Human Trafficking is a growing crime that is done largely in secret. Not until the year 2000 this activity was considered a crime. The United States has taken the position as intolerant of human trafficking. They have not only refused to accept this behavior but have also demanded that other countries follow suit. This study will examine how the United States legislation has impacted the crime. It will also examine how the laws have impacted the criminals as well as the victims. This study aims to find out why this crime is growing and what can be done to prevent it.

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Uppsatsens syfte har varit att undersöka vad forskningen säger om ukrainska kvinnor på flykt och som tvingas in i prostitution. Syftet har också varit att undersöka hur sociala myndigheter över världen arbetar med den här typen av problematik och hur det kan relateras till en svensk kontext. Vi har valt att skriva utifrån en fenomenologisk ansats, där de teoretiska utgångspunkterna grundar sig i social exklusion, strukturell diskriminering och feminism. Metoden som vi valt att samla in information från är en litteraturstudie eftersom intervjuer skulle krävt mycket tid och förberedelser samt för att det skulle vara svårt att hitta relevanta intervjupersoner. I resultatet framgår det att kvinnorna som tvingas fly från sina hemländer i kombination med socioekonomiska svårigheter samt sociokulturella aspekter är särskilt utsatta grupper. Vidare framgår det av resultatet på vilket sätt sociala myndigheter valt att arbeta med problematiken runt om i världen, där den gemensamma nämnaren kan anses vara uppsökande och kombinerade stödinsatser av olika slag. När det kommer till kvinnors hälsa visar resultatet att det sociala välbefinnandet är något som påverkas negativt av att befinna sig på flykt och att behöva prostituera sig. När det gäller samhällets syn på problematiken är det enligt lag förbjudet att både köpa sexuella tjänster och att sälja sexuella tjänster, vilket också bidragit till att prostituerade kvinnor inte vågat framträda och söka hjälp av rädsla för att bli åtalade. I Sverige är det dock enbart straffbart att köpa, men inte att sälja, sexuella tjänster. Ur kvinnornas perspektiv anses detta vara något positivt eftersom de själva inte kan bli åtalade eller straffade för att ha sålt sexuella tjänster, vilket ökar chansen att kunna söka hjälp för att ta sig ur prostitutionen. Samtidigt visar resultatet att lagen bidrar till att kvinnornas kunder varit mer försiktiga och inte velat utnyttja kvinnorna på samma sätt.

No / This study aimed to enable a cohort of women to describe their personal experiences of motherhood in the context of problematic substance use and street-based prostitution. The study also aimed to describe the impact upon women of separation from their children. Findings that emerged from focus group data were organised into four over-arching themes: children and motherhood, personal accounts of drug use and street-based prostitution, risks to women and their children and supportive/unsupportive factors in the women’s lives. Each theme consisted of many categories that illustrated the impact of dependent drug use and involvement in prostitution on the lives of the women and their children. This article describes the theme of children and motherhood. Involvement in street-based prostitution is extremely risky, frequently characterised by calculated risk taking, with consequences for both the woman and her children. Parental responsibilities and lifestyle contribute to stress, which is typically compounded by problematic substance use. Risks are increased for both the woman and her children when timely and appropriate support is unavailable. Emphasis should be placed upon the proactive identification and implementation of positive supportive strategies. Ethical approval was obtained via the Local Research Ethics Committee to undertake this research study.

In this thesis, the regulation of prostitution in Uppsala during the 1880’s is investigated with the aim of finding out more about the living circumstances of the women who were considered or suspected of being licentious or prostitutes. The theoretical framework drawn upon for analyzing and understanding the living circumstances of these women is Carole Pateman’s The Sexual Contract. The paper consists of three parts: first, an overview of the source material. Second, a collective biography of 103 women who had notes made about them during the 1880’s. Third, a case study where five women were followed from the cradle to the grave.  What was discovered was that the archives from this period in Uppsala are inconsistent and difficult to understand. Many of the women who had their names recorded in the source material were not prostitutes but rather women who in some way or another got caught by the authorities for perceived suspicious behaviour. Some underwent gynaecological examination and were never mentioned again. Others remained under the control of the authorities for decades, even when they were no longer regarded as being prostitutes. The conclusion is that, despite many of these women sharing similar backgrounds, their living circumstances both before and after their time being under the eyes of the authorities varied. This sheds a new and nuanced light both on earlier research about women regulated in prostitution during this time, how the authorities in Uppsala were administering women that were deviating from the norm, and how these women were perceived by contemporary society.

The history of international human trafficking law suggests that the trafficking of women for prostitution is a not a new phenomenon. The earliest approach to address the problem was founded on a moral ground but adopted a law enforcement strategy by criminalising the procurement of women for prostitution. Consequently consent at the time was discountenanced in favour of the end purpose for which the women were moved. This approach prevailed over a long period until the adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking Protocol) in 2000. The Trafficking Protocol adopts a three thronged (prevention, protection and prosecution) approach to combating human trafficking. Whilst this is a novel approach the Trafficking Protocol makes consent irrelevant only when the movement of the women is procured through coercion. Accordingly consent or lack of consent became an essential element for distinguishing trafficking from other migratory crimes such as human smuggling. The challenge of applying consent as criterion to differentiate human trafficking from human smuggling particularly becomes problematical when applied to the movement of women for prostitution. This is especially so in the light of feminists’ debate on whether prostitution should be conceptualised as sex work or as violence against women. To establish consent or lack of consent in the context of the Trafficking Protocol is complicated, inexhaustive framing of the consent nullifying elements ignores country specific and cultural practices in recruitment of women for prostitution. This thesis demonstrates the complexity of using consent as a criterion to determine whether Nigerian women moved into Italy are trafficked or voluntary agents. In doing so the thesis highlights the extent to which the interpretation of consent may be influenced by social, cultural and socio-legal issues. This thesis accentuate juju oath ritual and debt bondage as frequently employed to recruit and move Nigerian women into prostitution as consent nullifying elements.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether and how the social services in the municipality of Falun is managing social work related to prostitution. It is a qualitative study based on three focus group interviews conducted in parts of the social services organization in the municipality of Falun. The empirical data collected was analyzed from an intersectional perspective. Several distinct findings emerged from the study. Social work against prostitution does not exist in the social services organization in the municipality of Falun. The organization possesses no procedures or guidelines for this kind of work, and no preventive work or cooperation with other organizations is carried out. It also emerged, that several social work officers had a stereotype image of who a potential sex- seller could be. This fact may influence who would be able to get any support from social services regarding to this social problem. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om och hur Falu kommuns socialtjänst arbetar gällande prostitution. Studien är en kvalitativ studie som baseras på tre fokusgruppsintervjuer utförda på delar av Falu kommuns socialtjänst. Den insamlade empirin har analyserats utifrån ett intersektionalitetsperspektiv. Resultatet av studien var entydigt, arbete riktat mot prostitution förekommer inte på socialtjänsten i Falu kommun. Verksamheten besitter inga rutiner eller riktlinjer för detta arbete, och inget förebyggande arbete eller något samarbete med andra organisationer eller myndigheter utförs. Det framkom även att handläggarna hade en stereotyp bild av vem som är en potentiell sexsäljare, något som kan komma att påverka vem som skulle kunna få ett eventuellt stöd från socialtjänsten gällande denna problematik.

<p>Uppsatsen har till syfte att titta på hur verksamma inom stödorganisationer ser på sina klienter, samt vad de har för attityder till prostitution. Genom en diskursanalys lyfts diskursen om prostitution utifrån det nederländska och svenska samhället fram. Frågeställningar i uppsatsen är: Vilket syfte har organisationerna i arbetet med prostitution? Vilken syn på prostitution har de anställda på stödorganisationerna? Vad har organisationerna att erbjuda och hur arbetar de? Går det att finna skillnader eller likheter mellan synen på prostitution i de olika länderna? Uppsatsen har en beskrivande och tolkande design med ett kvalitativt diskursanalytiskt förhållningssätt. Frågeställningar rörande de anställdas värdegrund och förhållningssätt till sina klienter utgjorde grunden i uppsatsen. Intervjuer med sammanlagt tolv personer utfördes, sex stycken i Sverige och sex stycken i Nederländerna varav samtliga arbetar inom stödorganisationer för prostituerade. Textmaterial från organisationerna samlades även in vid intervjuerna. De två ländernas intervjuer och textmaterial bearbetades separat och jämfördes sedan. Resultatet visade på en rad olika subjektpositioner som karaktäriserar diskursen om prostitution. Den svenska diskursen präglas av radikalfeministiska värderingar, och den nederländska diskursen av liberalfeministiska värderingar. Mikroperspektivet, eller individperspektivet finns hos den svenska diskursen om prostitution, då det fokuseras mycket på den prostituerade individen. I det nederländska samhället ligger fokuset på makro eller samhällsnivå, där prostitutionsfrågan är en samhällsfråga och har mindre att göra med individen som prostituerar sig.</p> / <p>The<strong> </strong>aim of the essay<strong> </strong>is to look at how support organizations are working and dealing with prostitution clients and the attitude the employees of these organizations have toward their clients. Discourse analysis is used in the interpretation of the data collected.</p><p>The questions of the study were: What is the purpose of the organizations, which work with prostitution? What are the views of the employees of these organizations towards prostitution? What do the organizations have to offer their clients? Are there differences or similarities in the Swedish and Dutch discourse on prostitution?</p><p>Interviews with a total of twelve respondents were performed, six in Sweden and six in the. Text material from the organizations was also collected and used in the study.</p><p>The interview results and the text material collected from the two countries were analyzed separately and then compared. The result showed<strong> </strong>different<strong> </strong>subject positions. The Swedish discourse showed influences from radical feministic values, and the Dutch discourse from liberal feministic values. A micro- or individual understanding of the question is reflected in the Swedish discourse of prostitution. In the Dutch material, the focus is on the macro- or the society understanding, where prostitution is a question of society and has less to do with the prostitutes as individuals.</p>