Magister Legum - LLM / This mini-thesis seeks to provide a substantiation for the need for a new legal framework for South Africa in order to address prostitution. It will argue that the current legal framework has failed in its desired aims and in addressing prostitution effectively. This mini-thesis critically analyses the underlying reasons for prostitution in South Africa and discovers that it is influenced by a myriad of interrelated factors. The current level of poverty and the prevailing socio-economic paradigm in South Africa have contributed to its complex nature. The demand for prostitution acts as a catalyst for both the further exploitation of prostitutes and women, while making them vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases. I establish that criminalisation alone is not sufficient to address prostitution, especially given the HIV/AIDS epidemic. / South Africa

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This dissertation examines representations of prostitution in male-authored French novels from the later nineteenth century. It proposes that prostitution has a map, and that realist and naturalist authors appropriate this cartography in the Second Empire and early Third Republic to make sense of a shifting and overhauled Paris perceived to resist mimetic literary inscription. Though always significant in realist and naturalist narrative, space is uniquely complicit in the novel of prostitution due to the contemporary policy of reglementarism, whose primary instrument was the mise en carte: an official registration that subjected prostitutes to moral and hygienic surveillance, but also “put them on the map,” classifying them according to their space of practice (such as the brothel or the boulevard). It is this spatial and conceptual taxonomy, I contend, that makes the prostitute a fulcrum for authorial mapping – for the assertion of mastery over both the prostitute and the city. The first chapter reads the inscription of the tolerated brothel in novels by Huysmans and Goncourt as the mark of a nostalgic longing for old Paris and a desire for stability in a resistant urban present. Analyzing the representation of the brasserie à femmes in lesser-known works by Tabarant and Barrès, Chapter Two posits that the brasserie prostitute fuels the desires of a generation of aspirational Rastignacs by selling stories alongside beer and sex, adopting a writerly role and troubling authorial mastery of the prostitute and the city. The mobilization of prostitutional metaphors in the Rougon-Macquart is the subject of the third chapter, which argues that Zola deploys the prostitute’s entropic force to dismantle the Paris of his predecessors, Balzac and Haussmann, and clear the ground for the construction of a proper city. The final chapter demonstrates that fin-de-siècle novelist Charles-Louis Philippe makes use of the clandestinity of street prostitution in order to locate a breed of urban mapping that is not contingent on mastery. By remapping the prostitute, the dissertation proposes a new model for understanding both the nineteenth-century novel of prostitution and the lived and represented experience of a Paris that Zola termed “le mauvais lieu de l’Europe.” / Romance Languages and Literatures

Cities in Dust is a collection of 15 short stories and the first two chapters of Biggest Little City, a novel-in-progress. This collection looks at queerness, gender, sex work, addiction, illness, and the effects of displacement--leaving homes, cities, relationships, and theoretical safety before we are ready. Cities in Dust works to tell stories from the space between places and the moment between moments. Transition is a city of its own.

Cette thèse porte sur le mouvement d’hygiène sociale à New York et leur lutte contre les maladies vénériennes durant l’ère progressiste. Après une période d'essoufflement dans la lutte contre la prostitution durant la deuxième moitié du 19e siècle, l’ère progressiste apporta un renouvèlement important aux actions contre la prostitution. En 1905, la première organisation d’hygiène sociale américaine, un mouvement de médecins et de réformateurs qui tenta de mettre fin à l’épidémie de maladies vénériennes qui ravageait la société, fut fondée par Dr Prince A. Morrow à New York. Rapidement, le mouvement régional, centré dans cette ville, évolua en un mouvement national qui était mené, dans les années 1920, par l’American Social Hygiene Association. En m’appuyant sur les journaux médicaux, sur les archives et les publications des organisations d’hygiène sociale et sur les documents du département de la Santé de la ville et de l’État de New York, j’examine l’histoire intellectuelle et médicale du mouvement d’hygiène sociale à New York. J’affirme que les hygiénistes sociaux incarnent bien les sentiments, la philosophie et les suppositions de l’ère progressiste en vénérant la science et en contrôlant la population. La classe intellectuelle fut donnée beaucoup d’autorité durant l’ère progressiste et ces médecins utilisèrent cette autorité pour pousser une idéologie de contrôle social. Pour démontrer ceci, j’examine les lois qui abolissaient la prostitution et qui mettaient des restrictions sur le mariage et l’employabilité des syphilitiques et des gonorrhéiques pour protéger la santé publique. J’explore l’éducation sexuelle des enfants et des jeunes adultes et la méfiance des médecins envers l’habileté des parents à enseigner ce sujet. J’analyse aussi la professionnalisation de la médecine qui nécessitait une conception de la science qui était basée dans l’efficacité et l’efficience des traitements et qui rejetait les charlatans. Puis, j’examine l’importance de la quantification des fléaux sociaux pour les hygiénistes sociaux. Dans cette thèse, je propose de revisiter la conception de l’ère progressiste pour mettre ces médecins en contexte et y inclure leur profonde inquiétude pour le bien de la société, sans seulement me concentrer sur leur remise en question de la démocratie et le droit des individus, comme plusieurs autres historiens de l'ère progressiste l’ont fait.

The concept of the ‘procurer’ comes from section 212 of Canada’s Criminal Code, which prohibits directing, enticing, assisting or profiting off the prostitution of another person. A contentious debate surrounds Canada’s prostitution laws, with a constitutional challenge currently before the Supreme Court. Within this climate of debate, the concept of the ‘procurer’ has moved out of the strictly legal sphere and into a broader discourse, with a range of parties laying their claims to truth on the “realities” of the industry generally and on the procurer specifically. Using a methodology of Foucauldian discourse analysis, this thesis examines Ontario Provincial Court case summaries to consider the contribution of the Canadian judiciary to discourse on the procurer. Findings suggest that the judiciary replicates many of the existing stereotypes of prostitution and its participants, such as the procurer as pimp, while (re)producing a small counter discourse of the procurer as business manager.

Currently, there are several economic and political approaches to prostitution. Besides prohibitive approach, abolitionism and legalization occurs. With the transition from abolitionsim to legalization, states tries to solve market failures, that are inherent to the market of prostitution. The aim of this thesis is to find and identify, wheter the state regulated prostitution implies better quality and safety of services, than prostitution left outside the legal framework, and what mechanisms in the environment of abolitionism, ensure the required quality and safety and thus substitute government regulation. Theoretical expectations of the benefits of regulation are compared with real impact and weighed against the results of abolitionistic approach. The work shows, that the regulation of prostitution does not lead to the intended effects and the regulátory environment has no siginificant impact on the quality of prostitution.

The aim of this study is to compare organisations that help victims from human trafficking and prostitution with a focus on undocumented migrants. Germany is one of the chosen countries in this study because of the legalised and regulated prostitution policy and will be compared with Sweden with the contrasting policy in which sex purchase is criminalised but not to sell sex. To answer the study’s research question ‘What are the differences and similarities between the German and Swedish organisations’ approach in providing beneficial needs for the victims such as medical and economic resources?’ a thematic analysis will be used to find similarities and differentiation of the organisations describing methods that is stated on their websites. The paper uses feminist theories through approaches from feminist Empiricism, feminist Standpoint Epistemology, feminist Liberalism, and feminist Marxism. It is mainly through the feminist Liberal theories that explains how organisation in Germany differentiate in their handling of helping undocumented migrants in prostitution combined with Germany’s laws regarding illegal migrants. Contrary to Sweden that has feminist Marxist point of view regarding the prostitution policy since Sweden recognises all prostitutes as victims. The paper also finds that, by using the feminist empiricism and Standpoint epistemology, the organisations describe their work in similar ways regarding creating awareness of human trafficking.

Denna uppsats är baserad på kvalitativa intervjuer med personer som säljer sexuella tjänster på internet. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att ta reda på hur dessa personer upplever och resonerar kring sin trygghet och otrygghet i samband med sexsäljandet. Jag ville också se om det var vissa mötesplatser som ansågs som mer säkra i samband med kundträffar, om sexsäljarna hade några säkerhetsstrategier och om de hade erfarenhet av sexarbete på andra arenor än internet. Vidare ville jag ta reda på huruvida de resonerar kring offerskap i förhållande till sexsäljandet och analysera känslan av trygghet/otrygghet i förhållande till kön. Studien visade att personerna använder sig av olika typer av säkerhetsstrategier i sitt arbete. Studien har visat att känslan av trygghet och otrygghet är otroligt individuell, liksom var man föredrar att möta kunder, vad man har för säkerhetsstrategier, och vad man har för tankar om offerskap. / This essay is based on qualitative interviews with people who are selling sexual services on the internet. The aim of the essay was to find out how these people experience and how they reason about their safety regarding sexwork. I also wanted to know if certain meeting points were seen as more safe than others while meeting the customers, if they had any safety strategies and if they had sold sex on other places than via the internet.The essay revealed different safety strategies among the sex workers, partly about where they prefer to meet the customers, but also the pre-work some are doing before meeting the customers.The essay has showed that the feeling of safety is very individual, as well as where one prefer to meet the customers, what kind of safety-strategies one has, and what thoughts one has about victimhood.

Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att göra en analys av två filmer och två dokumentärer för att se hur dessa kan konstruera prostitution som ett socialt problem. Syftet har även varit att analysera och koppla attityder och tolkningar i filmerna till undersökningens teorikapitel om stigmatisering och feminism. Metoden till undersökningen har varit en datainsamling till tidigare kunskapsläge och teori, samt filmanalys av två filmer och två dokumentärer vars handlingar riktar sig till prostitution och prostituerade. Undersökningens resultat visar på att filmer har en påverkan på tittaren. Filmer producerar och upprätthåller normer och värderingar som tittaren sedan tar med sig ut i sin vardag och i samhället. Detta media tenderar att visa stereotyper kring kvinnor samt kring prostituerade som innebär att kvinnan kan ses som ”den andra”. Genom att kategorisera individer kan det även förekomma stigmatisering vilket innebär att individer, i detta fall prostituerade, anses vara avvikande utifrån att de inte följer normerna. Resultatet visar även på att det finns normer kring kvinnans kön som även detta kan komma till att vara betydande för om kvinnan kommer att betraktas som kvinnlig eller inte. / The purpose of this study is to do an analysis of two movies and two documentaries to see how these can construct prostitution as a social problem. The purpose have also been to analyze and connect attitudes in the movies to the studies theories on stigmatization and feminism. The method to this study was a data collection for the knowledge position and the theory, as well as a film analysis of two movies and two documentaries whose story was aimed towards prostitution and prostitutes.The results of this study shows that movies has an impact and affect on the viewer. Movies produce and maintain norms and values that the viewer takes with them into society. Movies tend to show stereotypes on women and prostitution, which means that the women can be seen as “the other”. By categorizing individuals it can occur stigmatization, which means that individuals, in this case prostitutes, are seen as abnormal since they do not live by the norms. The result also indicate that there is norms connected to the female gender which also can have an impact if the woman will be perceived as female or not.