The current paper addresses the associations between video game content (i.e., physically aggressive, relationally aggressive, and prosocial) and physical aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in two distinct developmental periods. The purpose of the paper is to test whether playing video games with a particular type of content influences behaviors over time, or whether individuals who have higher levels of physical aggression, relational aggression, or prosocial behavior prefer to play games with similar content. Two theories will be simultaneously examined and tested in order to determine the relative merit in using each in research examining the relationships between video game content and positive and negative behaviors. More specifically, this paper will address the General Aggression Model/General Learning Model (GAM/GLM) and the Uses and Gratification Theory. The GAM/GLM, at their core, predict that exposure to video game content will build a cognitive schema which will guide how an individual should behave when confronted with a later social encounter (Anderson & Bushman, 2002). Contrarily, Uses and Gratification would suggest that a person chooses to play video games with a particular type of content, and that video games should not influence behavior. Specifically, according to the theory, individuals should seek out video games in order to fulfill their inward feelings and motivations (e.g., an individual with aggressive tendencies would play games with more violent and aggressive content) (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1973; Whiting & Williams, 2013). A careful analysis showed a significant relationship between each type of video game content and its' corresponding behavior among adolescents, which supports the assumptions of the GAM and GLM. There was no relationship between video game content and behavior among preschoolers. With the exception of relational aggression of physically aggressive content, there was no support for Uses and Gratification Theory, in that preschoolers' and adolescents' levels of physical aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior were not related to the preference for video games with different types of content. The analysis adds significantly to the current literature by showing a relationship between video game content and behavior over a four year period.

<p>This thesis investigates help-seeking and effects of help-seeking on causal attributions for helping (i.e., what people believe caused help or lack of help). Additionally, it examines self-serving and other-serving attributions (i.e., to augment a person's positive sides and diminish the negative ones). Help-seeking was investigated in questionnaires, describing situations where spouses collaborate in doing household chores. A first study showed that women and men report using direct styles (i.e., explicitly verbalising the requests) more often than indirect ones. A second study showed that spouses inaccurately believe that wives in general would report more indirect and less direct styles than husbands in general. Causal attributions for helping were investigated in four studies with different methods, settings, and types of relationships (questionnaires, laboratory experiment; spouses doing chores, students and strangers doing computerized exercises). Consistent support was obtained for a predicted interaction between helping and the clarity of the request for help in determining the attributions. It is suggested that this finding is an effect of people comparing the behavior of one person with their beliefs about how other persons behave (i.e., consensus). Additionally, the findings did not support the claims that people make self-serving attributions and that the latter would be more pronounced among men than women. However, the attributions were other-serving. The thesis gives a novel understanding of everyday life by combining the issues of help-seeking and causal attributions. It also offers a discussion of the previous literature and of theoretical and applied implications of the findings.</p>

This thesis investigates help-seeking and effects of help-seeking on causal attributions for helping (i.e., what people believe caused help or lack of help). Additionally, it examines self-serving and other-serving attributions (i.e., to augment a person's positive sides and diminish the negative ones). Help-seeking was investigated in questionnaires, describing situations where spouses collaborate in doing household chores. A first study showed that women and men report using direct styles (i.e., explicitly verbalising the requests) more often than indirect ones. A second study showed that spouses inaccurately believe that wives in general would report more indirect and less direct styles than husbands in general. Causal attributions for helping were investigated in four studies with different methods, settings, and types of relationships (questionnaires, laboratory experiment; spouses doing chores, students and strangers doing computerized exercises). Consistent support was obtained for a predicted interaction between helping and the clarity of the request for help in determining the attributions. It is suggested that this finding is an effect of people comparing the behavior of one person with their beliefs about how other persons behave (i.e., consensus). Additionally, the findings did not support the claims that people make self-serving attributions and that the latter would be more pronounced among men than women. However, the attributions were other-serving. The thesis gives a novel understanding of everyday life by combining the issues of help-seeking and causal attributions. It also offers a discussion of the previous literature and of theoretical and applied implications of the findings.

No description available.

Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht am Beispiel von Online-Rollenspielen, wie sich prosoziales Verhalten in virtuellen Umgebungen im Vergleich zu dem in realen Umgebungen unterscheidet. Ausgangspunkt für die Untersuchungen sind die Modelle zum und Einflussgrößen auf das prosoziale Verhalten, die als Ergebnisse der einschlägigen Forschung realer Hilfesituationen vorliegen. Unter Berücksichtigung der Charakteristika und Besonderheiten von Online-Rollenspielen werden verschiedene Variablen wie Attraktivität des Hilfeempfängers, Ähnlichkeit zwischen Helfer und Hilfeempfänger, die Schwere der Notsituation und Gruppenzugehörigkeit auf ihre Auswirkung auf das prosoziale Verhalten in virtuellen Szenarien getestet. Um ein maximales Maß an externer Validität zu gewährleisten, kommt dabei die Methode der In-situ-Untersuchung zum Einsatz, bei der das Verhalten der Probanden in natürlichen Spielsituationen erfasst wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen bei weiblichen Avataren einen signifikanten Einfluss der Attraktivität bei männlichen Helfern, wohingegen es bei fehlender Verfügbarkeit von Attraktivitätsmerkmalen keine Geschlechtsunterschiede gibt. Kein Einfluss auf prosoziales Verhalten kann bei den Variablen Schwere der Notsituation und perzeptueller Ähnlichkeit nachgewiesen werden. Darüber hinaus wird mittels einer Fragebogenstudie der Einfluss dispositionaler Merkmale, die unter dem Begriff prosoziale Persönlichkeit zusammengefasst werden, auf prosoziales Verhalten untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die positiven Prädiktoren empathic concern, other-oriented moral reasoning und der negative Prädiktor personal distress einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Auftreten prosozialen Verhaltens in realen und in virtuellen Szenarien haben. Allerdings unterscheidet sich die Höhe des Einflusses dieser Variablen in Abhängigkeit der Zielpersonen des prosozialen Verhaltens (Ingroup vs. Outgroup) sowie des Umgebung (real vs. virtuell).

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-25).

Submitted by Yan Bernardes Vieites Castro dos Santos (yan.vieites@gmail.com) on 2017-08-10T14:56:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 The Prosocial Class - How Social Class Influences Prosocial Behavior (Versão Final).pdf: 1469168 bytes, checksum: b516c5d38bb18756e5b26eef64cd026d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-08-10T16:23:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 The Prosocial Class - How Social Class Influences Prosocial Behavior (Versão Final).pdf: 1469168 bytes, checksum: b516c5d38bb18756e5b26eef64cd026d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-18T19:40:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 The Prosocial Class - How Social Class Influences Prosocial Behavior (Versão Final).pdf: 1469168 bytes, checksum: b516c5d38bb18756e5b26eef64cd026d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-19 / The concept of noblesse oblige establishes that the differential in privileges between the rich and the poor should be balanced by a differential in duties towards those in need. However, the empirical findings regarding which are the most prosocial groups havebeenascontroversialasthisassertive. Whereasresearchintheso-calledpsychological framework has advocated a negative relationship between social class and prosocial behavior, the economic approach has claimed the opposite (i.e., positive) direction to be true. This article sought to disentangle conflicting findings from these strands of research across two different studies. In the first study, we conducted a series of focus groups in both wealthy and impoverished areas. Results suggested that research in the domain of social class has been circumscribed to an almost conventionalized few prosocial behaviors that are not representative neither of wealthy nor of poor individuals. In the second study, we conducted surveys in the same areas. Results revealed that, despite having less resources and opportunities to help others, lower social class individuals are more prosocial than their upper-class counterparts. Furthermore, prosociality differences cannot be explained by a different pattern of targets of help across the social spectrum. Implications for practice and research on prosociality are also discussed.

Research studies conducted in field of prosocial behaviour testify to the existence of situational and dispositional motifs of this kind of acting. Aim of this thesis is firstly to map occurence of three of these motifs, specifically: oportunity to gain recognition, reciprocity expectation and social responsibility. Secondly it is uncovering possible dependence of these motifs on age or level of prosociality of pupils in a seccond grade of grammar school. The research part of this project has a center of gravity in a quantitative approach. In this framework is being found truthfulness of hypoteses, whether each motive has with age decreasing or increasing tendency and what is actually the frequency of their occurence. In combination with the nomination method of prosocial behaviour in classroom is also being uncovered possible dependency of level of prosociality on individual factors. The theoretical framework that precedes the research section of this thesis, discusses the evolution of prosocial behaviour and contemporary social perspective on this behaviour. This historical excursion is supplemented by the definition of terms used, the reflection of the role of social and biological factors and formulation of influence of school and family evironment in shaping child's prosocial orientation.

Syftet för studien var att skapa förståelse kring ideellt engagemang i välgörenhetsprojekt och viktiga aspekter som motiverar dessa personer. Resultatet kan användas av organisationer, föreningar och personer med ledande funktioner för att motivera och leda ideella deltagare. För att besvara syftet formulerades forskningsfrågan: Vad motiverar deltagare till att gå med i och fullfölja ideella välgörenhetsprojekt? Tillvägagångssättet som användes var en kvalitativ fallstudie där intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod, materialet bearbetades sedan genom en tematisk analys. Studien visade att inre motivation i form av en utmaning och en vilja att göra gott var det som fick deltagarna att gå med, under projektet blev det mer komplext och motivationen kunde förändras under tid. De viktigaste motiven till att fullfölja var gemenskapen i laget, att kunna utmana sig själv, regelbundna framsteg och att det välgörande syftet var något starkt att kämpa för

El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en determinar si existe relación entre los estilos de crianza parental y la conducta prosocial en adolescentes de un colegio privado de una Provincia de Lima, Perú. Para ello, se obtuvo una muestra conformada por 202 escolares entre 11 y 15 años (67.8% varones y 32.2% mujeres). Se empleó el Inventario de Comportamientos Prosociales en el Contexto Escolar para medir conducta prosocial y el Cuestionario de Percepción de los Estilos de Crianza CRPBI-R para medir los estilos de crianza. De acuerdo con los resultados, se ha encontrado una relación significativa directa entre el estilo comunicativo del padre, componente de la crianza parental, y la conducta prosocial. En este sentido, existe relación del estilo comunicativo con empatía y consuelo verbal (r=.15), escucha profunda (r=.24), servicio físico y verbal (r=.16), ayuda física (r=.33) y solidaridad (r=.21). Con ello, se concluye que efectivamente existe relación entre los estilos de crianza parental y la conducta prosocial en escolares. / The aim of this work was to determine if there is a relationship between perceived parental behavior and prosocial behavior in adolescents of a private school in a Province of Lima. It was applied to a sample made up of 202 schoolchildren ranging in age from 11 to 15 years old (67.8% men and 32.2% women). The Prosocial Behavior Inventory in the school context was used to measure prosocial behavior and the Child’s Report of Parental Behavior Inventory-Abbreviated (CRPBI-A) to measure perceived parental behavior. Correlational analyses evidenced a direct significant relationship between the father’s communicative style, a component of perceived parental behavior, and prosocial behavior. It means that there is a relationship of the communicate style with empathy and verbal comfort (r=.15), deep listening (r=.24), physical and verbal service (r=.16), physical help (r=.33) and solidarity (r=.21). To conclude, there is a relationship between perceived parental behavior and prosocial behavior in schoolchildren. / Tesis