L’objectif de ce mémoire est de décrire et comparer les facteurs de risque individuels, parentaux et familiaux qui sont associés à la cooccurrence simultanée du trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH) et des troubles de comportement sévère tels le trouble oppositionnel avec provocation (TOP) et le trouble des conduites (TC). Plus particulièrement, l’étude s’appuie sur les informations issues du modèle de cooccurrence de Neale et Kendler (1995), voulant que le fait de partager des facteurs de risque génétiques et environnementaux communs puisse entraîner une cooccurrence de troubles. Les enfants (N = 345, 41% de filles), âgés entre 6 et 10 ans, ont été recrutés parmi des jeunes recevant des services spécialisées dans huit commissions scolaires de trois régions du Québec. Ces enfants ont été séparés dans différents groupes de comparaison selon la présence/absence du TDAH, du TOP et du TC. Les analyses de régressions logistiques multinomiales réalisées suggèrent que les enfants du groupe TDAH+TOP lorsque comparés à ceux du groupe TDAH seul vivraient dans des familles au sein desquelles il y aurait plus de coercition parentale et auraient vécu plus de changements familiaux que les enfants du groupe TOP seul. Aussi, plus de traits d’insensibilité seraient présents chez les enfants du groupe TDAH+TOP+TC lorsque comparés au groupe TDAH seul. De plus, les enfants du groupe TDAH+TOP+TC présenteraient plus d’anxiété que les enfants du groupe TOP+TC. Dans l’ensemble, il appert que la cooccurrence du TDAH et des troubles du comportement est associée à plus de facteurs de risque chez les enfants.

Ce mémoire aborde la question des fondements moraux de la défense de provocation. Les concepts actuellement utilisés pour analyser ces fondements sont habituellement ceux de justification et d'excuse. À notre avis, la défense de provocation doit plutôt être interprétée comme une articulation particulière des principes gouvernant la détermination de la peine. Les deux premiers chapitres seront consacrés respectivement au concept de justification et d'excuse, et auront pour objet d'écarter leur paradigme de l'analyse des fondements de la défense de provocation. Le troisième chapitre montre comment il est possible de conceptualiser le moyen de défense comme une articulation des principes de détermination de la peine. / The present work addresses the question of the moral basis for the defense of provocation. The concepts used today to analyze these bases are usually those of justification and excuse. It is suggested that the defense of provocation should rather be interpreted as a particular articulation of the principles governing the sentencing. The first two chapters cover, respectively, the concepts of justification and excuse, and aim to refute the paradigms of analysis attached to each concept regarding the basis of the defense of provocation. The third chapter demonstrates that it is quite easily possible to conceptualize the defense of provocation as an articulation of the sentencing principles.

Few studies directly compare the physiological consequences of anger under a variety of induction methods. The current study explored the patterns of cardiovascular responding associated with varying anger induction methods, specifically personal anger memory recall through verbalization versus imagery in a sample of Vietnam combat veterans with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Spoken anger produced greater elevations in blood pressure than anger that was recalled through imagery but not spoken. This was true even after controlling for the metabolic activity associated with speech. However, for veterans with PTSD, anger imagery was also sufficient to produce an elevated response in cardiovascular activity.

<p>We have developed a methacholine provocation method, which detects bronchial responsiveness in more than 80% of healthy subjects. The method enables us to detect differences in bronchial responsiveness within the normal range. </p><p>With this method FEV1 and Gaw had similar sensitivity in detecting small differences in bronchial responsiveness. Differences, between protocols when using doubling or fourfold concentration steps emphasize the importance to strictly adhere to a predefined protocol. </p><p>Deep inhalation associated with the FEV1 manoeuvre decreases bronchial tone induced by methacholine for up to 6 minutes, which emphasizes the importance of exact timing between successive FEV1 measurements in bronchial provocation tests. There is a substantial overlap in bronchial responsiveness between healthy and asthmatic subjects and a deep inhalation at the end of the methacholine test challenge could not discriminate between asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects.</p><p>Inhalation of dust in a swine confinement building causes an intense airway inflammatory reaction with an extensive migration of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils, into the upper and lower airways. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine increased by about 3 doubling concentration steps and was normalized one week after exposure. However, exposure to dust in a swine confinement building did not yield increased bronchial responsiveness to eucapnic hyperventilation with dry air which is often observed in asthmatic subjects. Exhaled NO was approximately doubled five hours after exposure and in the present study we found no relationship between exhaled NO levels and bronchial responsiveness in healthy subjects. </p><p>Protection with half-mask inhibited the dust induced increase of exhaled NO whereas the increase in bronchial responsiveness was influenced only to a minor extent.</p><p>These findings, do not support the hypothesis that the increased bronchial responsiveness following organic dust exposure is directly caused by the inflammation. Instead, a possible direct effect on the smooth muscle and swelling of the airway mucosa and increased secretions due to the general inflammatory reaction probably leads to airway narrowing enhancing the post-exposure bronchial response to methacholine. </p>

We have developed a methacholine provocation method, which detects bronchial responsiveness in more than 80% of healthy subjects. The method enables us to detect differences in bronchial responsiveness within the normal range. With this method FEV1 and Gaw had similar sensitivity in detecting small differences in bronchial responsiveness. Differences, between protocols when using doubling or fourfold concentration steps emphasize the importance to strictly adhere to a predefined protocol. Deep inhalation associated with the FEV1 manoeuvre decreases bronchial tone induced by methacholine for up to 6 minutes, which emphasizes the importance of exact timing between successive FEV1 measurements in bronchial provocation tests. There is a substantial overlap in bronchial responsiveness between healthy and asthmatic subjects and a deep inhalation at the end of the methacholine test challenge could not discriminate between asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects. Inhalation of dust in a swine confinement building causes an intense airway inflammatory reaction with an extensive migration of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils, into the upper and lower airways. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine increased by about 3 doubling concentration steps and was normalized one week after exposure. However, exposure to dust in a swine confinement building did not yield increased bronchial responsiveness to eucapnic hyperventilation with dry air which is often observed in asthmatic subjects. Exhaled NO was approximately doubled five hours after exposure and in the present study we found no relationship between exhaled NO levels and bronchial responsiveness in healthy subjects. Protection with half-mask inhibited the dust induced increase of exhaled NO whereas the increase in bronchial responsiveness was influenced only to a minor extent. These findings, do not support the hypothesis that the increased bronchial responsiveness following organic dust exposure is directly caused by the inflammation. Instead, a possible direct effect on the smooth muscle and swelling of the airway mucosa and increased secretions due to the general inflammatory reaction probably leads to airway narrowing enhancing the post-exposure bronchial response to methacholine.

This thesis aims to increase the knowledge on people with symptoms attributed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) by investigating the effects of EMF exposure and by additional description of the heterogeneous group of people reporting EMF-related symptoms. The effect of mobile phone (MP)-like radio frequency (RF) fields on symptoms, autonomic nervous system (ANS) parameters, short-term memory, and reaction time in persons with MP-related symptoms (MP participants) was investigated in a provocation study. A second provocation study investigated the effect of similar exposure on serum concentration of biomarkers in persons with atopic dermatitis. No effect of exposure was detected in either study. MP participants displayed changes in heart rate variability (HRV) during cognitive tests, but not during rest. This contrasts with earlier findings, participants with symptoms attributed to EMF sources in general (EHS participants) displayed an elevated sympathetic nervous system activity both during cognitive tests and during rest. Proposed differences between subgroups of persons with EMF-related symptoms with respect to symptoms, personality traits and stress were investigated in a questionnaire study. MP participants reported primarily symptoms from the head; EHS participants reported symptoms from many organ systems. Furthermore, EHS participants reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and exhaustion when compared with a reference group. MP participants reported higher levels of anxiety and exhaustion only. In a pilot study, 24-hour and short-term HRV were investigated in EHS participants, to examine whether the previously observed sympathovagal imbalance would still be present. There was a tendency toward increased parasympathetic activity compared with earlier recordings, and a reduction of symptoms. Twenty-four hour and short-term recordings were fairly similar for each participant; however, there were large between-subject differences. The results do not support the hypothesis of effects of MP-like RF exposure on symptoms, ANS activity, CFFT, cognitive function, or biomarkers. However, they do support the hypothesis that persons with different symptom attribution (MP and EHS) may differ also in ANS activity and psychological aspects.

Purpose: To determine the vascular reactivity (VR) capacity and visual function (VF) response to potent vasoconstrictor and vasodilatory provocations of retinal arterioles in healthy subjects. Methods: One hyperoxic hypocapnic and two graded hypoxic hypercapnic stimuli were administered. VR in response to gas provocation was assessed using the Canon Laser Blood Flowmeter. VF was assessed using high and low contrast ETDRS logMAR charts, Medmont C-100, and H.R.R. Pseudoisochromatic Plates. Results: Flow reduced by 23% (p=0.0001) during hyperoxic hypocapnia and increased by 18% (p=0.0129) during hypoxic hypercapnia. During hyperoxic hypocapnia, high contrast VA improved by -0.026 (p=0.0372). During hypoxic hypercapnia, high and low contrast VA were reduced (+0.033, p=0.0110; +0.025, p=0.0058, respectively). Colour vision was unaffected. Conclusions: The retinal arterioles demonstrated a greater capacity for vasoconstriction than vasodilation in response to the stimuli used in our study. Hyperoxic hypocapnia improved high contrast VA while hypoxic hypercapnia reduced high and low contrast VA.

Purpose: To determine the vascular reactivity (VR) capacity and visual function (VF) response to potent vasoconstrictor and vasodilatory provocations of retinal arterioles in healthy subjects. Methods: One hyperoxic hypocapnic and two graded hypoxic hypercapnic stimuli were administered. VR in response to gas provocation was assessed using the Canon Laser Blood Flowmeter. VF was assessed using high and low contrast ETDRS logMAR charts, Medmont C-100, and H.R.R. Pseudoisochromatic Plates. Results: Flow reduced by 23% (p=0.0001) during hyperoxic hypocapnia and increased by 18% (p=0.0129) during hypoxic hypercapnia. During hyperoxic hypocapnia, high contrast VA improved by -0.026 (p=0.0372). During hypoxic hypercapnia, high and low contrast VA were reduced (+0.033, p=0.0110; +0.025, p=0.0058, respectively). Colour vision was unaffected. Conclusions: The retinal arterioles demonstrated a greater capacity for vasoconstriction than vasodilation in response to the stimuli used in our study. Hyperoxic hypocapnia improved high contrast VA while hypoxic hypercapnia reduced high and low contrast VA.

Syftet med den här studien är att, genom att kontrollera sambandet mellan ungdomars Internetanvändning och deras åsikter kring hur ungdomar bör uttrycka sig på Internet, undersöka vilken typ av Internetanvändare som är mer eller mindre sannolik att acceptera, utföra eller utsättas för aggressiva/provocerande beteenden på Internet. Studien utfördes genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning där 139 gymnasieelever från en medelstor stad i Hallands län fick svara på frågor om deras Internetvanor och deras åsikter kring beteenden på Internet. Därefter utfördes olika statistiska test i SPSS för att undersöka sambandet mellan deltagarnas Internetanvändning och deras åsikter om beteenden på Internet. Studien kom fram till att det finns ett samband mellan ungdomars aggressiva/provocerande beteenden på Internet och hur ungdomar använder Internet. Studien visar även ett samband mellan ungdomars utsatthet for aggressiva/provocerande beteenden och hur de använder Internet. Dessutom visar studien att ungdomar uppfattar sig själva generellt som bättre uppträdande än andra ungdomar, men anser varken att andra ungdomar uttrycker sig aggressivt/provocerande eller särskilt välbemötande. / The purpose of this study is the investigate adolescents’ opinions concerning online behaviors to find out whether they accept, use or are victims of aggressive/provocative behaviors online. By investigating the connection between adolescents’ use of Internet and their opinions of how other adolescents should behave online the study aims to find out which type of user is more likely to engage in aggressive/provocative behaviors online. A quantitative survey was carried out on 139 upper secondary school students at a school in an average sized city in Halland’s county. The participants answered questions concerning their online habits and their opinions about online behavior. To analyze the results the computer program SPSS was used in order to investigate the connection between the participants’ online habits and their opinions about online behavior. The study concluded that there is a connection between upper secondary students’ aggressive/provocative behaviors online and their online habits. The study also shows that there is a connection between adolescent’s exposure to these kinds of behaviors and their Internet habits. Finally, the study shows that adolescents’ interpret themselves as less aggressive/provocative than their peers, although they interpret other adolescents’ as neither aggressive/provocative nor particularly polite.

En innovation handlar i grund och botten om en förståelse och inkorporation av den komplexa kreativiteten i en innovationsprocess. I denna studie har sex centrala kärnvärden kring den upplevda kreativiteten tagits fram med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer från tio respondenter. Utifrån en fenomenologisk ansats har dessa kärnvärden utvecklats från begreppen kreativitet och innovation. Inom kreativitet var – relatera, förändra och kommunicera – centrala begrepp för respondenterna. Inom innovation var det istället – mening, kvalitet och tillväxt. Genom att anta en tydlig och provocerande syn på kreativitet och innovation har dessa kärnvärden använts som redskap för att utmana den svenska innovationsstrategin N2012.27 i vilken svenska Regeringen vill utveckla det svenska innovationsklimatet till år 2020. Studiens resultat visar att denna satsning är missriktad och otydlig. Det är inte det innovativa Sverige som i första hand bör eftersträvas, det är den kreativa medborgaren. / Innovation is all about the understanding and implementation of the complex creativity in a innovation process. This study delivers six central themes regarding the experienced creativity. These themes is a product out of interviews from ten participants. With a phenomenological approach these themes has been made representive of the concepts innovation and creativity. The themes within creativity were – relate, change and communicate. Within innovation the themes were – meaning, quality and growth. By adopting a provocative approach these themes has been used as tools to challenge the Swedish innovation strategy N2012.27 in which the Swedish Goverment wishes to elaborate the national innovation climate until the year of 2020. The result of this study shows that this investment is misguided and vague. The pursuit of the innovative Sweden shouldn’t be the primary target. It should rather be in the pursuit of the creative citizen.