace-building and ending conflicts and more specifically whether the powers given to the International Criminal Court Prosecutor, in the Rome Statute, enable him to take action on ongoing conflicts. The first chapter describes the events that led to the adoption of the Rome Statute in 1998 and explains the evolution from a post-conflict justice to a justice for peace. The Peace and Justice debate is further analysed as to demonstrate that the International Criminal Court Prosecutor may have an impact on ongoing conflicts if granted with prosecutorial discretion. The second chapter looks into prosecutorial discretion in the Rome Statute and how it is implemented during the main steps of the process leading to an arrest warrant. It is demonstrated that prosecutorial discretion is limited by complementarity and cooperation issues between State Parties. Therefore it restricts the Prosecutor’s ability to ending conflicts. The third chapter analyses two ongoing situations at the International Criminal Court that is Uganda and Darfur, as to verify if the Prosecutor can have an effect on ongoing conflicts. It is concluded that in the current Rome Statute, the Prosecutor is dependent on State Parties cooperation to influencing conflict resolution.