Sammanfattning Eftersom det blev förbjudet att köpa sexuella tjänster i Sverige har denna uppsats, med hjälp av diskursanalys, undersökt hur rätten framställer sexköp som fenomen, sexköpare och även säljare av sexuella tjänster. Domar från olika svenska tingsrätter har analyserats, avseende vilka ord som används i framställningen av fenomenet. Socialkonstruktivistiska teorier har använts för att förstå hur konstruktionen sker av kön, prostitution som fenomen och hur offer samt gärningsman konstrueras. Då prostitution kan sägas vara en del i hur genus konstrueras i samhället idag har dikotomin mellan könen, samt mannen som norm, blivit en central del i uppsatsen. De gråzoner som finns i genuskontraktet kan tänkas utnyttjas av både män och kvinnor, där män låter sig köpa kvinnor, men kvinnor också med mer eller mindre frivillighet låter sig köpas. Detta bidrar till hur samhället ser på dem som säljer sex, de prostituerade blir medbrottslingar och delvis själva ansvariga för brottet. Detta leder i sin tur till att både gärningsmän och offer osynliggörs i samhället, och kan bidra till att brottet förringas. Om brottet inte uppmärksammas i tillräckligt hög grad kan staten vinna på det, speciellt med tanke på att den dolda prostitutionen inte är fullt så möjligt att komma åt och lagen framstår som ett misslyckande. Den verkligt viktiga frågan att ställa för en långsiktig förändring av attityder kring fenomenet, är varför män har ett behov av att köpa kvinnors kroppar för sexuellt bruk. Genussystemet möjliggör prostitution samtidigt som prostitution också i förlängningen är med och reproducerar genussystemet och kvinnans underordning i förhållande till mannen. / Abstract Since it became illegal to buy sexual services in Sweden, this essay examines, using discourse analysis, how the courts produces buying sex as a phenomenon, sex buyers and also sellers of sexual services. Judgments from various Swedish district courts have been analyzed in relation to which words used to describe the phenomenon. Social constructivist theories have been used to understand how the construction is done by sex, prostitution as a phenomenon and how victims and perpetrators are constructed. Since prostitution can be said to be a part of how gender is constructed in society today has the dichotomy between the sexes, and the man as the norm, become a central part of the essay. The gray areas of the gender contract may be used by both men and women, where men allow themselves to buy women, but women are also more or less free will allow themselves to be bought. This contributes to societies view those who sell sex, the prostitutes become accomplices and partly themselves responsible for the crime. This in turn leads to both offenders and victims are rendered invisible in society and can contribute to the offense belittled. If the crime is not addressed sufficiently the state can gain from it, especially given that the hidden prostitution is not quite as possible to access and the law appears to be a failure. The really important question to ask for a long-term change in attitudes towards the phenomenon, is why men have a need to buy women's bodies for sexual use. The gender system allows prostitution, while prostitution also, by extension, is part of and reproduces the gender system and the subordination of women in relation to man.

The aim of this study is to find out how one organisation in Moldova is working with the issue of human trafficking. It will therefore be explained how the professionals in that organisation describe how the human trafficking situation has developed in Moldova according to them and how they work and prevent the issue according to that developed situation. This study is a qualitative study and has been carried out utilizing 14 semi-structured interviews. The information given from the interviews has been categorized, and then analysed in relation to previous research and Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory. This theory is applied to explain how an individual's development is affected by factors on several levels; micro-, meso-, exo-, macro- and chronosystems. The causes for human trafficking explained by the professionals included the culture, religion, economics and the history of the country, and these in turn can have affected the family and the view of one’s self. The conclusions based on this study are that because the factors that could be causes for human trafficking are found on all the levels, it is important that social workers and the society has this in mind and as an approach when dealing with human trafficking. / Syftet med den här studien har varit att ta reda på hur en organisation i Moldavien arbetar med den aktuella situationen gällande människohandel som finns i landet. Det kommer därför att förklaras hur de professionella i den specifika organisationen beskriver hur de sett att situationen utvecklats i Moldavien och hur de arbetar preventivt med problemet i förhållande till den utvecklade situationen. Studien är kvalitativ och har genomförts med hjälp av 14 semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Informationen från intervjuerna har kategoriserats för att sedan analyseras mot tidigare forskning och Bronfenbrenners ekologiska systemteori. Denna teori är applicerad för att förklara hur en individs utveckling påverkas av faktorer på flera nivåer; mikro-, meso-, exo-, makro- och chronosystem. Orsakerna till människohandel som är förklarade av de professionella innefattade kultur, religion, landets ekonomi och historia, och dessa i sin tur kan ha påverkat familjen och synen på sig själv. Slutsatserna som är möjliga att dra utifrån denna studie är att eftersom faktorerna, som kan vara orsaker till människohandel, återfinns på alla olika nivåer är det också viktigt att socialarbetare och samhället har detta i åtanke och som angreppssätt vid arbetet med människohandel.

Erotic tokens or the so-called spintriae leave little to the imagination. These coin-like tokens depict acts of love making couples with Roman numerals on the reverse. The tokens are believed to have been in use during the 1st century A.D. and is often attributed to the reign of Tiberius. The material examined in the thesis are the four spintriae from Uppsala University Coin Cabinet. Due to the specific characteristics, scholars have been questioning the function of the erotic tokens. The most accredited hypothesis is that erotic tokens was used as payment in brothels. The purpose of this thesis is to discern whether the erotic tokens had a monetary value in Pompeii. The study also aims to examine if the tokens were used as payment in brothels instead of contemporary currencies and as to why the reason for this could be. To be able to discern a purpose, function and value of erotic tokens, three analyses on the basis of graffiti, iconography and ancient literature are made.

This study looks at graffiti in Pompeii that seems to indicate male prostitution, to find out whether this activity occurred in antiquity and whether it was meant for both men and women. The hypothesis, which formed the basis of this study, was that male prostitution was just as common as female prostitution in the city of Pompeii. The information that has been relevant to this study is the one which helps us understand the Roman sexuality and sexual morality, Roman sense of humour and their opinions on prostitutes. To get an answer, both primary and secondary sources that deal with these various subjects have been studied and analysed. The information provided and the discussion of them have been divided thematically, where the first part deals with graffiti that indicates prostitution. The graffiti that mentions male prostitution is compared with the graffiti announcing female prostitution as a means to analyse it. Ancient texts that talk about submissive men are also discussed and analysed. Information about infamia and what effect it has on prostitutes in society follows in the next section, a discussion and analysis about the graffiti that appear to be insults is also to be found. Finally, we have informative texts about the Roman sense of humour, examples of this humour both in ancient texts and graffiti are discussed and analysed. All discussion and analysis have then come to confirm my hypothesis. Male prostitution was just as common during antiquity as female prostitution in the city of Pompeii, it was also meant for both women and men. Graffiti that suggests male and female prostitution does not differ significantly; ancient texts also mention women who take part in these sexual services. Graffiti that mentions male names together with a sexual service and a price are the ones we can state verifies male prostitution. Similar graffiti that excludes a prize is most likely an insult or a joke between two Romans. Further studies are required to be able to discuss and analyse the names that arise in the graffiti mentioning male prostitution.

Lee Wai-yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [235-238]). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Literature Review / Methodology / Fieldsite Specification / Chapter 2 --- The Working Career/Moral Career of Ten Street Sex Workers --- p.40 / How Much Sadness/Humiliation have You Prepared for? / Careers / Implications / Chapter 3 --- Street Attraction: A General Portrait of the Work --- p.67 / Chapter 4 --- """Their Pleasure is Your Business"" On Work, Body, Sexuality and Clients" --- p.82 / Clients / Clients: in the Eyes of the Sex Workers / Their Pleasure is Your Business? / Chapter 5 --- """Their Pleasure is Your Felicity"" On Louh-Gung and Boyfriends" --- p.106 / Some Important Themes / Their Pleasure is Your Felicity? / Chapter 6 --- Street Order: Legal and Illegal Forces --- p.129 / Legal Force / Illegal Force / Co-management of Street Business by Legal and Illegal Forces / Their Pleasure is Your Safety? / Chapter 7 --- The Indecent Need: Taking Drugs --- p.161 / Non-users' Description / Users' Description / Themes Underlying these Descriptions / Chapter 8 --- "Other Social Networks On Parents, Siblings, Children, Friends and Colleagues" --- p.177 / "Parents, Siblings and Children" / Friends and Colleagues / Implications / Chapter 9 --- Happiness: Who is Qualified? A Reflexive Discussion of Our Standardized Felicity --- p.201 / "On the Margin, In the Mainstream" / The Process of Marginalization in the / Street / Standardized Happiness / "Towards a Broader Meaning of ""Happiness""" / Bibliography --- p.235

嚴潔心. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (leaves 135-140). / 附中英文摘要. / Yan Jiexin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi) -- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 135-140). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 感謝辭 / Abstract / 論文提要 / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1-8 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏究動機 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 硏究問題 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- 硏究方法 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- 硏究局限 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- 論文結構 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.9-28 / Chapter 2.1 --- 越軌工作作爲工作 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- 性工作被定義爲越軌行爲 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 法律層面的定義過程 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 社會層面的定義過程 --- p.15 / Chapter -- --- 本港少數關於性工作的調查/硏究 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- 關於性工作之女性主義論述 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 自由主義女性主義：性工作作爲女性自主的選擇 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 基進女性主義：性工作作爲父權系統對女性的(性）剝削 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- 小結 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三章 --- 街頭性工作的工作生態 --- p.29-54 / Chapter 3.1 --- 關於香港性工作 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- 關於街頭性工作 --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 社區環境 --- p.32 / Chapter -- --- 本地街頭性工作者的兩個社群 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 街頭性工作者的工作狀況 --- p.36 / Chapter -- --- 組織結構 --- p.36 / Chapter -- --- 與賓館的合作形式 --- p.37 / Chapter -- --- 工作地點/時間的穩定性 --- p.38 / Chapter -- --- 服務收費的穩定性 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 職業性的規範和禁忌 --- p.42 / Chapter -- --- 工作地點、服務種類及收費 --- p.42 / Chapter -- --- 懲罰機制 --- p.43 / Chapter -- --- 安全性行爲 --- p.45 / Chapter -- --- 「開鐘」 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- 影響業務的因素 --- p.50 / Chapter -- --- 賽馬 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 節日 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 天氣 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 經濟市道 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- 小結 --- p.53 / Chapter 第四章 --- 街頭性工作中的社會關係與工作文化 --- p.55-98 / Chapter 4.1 --- 賓館主持人 --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 經營及管理 --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 提供保護及有關資訊 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 社教化 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 排解街頭性工作者之間的糾紛 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- 其它街頭性工作者 --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 合作 --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 競爭 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 外來的街頭性工作者 --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 抽離自己、劃分它者月 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- 難得的友誼 --- p.72 / Chapter -- --- 幗紅與結蘭 --- p.72 / Chapter -- --- 慧中和依韻 --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- 顧客 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 「抽離」的工作文化下之工作策略 --- p.77 / Chapter -- --- 保持與顧客的距離 --- p.78 / Chapter -- --- 性行爲中的防禦機制 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 反抗與還擊 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 傳授顧客有關技巧與知識 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- 職業安全 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- 高利貸 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- 警方 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- 被捕的危險：查牌與「放蛇」 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- 面對警員：給面子的遊戲 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- 掃黃行動：有行動無政策 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.6 --- 公眾 --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- 小結 --- p.98 / Chapter 第五章 --- 街頭工作者的職業生涯 --- p.99-108 / Chapter 5.1 --- 進入街頭性工作 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2 --- 工作中的學習及適應過程 --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3 --- 對街頭性工作的評價 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 能見度(visibility)與角色含混 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 警方騷擾 --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 收入 --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 省卻情感勞動 --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- 工作上的自主性 --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4 --- 小結 --- p.108 / Chapter 第六章 --- 性別身份與職業角色 --- p.109-127 / Chapter 6.1 --- 劃分兩個世界 --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2 --- 區分兩種性行爲 --- p.116 / Chapter 6.3 --- 強調「一對一伴侶關係」 --- p.118 / Chapter 6.4 --- 以伴侶/子女作爲生活計劃的基礎 --- p.121 / Chapter 6.5 --- 小結 --- p.126 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.127-130 / 後記 --- p.131-134 / 參考書目 --- p.135-140 / 英文部份 --- p.135 / 中文部份 --- p.140

Le fonctionnement de la société romaine reposait en partie sur la distinction de genre et de groupe social. Cela était particulièrement prégnant dans le domaine de l’érotisme. Au-dessus de tous les groupes sociaux se situait celui des hommes libres dont le rôle sexuel était celui de dominant-pénétrant. De fait, l’érotisme à la romaine peut être défini comme étant phallocentrique. Par opposition, toutes les autres catégories de personnes formaient le groupe des dominés-pénétrés. Néanmoins, le degré de soumission de chacun était déterminé par sa position sur l’échelle sociale. Les matrones avaient accès à un érotisme restreint qui se voulait procréatif. Les autres femmes, dans une certaine mesure, pouvaient être utilisées par les hommes de qui elles dépendaient comme des instruments de plaisir. Ainsi, la prostitution a toujours eu un rôle important à Rome. Bien qu’infâmes, les prostituées avaient pour mission d’assouvir les besoins charnels des hommes et pratiquaient une sexualité récréative plutôt décomplexée. Toutes les pratiques sexuelles n’étaient cependant pas admises et si, contrairement aux chastes matrones, les prostituées pouvaient s’autoriser des formes de sexualité non fécondantes, les pratiques jugées perverses (scopophilie, exhibitionnisme, agalmatophilie, etc…) étaient, selon la morale, à bannir de tous les lits. / The functioning of the Roman society was based partially on the distinction of genre and social group. It was particularly strong in the eroticism. Over all the social groups was situated that of the free men whose sexual role was the one of dominating - penetrating. Actually, the Roman type eroticism can be defined as being phallocentric. By opposition, all other categories of persons formed the group of dominated penetrated. Nevertheless, the degree of submission of each was determined by its position on the social scale. The stout women had access to an eroticism restricts who was procreative. Other women, to a certain extent, could be used by the men as instruments of pleasure. So, the prostitution always had an important role in Rome. The prostitutes had an important mission. But, all the sexual practices were not allowed and if, contrary of the matronae, the prostitutes could adduce forms of sexuality for not being pregnant, the practices considered perverse (scopophilia, exhibitionism, agalmatophilia, etc.) were banished, according to the morality, of all the beds.

The representation of women in prostitution varies over time and space. This study aims to make visual how women in prostitution are being represented in Swedish judicial system today. The study uses a critical discourse analysis, inspired by Fairclough's three-dimensional model, and is based on a theoretical framework of reification theory, theory of respectability and previous research. The study analyzes 68 court verdicts, published in 2018 on the legal database Karnov Juridik, Kvinnifridspropositionen (Prop. 1997/98: 55) and an evaluation of the law's application and effect (SOU 2010: 49). The study makes visible a two-part image of the woman as occasionally invisible and occasionally defined on the basis of prostitution. The study shows how an overall market discursive perspective through the verdicts relates to a focus on the purchase of sex, rather than the parties involved. The study shows that the focus on the woman in prostitution, which was widely criticized and which the law reform intended to shift towards the sex buyers, continues to stay on the women in prostitution. / Framställningen av kvinnor som befinner sig i prostitution har varierat över tid och rum. Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur svenskt rättsväsende framställer kvinnor i prostitution idag. I studien används en kritisk diskursanalys, inspirerad av Faircloughs tredimensionella modell, och utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk av reifikationsteori, respektabilitetsteori samt tidigare forskning. Studiens empiriska underlag utgörs av 68 domar, publicerade år 2018 på rättsdatabasen Karnov Juridik, kvinnofridspropositionen (Prop. 1997/98:55) och en utvärdering om lagens tillämpning och effekt (SOU 2010:49). I studien synliggörs en tudelad bild av kvinnan som tidvis osynlig och tidvis definierad utifrån prostitution. Studien synliggör hur ett marknadsdiskursivt perspektiv genom domarna påverkar diskursen genom att fokus riktas mot den sexuella tjänster mot ersättning, snarare än de parter som är involverade. Det kritiserade fokus som tidigare inriktades på kvinnan i prostitution ämnade lagreformen att skifta mot männen, sexköparna. I studien framkommer tendenser av ett fortsatt fokus på kvinnorna som befinner sig i prostitution snarare än sexköparna, som framställs som konsumenter inom ett marknadsfenomen.

The aim of this study was to shed light on the phenomenon of sex purchase amongst men from the perspective of professionals working at KAST*. Our main research questions concerned who the sex-purchasing men are, what their incentives are and furthermore how the professionals depict their work with these clients. In order to examine this we conducted three qualitative research interviews. The theoretical framework used to examine our results consisted of social constructivism and professional acting space. Main results show, contrary to research, that the “typical” sex buyer does not exist, nor do specific motives. Instead, our interviewees prefer to speak of a mutual pattern amongst the sex buyers, referred to as an obsessive-compulsive sexual behaviour. In addition, our interviewees emphasize the importance of distinguishing between the act and the individual. Other findings show that although none of the units use evidence-based practice, all interviewees claim their methods are effective and moreover they all describe their professional acting space as almost unlimited. With our interviewees’ testimonies differing in several ways from the image of sex buyers common amongst the public and some researchers, we hope our findings can contribute to a more nuanced view of sex buyers.   * Abbreviation for the unit within the social services working with sex buyers

Dans le cadre de ce mémoire de maîtrise en sexologie, une recherche qualitative a été menée auprès de dix jeunes hommes prostitués de la rue âgés de 18 à 30 ans. Cette étude vise à mieux comprendre le vécu affectif et sexuel des jeunes hommes prostitués dans le quartier Centre-Sud de Montréal. La réalité des jeunes de la rue s'adonnant à la prostitution est préoccupante. Les constats qualitatifs principaux auxquels nous aboutissons sont les suivants : une désaffiliation de la famille et des difficultés personnelles d'adaptation; vie sexuelle personnelle absente dans un contexte de sexe pour survivre; l'orientation sexuelle sous le signe de l'ambivalence et de l'homophobie; visions négatives de la prostitution; omniprésence de la toxicomanie; pour l'argent avant tout et pour certains, des limites qui s'imposent; des sentiments mitigés et contradictoires à l'égard des clients de la prostitution; les souteneurs : un phénomène plutôt rare en prostitution masculine, mais surtout présent auprès des plus jeunes; polyvalence des lieux et types de pratiques. À partir de ces constats, nous procédons à une comparaison entre les résultats de notre analyse et ceux d'autres études sur un même thème. Somme toute, selon les témoignages des jeunes que nous avons rencontrés, il nous apparaît que ce qui prédomine dans leurs conditions de vie sont surtout de l'ordre de la souffrance et de l'isolement. Ces différents constats nous amènent à réfléchir sur la nécessité de privilégier des interventions spécifiques, comme la conception d'un programme d'éducation sexuelle destiné exclusivement aux prostitués, pour aider ces jeunes à avoir un meilleur bien-être affectif et sexuel. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : prostitution masculine, itinérance, difficultés sexuelles et affectives, orientation sexuelle, toxicomanie, exploitation.