Cette thèse interroge l'apparente contradiction scalaire entre la proclamation de lois spatialement uniforme à l'échelle nationale et la territorialisation des populations françaises. Elle essaye de comprendre comment le système judiciaire hexagonal réussit à concilier ses exigences constitutionnelles d'indivisibilité et d'égalité avec la pluralité des territoires. L'analyse, enchevêtrant une démarche qualitative et une démarche quantitative par l'exploitation des données des juridictions et du casier judiciaire national, permet de conclure que les institutions judiciaires sont productrices d'injustices. Plus ou moins asphyxiés par les flux de délits à réprimer, les tribunaux de grande instance ne condamnent pas uniformément à l'échelle nationale, d'autant plus qu'ils doivent suivre les priorités définies dans la politique pénale du procureur de la République. Possédant une propension diverse à devenir de véritables acteurs politiques de leur territoire, les chefs du parquet jouent ainsi un rôle essentiel de passeur scalaire mais accentuent l'iniquité du système pénal. En effet, l'égalité proclamée comme un des fondements de la République française est abandonnée au profit d'une stigmatisation des territoires les plus défavorisés qui sont plus sévèrement condamnés que ne laisserait attendre la géographie des délits alors même qu'ils sont oubliés dans les politiques de prévention de la délinquance. Rompant dès lors complètement avec le principe de l'équité, les institutions judiciaires accentuent les fractures socio-spatiales du territoire français. Ces processus de fragmentation révèlent d'une part la pertinence de l'analyse de la justice pénale par la géographie et d'autre part l'impossibilité de ne penser une amélioration du système judiciaire qu'en vase-clos. / This thesis questions the seeming scalar contradiction between the spatially uniform proclaiming of laws on a national scale, and the public policy approach that focuses on the territory of French populations. It tries to understand how the French judiciary system succeeds in conciliating its constitutional demands of indivisibility and equality together with the plurality of territories. The analysis, mixing a quality and a quantitative approach by using the data of jurisdictions and the national police recrod, allows concluding that judiciary institutions produce injustices. More or less suffocated by the number of offences to be punished, the district courts do not condemn uniformly on the national level, all the more since they must follow the priorities defined in the penal policy by the public prosecutor. Having a different propensity to become genuine political actors in their territory, the public prosecutors are thus playing an essential part as scalar linkmen, but stress the iniquity of the penal system. Indeed, the equality claimed as a base of the French Republic, is forgotten in the benfit of a stigmatization of the most disadvantaged territories, which are more severely condemned that the geography of offences would expect, even when they are forgotten in the policies of deliquency preventing. Thus breaking totally with the principle of equity, the judiciary institutions stress the social-spatial dislocations of the French territory. These processes of fragmentation disclose that on the one hand, an analysis of the penal justice through geography is relevant, and on the other hand that it is impossible for a closed group only to think the improvement of the judiciary system.

No description available.

Os conflitos ambientais surgem a partir das necessidades de desenvolvimento econômico e social e dos conseqüentes usos dos recursos naturais. À medida que esses recursos naturais foram se tornando escassos, os modelos de desenvolvimento existentes passaram a ser criticados, culminando em 1987 com a definição de desenvolvimento sustentável. Uma contribuição para a implementação do desenvolvimento sustentável é a resolução de conflitos ambientais por meio de abordagens alternativas, com a construção de consenso. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro atribui ao ministério público características e instrumentos que permitem a utilização dessas abordagens na resolução dos conflitos ambientais. Por meio do inquérito civil, instrumento exclusivo da instituição e do termo de ajustamento de conduta, o promotor de justiça realiza a resolução de conflitos ambientais sem a intervenção do poder judiciário. Além dos instrumentos, uma característica do ministério público favorável à utilização dessas abordagens é a credibilidade social da instituição. O presente trabalho busca comprovar, com base na experiência da promotoria de justiça do meio ambiente da comarca de São Carlos – SP, a efetividade da resolução de conflitos ambientais por meio da construção de consenso utilizando esses instrumentos. Para alcançar esse objetivo, realizou-se, no período de 2001 a 2004, levantamento de dados armazenados em registro eletrônico, nos inquéritos civís e termos de ajustamento de conduta, além do acompanhamento de audiências e participação em vistorias realizadas pelo promotor de justiça em exercício. Além disso, realizou-se entrevistas com representantes de instituições de gestão e fiscalização ambiental e de organizações não governamentais. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a utilização do inquérito civil, em conjunto com o termo de ajustamento de conduta soluciona a maior parte dos conflitos ambientais evitando a intervenção do poder judiciário e a ação civil pública, obtendo a maior conscientização da sociedade civil e do próprio poder público, reduzindo o tempo e os custos das negociações, pois a maior parte dos conflitos é resolvida no prazo de um ano e meio, permitindo a reparação do dano em tempo viável, possibilitando ainda a antecipação aos danos ambientais. Porém, uma das maiores dificuldades detectadas é a falta de apoio técnico e de dados ambientais disponíveis, organizados e confiáveis para a tomada de decisões, o que resultou na recomendação do desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa complementar para preencher essa lacuna e melhorar o desempenho da atuação dos promotores de justiça na resolução de conflitos ambientais. / The environmental conflicts arise from the need for economical and social development and from the consequent use of natural resources. When these natural resources were becoming scarce, the existing development models started to be criticized, culminating with the definition of sustainable development in 1987. A contribution for the implementation of sustainable development is the resolution of environmental conflicts by alternative approaches, with the consensus building. The brazilian juridical ordainment ascribe to the public ministry characteristics and tools that allow the use of these approaches in the environmental conflicts resolution. By means of civil inquest, exclusive tool for the institution, and the conduct adjustment term, the justice prosecutor attain the environmental conflicts resolution without the interference of the judiciary. Beside the tools, a characteristic of the public ministry that is favorable to the use of such approaches is the social credibility of the institution. This work tries to prove, based on the experience of the environmental prosecutor office from the city of Sao Carlos – SP, the effectiveness of environmental conflicts resolution by means of the consensus building by using these tools. To reach this objective, a thorough research was carried out, from 2001 through 2004, in the data electronically recorded from the civil inquests and conduct adjustment terms. In this period, a number of hearings and inspections carried out by the assigned justice prosecutor were followed. In addition, many interviews with representatives from environmental management and surveillance institutions and non governmental organizations were done. The results show that the use of civil inquest together with the conduct adjustment term solve the greatest part of environmental conflicts. The successful use of such tools avoids the intervention of both the judiciary and the civil public action, resulting in a greater consciousness from both the civil society and government, reducing thereby time and costs associated with the negotiations, as the greatest part of the conflicts is solved in one year and a half, allowing the reparation of the harm in viable time, thus enabling the antecipation of environmental harms. One of the greatest difficulties, however, is the lack of both technical support and the availability of organized and reliable environmental data for the decision making process. These constraints resulted in the recommendations for the development of a complementary research to fill up such gap and to improve the performance of action of the justice prosecutors in the resolution of environmental conflicts.

Os conflitos ambientais surgem a partir das necessidades de desenvolvimento econômico e social e dos conseqüentes usos dos recursos naturais. À medida que esses recursos naturais foram se tornando escassos, os modelos de desenvolvimento existentes passaram a ser criticados, culminando em 1987 com a definição de desenvolvimento sustentável. Uma contribuição para a implementação do desenvolvimento sustentável é a resolução de conflitos ambientais por meio de abordagens alternativas, com a construção de consenso. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro atribui ao ministério público características e instrumentos que permitem a utilização dessas abordagens na resolução dos conflitos ambientais. Por meio do inquérito civil, instrumento exclusivo da instituição e do termo de ajustamento de conduta, o promotor de justiça realiza a resolução de conflitos ambientais sem a intervenção do poder judiciário. Além dos instrumentos, uma característica do ministério público favorável à utilização dessas abordagens é a credibilidade social da instituição. O presente trabalho busca comprovar, com base na experiência da promotoria de justiça do meio ambiente da comarca de São Carlos – SP, a efetividade da resolução de conflitos ambientais por meio da construção de consenso utilizando esses instrumentos. Para alcançar esse objetivo, realizou-se, no período de 2001 a 2004, levantamento de dados armazenados em registro eletrônico, nos inquéritos civís e termos de ajustamento de conduta, além do acompanhamento de audiências e participação em vistorias realizadas pelo promotor de justiça em exercício. Além disso, realizou-se entrevistas com representantes de instituições de gestão e fiscalização ambiental e de organizações não governamentais. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a utilização do inquérito civil, em conjunto com o termo de ajustamento de conduta soluciona a maior parte dos conflitos ambientais evitando a intervenção do poder judiciário e a ação civil pública, obtendo a maior conscientização da sociedade civil e do próprio poder público, reduzindo o tempo e os custos das negociações, pois a maior parte dos conflitos é resolvida no prazo de um ano e meio, permitindo a reparação do dano em tempo viável, possibilitando ainda a antecipação aos danos ambientais. Porém, uma das maiores dificuldades detectadas é a falta de apoio técnico e de dados ambientais disponíveis, organizados e confiáveis para a tomada de decisões, o que resultou na recomendação do desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa complementar para preencher essa lacuna e melhorar o desempenho da atuação dos promotores de justiça na resolução de conflitos ambientais. / The environmental conflicts arise from the need for economical and social development and from the consequent use of natural resources. When these natural resources were becoming scarce, the existing development models started to be criticized, culminating with the definition of sustainable development in 1987. A contribution for the implementation of sustainable development is the resolution of environmental conflicts by alternative approaches, with the consensus building. The brazilian juridical ordainment ascribe to the public ministry characteristics and tools that allow the use of these approaches in the environmental conflicts resolution. By means of civil inquest, exclusive tool for the institution, and the conduct adjustment term, the justice prosecutor attain the environmental conflicts resolution without the interference of the judiciary. Beside the tools, a characteristic of the public ministry that is favorable to the use of such approaches is the social credibility of the institution. This work tries to prove, based on the experience of the environmental prosecutor office from the city of Sao Carlos – SP, the effectiveness of environmental conflicts resolution by means of the consensus building by using these tools. To reach this objective, a thorough research was carried out, from 2001 through 2004, in the data electronically recorded from the civil inquests and conduct adjustment terms. In this period, a number of hearings and inspections carried out by the assigned justice prosecutor were followed. In addition, many interviews with representatives from environmental management and surveillance institutions and non governmental organizations were done. The results show that the use of civil inquest together with the conduct adjustment term solve the greatest part of environmental conflicts. The successful use of such tools avoids the intervention of both the judiciary and the civil public action, resulting in a greater consciousness from both the civil society and government, reducing thereby time and costs associated with the negotiations, as the greatest part of the conflicts is solved in one year and a half, allowing the reparation of the harm in viable time, thus enabling the antecipation of environmental harms. One of the greatest difficulties, however, is the lack of both technical support and the availability of organized and reliable environmental data for the decision making process. These constraints resulted in the recommendations for the development of a complementary research to fill up such gap and to improve the performance of action of the justice prosecutors in the resolution of environmental conflicts.

Constitution provides inviolability of human rights and freedoms as fundamental value of modern civilization. Human rights and freedoms, however, should not be treated as absolute or immovable category. What should be realized and always emphasized is that any person has not only rights, but also obligations, which means that interests of individual can be lawfully defended only with due regard to the relevant rights of another person. If someone fails to respect and violates human rights of another person, then he renounces relevant part of his rights. And this may become a legitimate ground for restriction of the rights of offender. This paper doesn’t refer to restriction of human rights as a result of the effective judgment of conviction, but to situations, where the person is in detention, under arrest or his other rights are restricted because of being reasonably suspected of the criminal offence or there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person who committed criminal offence might flee or impede investigation, i.e. refers to measures of compulsion exercised by the State. One of such measures of compulsion are measures of constraint. This is the strictest form of compulsion exercised by the State in respect of individual, on whom punishment has not yet been imposed. This paper doesn’t make any detailed analysis of the grounds for or procedure of infliction thereof, as they are thoroughly and clearly regulated by the law on criminal procedure. This paper seeks... [to full text]

This article analyzes the negative impact of the reforms within the criminal systems in Latin America, both for those who suffer a crime, and those who are accused of having committed such crime. Supprted by empirical data, the author warns how the innovations of the reformed criminal proceedings (for example, the simplified court proceeding or the active role played by prosecutors), by enrolling into an authoritative legalculture, become in practice contrary to their likely design. / El presente artículo analiza la incidencia negativa de las reformas llevadas a cabo en los sistemas penales de América Latina, tanto en relación a quien sufre un delito, como respecto a quien es acusado de haberlo cometido. Sustentado en información empírica, el autor advierte cómo las novedades del proceso penal reformado (por ejemplo, el procedimiento abreviado o el rol activo a desempeñar por los fiscales), al inscribirse en una cultura jurídica autoritaria, devienen en la práctica en formas contrarias a su diseño ideal.

Submitted by PAULO WUNDER DE ALENCAR (wunder.paulo@gmail.com) on 2016-04-07T14:41:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado FGV - versão final protocolada.pdf: 1568686 bytes, checksum: 114d88a6e9dbad0aefd059e793313b4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-04-25T18:44:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado FGV - versão final protocolada.pdf: 1568686 bytes, checksum: 114d88a6e9dbad0aefd059e793313b4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-04-27T17:29:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado FGV - versão final protocolada.pdf: 1568686 bytes, checksum: 114d88a6e9dbad0aefd059e793313b4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:30:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado FGV - versão final protocolada.pdf: 1568686 bytes, checksum: 114d88a6e9dbad0aefd059e793313b4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / This paper seeks to analyse the applicability of criminal justice negotiation in the Brazilian legal system from the role played by the parties in criminal proceedings. Therefore, in relation to the Prosecutor activity, will be studied the functions carried out by its members, as well as the main institutional features, in order to interpret the nature of the criminal action, especially the dilemma between the obligation or discretion in the performance of his duties. Moreover, in regard with the accused, will be examined the possibility of legal restrictions on his fundamental rights and the waiver of the performance of his individual procedural guarantees. Finally, from the evolution of the current panorama of the criminal agreements existing in the Brazilian legislation, it is expected to be verified if there is a trend of strengthening the role of the parties and defocusing of the figure of the judge as the regulator of the criminal procedures, with the Prosecutor negotiating directly with the accused the effects of his criminals conducts. / O presente trabalho busca analisar a aplicabilidade da Justiça Penal Negociada no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a partir do papel desempenhado pelas partes no processo penal. Nesse sentido, quanto ao Ministério Público, serão estudadas as funções exercidas pelos seus membros, bem como as principais características institucionais, a fim de se interpretar a natureza da sua atividade na promoção da ação penal pública, especialmente o dilema entre a possibilidade de atuação discricionária ou a sua vinculação à obrigatoriedade. Em relação ao imputado, serão examinadas a possibilidade jurídica de limitação infraconstitucional aos seus direitos fundamentais e de renúncia ao exercício das suas garantias processuais individuais. Por fim, a partir do atual panorama evolutivo dos acordos criminais existentes na nossa legislação, espera-se verificar se de fato há uma tendência de fortalecimento do papel das partes e de desfocalização da figura do juiz, passando para o Ministério Público a tarefa de regulador do processo penal, ao negociar com o imputado as repercussões penais de suas condutas.

The process of investigation, which begins when a crime is reported and ends after a suspect has been convicted or discharged by a court of law, is a mammoth task which requires cooperation between various stakeholders, such as investigators and prosecutors. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the specialized commercial crime investigators in the prosecution process. The study evaluated and explored the status of the current roles played by these investigators with the intention of recommending changes that could improve investigator practice. Two research questions were posed. First, the researcher endeavoured to find answers to a question regarding what the prosecution process entails. Secondly, the researcher sought to establish the roles of the specialised commercial crime investigator in the prosecution process. It was envisaged that the answers to these questions could be obtained from specialised commercial crime investigators and prosecutors deployed in the commercial crimes courts. On this basis two samples were chosen, with nine investigators from the Gauteng North office of the Specialised Commercial Crimes Unit and four prosecutors from the Specialised Commercial Crimes Court in Gauteng North. Some of the findings were that the investigators in trying to fulfil their roles of investigations have an adverse impact on the investigation and successful prosecution of offenders, which in turn lead to recidivism and apathy among the communities being served by the police and the justice system in general. The image of the police, particularly that of the commercial crime investigators, is often negated and the justice system is portrayed as a failure in addressing the problem of crime. The conclusions drawn from the data were that the roles of investigators in the prosecution process are mandatory as they are legislated rather that persuasive and that investigators cannot rely on prosecutors to handle all aspects of investigation once a case has been handed over to the prosecution. Apart from a lack of knowledge about these roles, it was established that some investigators deliberately ignore their roles in this relationship. It is proposed that dedicated training should be afforded to investigators and prosecutors above their existing training, with a focus on how to take part in the prosecution process. Investigators should be informed that their responsibilities in the prosecution process are a result of legislation and that failure to satisfy the legislation will carry adverse consequences for the investigation itself, the prosecution and the other stakeholders. / Criminal and Procedural Law / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigations)

Après avoir procédé à un état des lieux de la poursuite des crimes internationaux et de l'exercice de l'opportunité des poursuites du procureur tant au niveau national qu'international, il s'agira de mettre en exergue les faiblesses procédurales encadrant l'action du Procureur lors de la phase préliminaire du procès pénal et les inconvénients générés par sa politique pénale de poursuite au sein des TPI ad hoc. En effet, ces défectuosités participent à l'apparence de partialité du Procureur international et de la crise de légitimité dont souffrent les TPI ad hoc accusés d'être à l'origine d'une justice des vainqueurs. La faible place accordée aux victimes, sans doute favorisée par un système de common law réfractaire à toute implication de la victime dans le processus pénal, participe à cette perception de partialité générée par une politique de poursuite peu représentative des conflits en cours. Néanmoins, l'influence progressive du droit romano-germanique dans la procédure pénale de la CPI a introduit quelques améliorations toutefois insuffisantes pour pallier à la crise de confiance héritée des TPI. La décision du Procureur international de ne pas poursuivre (ou inaction) n'étant soumise à aucun contrôle ou à un contrôle balbutiant et face aux dérives constatées, la mise en place d'outils de contrôle et / ou contrepoids pourrait-elle permettre aux juridictions pénales internationales de lutter avec efficacité contre l'impunité et s'affranchir d'une emprise politique évidente: Des éléments de réponse pourront être soutenus dans une analyse actuelle et prospective de la Cour pénale internationale, et dans la nécessité d'une présence toujours plus assumée au sein des juridictions pénales internationales d'un droit romano-germanique dont le rôle processuel des victimes et ses représentants dans le déclenchement des poursuites contribuera à éclairer la conception de la stratégie de poursuite du Procureur international. / We will first assess the present state of the prosecution of international crimes, as well as that of the use made by prosecutors of the principle of opportunity, both on the international levels. This will allow us to underline the procedural weaknesses constraining the action of the Prosecutor, during the preliminary phase of the trial, as well as the drawbacks created in the work of ICC by the prosecution policy of the International Prosecutor. True enough, these imperfections play a major part in giving him the appearance of partiality, and contribute to the legitimacy crisis plaguing the ad hoc ICTs, which are often accused of bringing about a victor's justice. This appearance of partiality, also often created by the fact that the present prosecution policy ill-represents the on-going conflicts, is further strengthened by the small place which is given to the victims in front of the International Courts. This is because the international court system is first and foremost based on common law, which does not favour the intervention of the victims in the legal proceedings.Nevertheless it is possible to note that the growing influence of continental law on the criminal proceedings at the ICC has permitted the introduction of improvements, however insufficient they may be to end the crisis of confidence inherited from the ICTs. Thus, we can ask ourselves whether the lack or stammering of controls, set upon the positive or negative prosecution decision of the International Prosecutor, should not be remedied with a greater degree of checks and balances, therefore allowing the international criminal courts to work with greater efficency against impunity whilst, at the same time, setting themselves free from an obvious political hold. Answers can be found in a prospective analysis of the present workings of the ICC. This analysis will demonstrate the need for the ICC to draw a greater inspiration from continental law, in particular with regards to the role played by the victims and contribute to throw light on how the International Prosecutor builds his strategy.

This work analyzes the patterns of recruitment and selection of the lawyers publics elite in the Brazilian State of Sergipe. Focusing initially on the relations between the legal and political space in the institutionalization process the state attorney career in Sergipe, in intenden to comprehend the historical and social conditions of formation that rulling elite. Recently, the state attorney started the discussion the importance their profession, with the resolute purpose in motion the process of professional career, passing by the implementation of the ideology of professionalism and meritocracy imported from core countries. Conflicts arising there from confined in the context of the need for border demarcation between the professional and the political in a country that historically guided the access and mobility in the legal profession by the logic of personal relationships. From the investigation into high positions occupation rules on prosecutors of space, the intention of the work, to discuss issues surrounding the problem of professionalization of the State Attorney careers, is to examine the form of production of discourses and toggle positions within the group to face the questioning of social practices, concepts and meanings into play in the interaction of these singularly considered individuals and groups that have formed within the common social space. The composition´s examination of the ruling elite the institution, in different historical periods, and recent divisions of the group revealed that the effects of social and demographic diversification of the group, from the 1990s, became progressively mobile conflicts in inside the field that, despite this, it kept the old logic of recruitment and selection its ruling elite, primarily recruited from the remarkable origins holders, endowed with social capital and political relationship needed to win the game. / Ce travail a pour objet l'étude des modes de recrutement et de sélection de l'élites avocats publics dans la province brésilienne du Sergipe. Son point de départ a ét´l'étude des relations entre l'espace juridique et politique dans le processus d'institutionnalisation de l'Etat avocat carrière dans Sergipe, la recherche a porté à saisir les conditions historiques et sociales qui prévalent dans la composition du groupe d'élite au pouvoir. Récemment, les procureurs de l'État ont rouvert le débat sur l'importance de leur profession, avec la ferme intention de décoller la carrière du processus de professionnalisation, ce qui implique la mise en oeuvre de l'idéologie de la méritocratie professionnalisme et importés de pays clés. Les conflits qui en découlent confiné dans le contexte de la nécessité de la démarcation de la frontière entre le professionnel et le politique dans un pays qui, historiquement, a guidé l'accès et la mobilité dans la profession juridique par la logique des relations personnelles. De l'enquête sur les positions élevées règles d'occupation sur les procureurs de l'espace, de l'intention du travail, pour discuter des questions entourant le problème de la professionnalisation des carrières State Attorney, est d'examiner la forme de production de discours et de bascule postes au sein du groupe pour faire face à la remise en cause des pratiques sociales, des concepts et des significations en jeu dans l'interaction de ces singulièrement considérés comme individus et des groupes qui se sont formés dans l'espace social commun. L'examen de la composition de l'élite dirigeante de l'institution, à différentes périodes historiques, et des divisions récentes du groupe a révélé que les effets de la diversification sociale et démographique du groupe, à partir des années 1990, sont devenus progressivement des conflits mobiles dans à l'intérieur du champ qui, malgré cela, il a gardé la vieille logique de recrutement et de sélection de son élite dirigeante, principalement recrutés parmi les titulaires origines remarquables, doté d'un capital social et la relation politique nécessaire pour gagner le jeu. / Este trabalho tem por objeto o estudo dos padrões de recrutamento e seleção da elite dos advogados públicos sergipanos. Partindo do exame das relações entre o espaço jurídico e político no processo de institucionalização da carreira de procurador de estado em Sergipe, a pesquisa centrou-se em apreender as condicionantes históricas e sociais preponderantes na composição da elite dirigente do grupo. Recentemente, os procuradores de estado reabriram a discussão sobre a importância de sua profissão, com o firme propósito de deslanchar o processo de profissionalização da carreira, que passa pela implantação da ideologia da profissionalização e meritocracia importada de países centrais. Os conflitos daí decorrentes circunscrevem-se no contexto da necessidade de demarcação das fronteiras entre o profissional e o político, num país que historicamente pautou o acesso e mobilidade nas carreiras jurídicas pela lógica das relações pessoais. A partir da investigação sobre as regras de ocupação de altas posições no espaço dos procuradores, a intenção do trabalho, ao discutir questões em torno do problema da profissionalização das carreiras de procurador de Estado, é examinar a forma de produção dos discursos e da alternância de posições dentro do grupo ao enfrentar os questionamentos sobre práticas sociais, concepções e significados em jogo na interação destes indivíduos singularmente considerados e dos grupos que se formaram dentro do espaço social comum. O exame da composição da elite dirigente da instituição, em diferentes períodos históricos, e das recentes clivagens do grupo revelou que os efeitos da diversificação social e demográfica do grupo, a partir da década de 1990, se tornou, progressivamente, o móvel dos conflitos no interior do campo que, a despeito disto, manteve a antiga lógica de recrutamento e seleção de sua elite dirigente, recrutada fundamentalmente entre os detentores de origens notáveis, dotados de capitais de relação social e política necessários para vencer o jogo.