Le procès pénal français repose sur l’idée que le monopole dans la conduite des investigations revient aux agents de l’autorité publique. Pourtant, ce constat devient de moins en moins exact. De multiples facteurs tendent à contester aux enquêteurs officiels l’apanage de l’enquête pénale. Qu’ils soient détectives privés, journalistes d’investigation, ou encore de simples citoyens impliqués dans la mise en œuvre de la loi pénale, de nombreux particuliers procèdent à des actes d’enquête susceptibles d’informer le juge dans le cadre d’un procès. Cette progression de l’enquête pénale privée mérite d’être analysée, en ce qu’elle fait peser sur la justice pénale de nombreux risques en termes de légitimité, de légalité, et d’égalité de tous devant la loi. Pour mieux traiter l’ensemble de ces problématiques, une comparaison avec le droit des États-Unis, terre d’élection des investigations privées, s’avère particulièrement opportune. / The criminal proceedings is built around the idea that the monopoly for conducting investigations is held by representatives of the public authorities. However, this observation is becoming less and less true. Multiple factors contribute to disputing this specific prerogative of the criminal proceedings to the official investigators. Be they private detectives, investigative reporters, or even ordinary citizens involved in the implementation of the criminal law, many individuals operate investigative acts that may inform the sentencing judge during a trial. This increase of the private criminal investigation deserves to be further analyzed as it implies several risks to the criminal justice in terms of legitimacy, legality and equality before the law. To better handle these problematics, a comparison with the US Law, land of private investigations, seemed obvious.

In this investigation of immunotherapy (IT) children 6-16 years old with rhinoconjunctivitis due to birch polli­nosis were included. I. Methodological studies. To monitor IT a reliable provocation test is desirable. The conjunctival provocation test (CPT) was evaluated in 20 children with four repeated challenges. The test was found to have a good preci­sion, it was simple and appeared to be clinically safe. After repeated tests the levels of IgE antibodies against birch increased considerably in three children, indicating an immunological response. A pollen peak affects the symptoms of an atopic individual for several days. Thus pollen counts for previous days must be taken into account when relating symptom scores with the counts. A dynamic time series model was therefore developed by which groups of atopic patients could be compared when exposed to different amounts of pollens. II: Cross-reactivity between deciduous trees during IT. Immunotherapy with pollen allergen preparations made from either birch (B) or a mixture of birch, alder and hazel (M) were compared. As measured with symptom scores the children in the M group improved at least as much as those in the B group. In the B group but not in the M group the improvement correlated with immunochemical findings before IT or early during the treatment, probably an unsignificant finding. Otherwise there was little difference between the two groups. Analysis of sera with crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis in 20 children revealed that 60% of the children below 13 years had de­veloped IgE antibodies during IT against allergens against which they had not been allergic before IT. This had no appearent clinical implications. III: Oral immunotherapy (OIT). A pilot study of 18 children treated with high doses of a birch pollen allergen preparation in enteric coated capsules and 8 untreated controls indicated that OIT was effective as shown by lower symptom scores, less conjuctival sensitivity and increased levels of IgE antibodies against birch. However, the gastrointestinal side-effects were pronounced. Therefore a second double-blind study, in 30 children, was performed reducing the side-effects through a different dose schedule. Compared with the placebo group, the ac­tively treated children had lower symptom scores (p = 0.04), reduced skin sensitivity (p = 0.01), increasing levels of IgE (p = 0.001) and IgG (p = 0.007) antibodies against birch before the birch pollen season and a suppression of the seasonal increase in levels of IgE antibodies against birch (p <0.001). After three months of OIT but not after ten months they also had a lower sensitivity in CPT than the controls (p = 0.01). The intestinal permeability as assessed by the urinary recovery of differently-sized polyethyleneglycols was studied in 24 of the children during IT. No changes were seen in the group of actively treated children. In two ad­ditional children openly treated with OIT small bowel biopsies were taken with normal morphological findings. Thus OIT did not result in a generalized inflammation of the small bowel. / digitalisering@umu

1 Operational and Investigative actions Abstract Presented thesis deals with the topic of operational investigative actions specified by the Criminal Procedure Code, to which they have been incorporated with effect from 2002. The main aim of this thesis is comprehensive description of the essence and of the domestic applicable legislation of these actions, and also the analysis of possible problematic points and deficiencies. Currently, the mentioned Code in its title nine called procedure prior to initiation a criminal prosecution defines types of these actions in an enumerative way. Those types are pretended transfer, surveillance of the individuals and objects and usage of agent. The thesis itself is divided into six chapters. First chapter is focused on definition of these actions, putting them into context with so called supporting operational investigative actions defined by the Police of the Czech Republic Code, and also on the brief history of their usage in the territory of the Czech Republic. In the second chapter there is a summarization of the general conditions concerning usage of these actions, which apply to all operational investigative actions with few exceptions. Third, fourth and fifth chapter deals with particular operational investigative actions according to the order contained in the...

Background: Storage mites are frequently found in our daily environment. Nevertheless, storage mite allergy is often neglected in allergological diagnostics and possible allergies requiring therapy are thus overlooked. Methods: Recommendations for action are made based on a literature review from March 2021 to August 2021 in PubMed, Medline, and GoogleScholar. Results: This review article provides an overview of the species of storage mites, sensitization rates in different countries and occupations, and co-sensitization rates to house dust mite. Recommendations for diagnosis as well as therapy are given. The importance of provocation testing as well as causal therapy by allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is presented. Conclusion: The position paper gives recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of allergic rhinitis in case of storage mite allergy. AIT is recommended in symptomatic allergy and proven storage mite allergy. Reliable detection by provocation testing is advised in this persistent allergy. The therapy should be carried out independently of the treatment of a possible house dust mite allergy.

The main purpose of this study is to examine how the media representation of the war in Ukraine is portrayed in Balenciaga’s runway for "Summer 23" collection in Paris Fashion Week 2022. To reach the objective of this study I used an approach based on a qualitative method with support from theories concerning socio-semiotics, Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capital, provocation and taste. The material, based on video sequences and screenshots from the runway-show, are analyzed in correlation to the contemporary social and cultural context of a westernized perspective. The outcome of this study indicates that Balenciaga, as a luxurious brand with high levels of all forms of capital, alludes to the media’s representation of war as a means of provocation, which makes the "good taste" that they possess change. / The primary aim with my Media Production is to create a visual material whose purpose is to emotionally touch the intended target group to click on the Action for Happiness website and to learn more about how one can live to achieve a happier life. My animated introductory video is meant to be an entry to the "10 Key Words for a Happier Life" page on the website.

Dumpen och 2forty2 är grupper som ägnar sig åt att bedriva en digital pedofiljakt och att exponera förövare på sina digitala plattformar. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur Dumpen och 2forty2 på sina hemsidor och Instagram-konton dels presenterar sig själva, dels på vilka grunder man berättigar sitt agerande. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av datamaterial från Dumpens hemsida och 2forty2´s Instagram-konto har syftet undersökts. Fynden från innehållsanalysen har sedan presenterats och jämförts med tidigare forskning och för studien aktuella kriminologiska teorier. I resultaten går att urskönja hur grupperna uppkommit utifrån en misstro till rättsväsendet, omvärldens uppmärksamhet och egna upplevelser av sexuella övergrepp. Avslutningsvis presenteras en bild kring hur grupperna verkar, presenterar sig och bakomliggande orsaker, samt förslag på framtida forskning kring dessa typer av grupper.

Identification of aggression in Junior Primary school learners often becomes a difficult task due to the lack of appropriate measuring instruments. The assessment instruments used presently are unable to identify the subtypes of aggression. In order to address this limitation in the field of aggression, the present investigation was undertaken. A literature study was done where the concept aggression was defined and the relationship and differences between the subtypes of aggression (physical, verbal, reactive and proactive aggression) were examined. The factors that relate to aggression, namely, biological, personality, environmental and social, parental influence, frustration and media influences were identified. A reliable measuring instrument was developed to identify the four main subtypes of aggression in junior primary learners. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that there were significant positive correlations between the subtypes of aggression. Gender and intellectual potential do not appear to have a significant bearing on childhood aggression. The educational implications of the findings are discussed and guidelines regarding treatment of childhood aggression are given for both educators and parents. / Education Studies / M.Ed.

Esta tese estuda a obra do escritor Thomas Bernhard, especialmente a partir de dois de seus romances, a saber Holzfällen. Eine Erregung (1984) e Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall. (1986). Pela mediação entre forma literária e forma social, pretende-se desvendar dinâmicas históricas inscritas na forma literária elaborada pelo escritor austríaco. Por um lado, o autor busca \"politizar a estética\" por meio de uma estética da provocação formal, com o que cita diretamente a sociedade e quebra as fronteiras bem delimitadas entre ficção e realidade. Por outro lado, dadas as condições históricas específicas da Áustria após a Segunda Guerra, e apoiando-se na formulação adorniana da arte como historiografia inconsciente de nosso tempo, Bernhard cria uma obra que procura ler a contrapelo (Benjamin) e atualizar esta rica tradição num momento propício, culminando em sua obra dos anos 80. / The present dissertation is a study of the work of Thomas Bernhard, based mainly in two of his novels, Holzfällen. Eine Erregung (1984), and Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall (1986). The intention is to uncover the historical dynamics inscribed in the literary form developed by the Austrian author through the mediation between literary and social form. On the one hand, Bernhard seeks to \"politicize the esthetics\", making use of an esthetics of formal provocation that makes direct references to real people of the Austrian society, effacing the sharp distinction between fiction and reality. On the other hand, in the specific context of the historical condition of Austria after the Second World War and based on Adorno\'s concept of art as the unconscious historiography of our time, Bernhard writings seek to renew this rich tradition in a way that is opposed to the traditionally accepted one (Benjamin) and to bring it up-to-date in a propicious context. The higher point of this achievement is the work he produced during the decade of 1980.

A rinite alérgica (RA) é a mais comum doença mediada por IgE, que afeta aproximadamente 500 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. A RA é a expressão clínica da ligação entre anticorpos do tipo IgE e antígenos na mucosa nasal resultando em inflamação. Estes anticorpos foram detectados na secreção nasal de pacientes com rinite alérgica. Na abordagem da doença, temos a imunoterapia específica (IT) como único tratamento imunomodulatório antígeno específico. Foi demonstrado que IT gera uma diminuição da resposta tardia ao alérgeno tanto na pele como na mucosa do trato respiratório e esta redução se correlaciona com diminuição no número de células infiltrando os tecidos e na quantidade de mediadores inflamatórios. Objetivo: Determinar a resposta local de IgE específica e IgG4 específica no lavado nasal de pacientes com rinite alérgica antes e após o tratamento com imunoterapia alérgeno específica para Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus por um período de 6 meses; determinar a resposta inflamatória padrão Th1/ Th2/ Th17 e avaliar escore de sintomas e contagem de células no lavado nasal. Método: Selecionamos pacientes sensibilizados ao Dermatophagoides pteronissinus com diagnóstico de rinite alérgica persistente. Realizamos as analises de sintomas nasais através da escala NIS e antes de iniciar o tratamento estes indivíduos realizaram provocação nasal com alérgeno e coleta de lavado nasal. Após 6 meses de tratamento IT e placebo estes pacientes foram reavaliados. Realizamos a analise de Imunoglobulinas (IgE especifica para Der p1 e 2, IgE total, e IgG4 especifica para Der p 1), contagem de células totais, citocinas padrão Th1/Th2 e Th17. Resultados: Analisamos 19 pacientes no grupo imunoterapia e 17 no grupo placebo. A avaliação dos sintomas pela escala NIS após 6 meses de intervenção, demonstrou diferença significativa nos grupos placebo e imunoterapia, em favor da IT. A concentração do extrato utilizado na provocação nasal foi maior no grupo imunoterapia após os 6 meses de tratamento mas sem significância estatística. Quanto a dosagem das imunoglobulinas observamos diminuição da IgE total após a intervenção assim como da contagem de células totais no lavado nasal. A dosagem das citocinas livres no lavado nasal não sofreram alterações significativas. Na provocação nasal observamos aumento de IL-13, IL-10 em ambos os grupos, independente da fase de tratamento. Conclusão: Não observamos nenhuma resposta local de IgE específica e IgG4 específica no lavado nasal de pacientes com rinite alérgica antes e após o tratamento com imunoterapia alérgeno específica para Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus por um período de 6 meses. Houve melhora no escore de sintomas e diminuição da IgE total e da contagem de células no lavado nasal / Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common disease mediated by IgE, affecting approximately 500 million people worldwide. The AR is the clinical expression of the link between the IgE-antibodies and antigens in the nasal mucosa resulting in inflammation. Such antibodies were detected in nasal secretions of allergic rhinitis patients. As treatment for this morbidity there is specific immunotherapy (IT) as only immunomodulatory specific antigen approach. It was demonstrated that IT generates a decrease in the late response to the allergen both in the skin and in the mucosa of the respiratory tract and this reduction correlates with the decrease in the number of infiltrating cells and in the amount of inflammatory mediators. Objective: To determine the local response of specific IgE and IgG4 in nasal lavage fluids of patients with allergic rhinitis before and after treatment with specific allergen immunotherapy to house dust mite for a period of 6 months; determine the standard inflammatory response of Th1 / Th2 / Th17 and evaluate symptom score and cell counts in nasal lavage. Method: We selected patients sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronissinus diagnosed with persistent allergic rhinitis. Nasal symptoms were assessed by Nasal Index Score, and before treatment, allergen nasal challenge and collection of nasal lavage fluid were performed. After 6 months of treatment or placebo, the patients were reevaluated. IgE specific for Der p 1 and 2, total IgE and IgG4 specific for Der p 1, total cell count were determined as well as Th1 / Th2 and Th17 cytokines. Results: We analyzed 19 patients in the immunotherapy group and 17 in the placebo group. The evaluation of symptoms by NIS scale after 6 months of intervention showed significant differences in favor of the immunotherapy group. The concentration of the extract used in the nasal challenge was higher in the immunotherapy group after 6 months of treatment but without statistical significance. The total IgE decreased after the intervention as well as the total cell count in nasal lavage. The dosage of the free cytokines in nasal lavage fluid did not change significantly. In the nasal provocation we observe an increasing in IL-13 and IL-10 in both treatment groups. Conclusion: We observed no local changes in specific IgG4 or specific IgE response in nasal lavage fluid of patients with allergic rhinitis before and after treatment with specific allergen immunotherapy to house dust mite for a period of 6 months. There was an improvement in symptom scores and a decreased of total IgE and cell counts in nasal lavage

A asma é uma doença crônica inflamatória das vias aéreas, de importância mundial pela sua elevada prevalência, com considerável impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Dentre os diferentes fenótipos de asma, a asma alérgica constitui a maioria dos casos. Dentre os diferentes desencadeantes de exacerbações na asma, os aeroalérgenos têm papel de destaque, sendo os ácaros o grupo mais importante e prevalente. Entre os ácaros, os mais relevantes para estudo são o Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) e a Blomia tropicalis (Blo t), com importância significativa nos países tropicais. Pacientes podem ser sensibilizados a esses dois ácaros ou a um deles somente, mas a positividade do teste in vivo ou in vitro não significa reatividade clínica e que haja concordância com o alérgeno relevante para o desencadeamento dos sintomas. A reatividade cruzada entre esses dois ácaros vem sendo estudada. In vivo, há poucos trabalhos demonstrando a reatividade cruzada entre Der p e Blo t e analisando a correlação entre os testes cutâneos e os de provocação brônquica. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a reatividade clínica em pacientes com asma sensibilizados a ambos os ácaros, Der p e Blo t. Para isso, pacientes com asma do Ambulatório do Serviço de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia do HC-FMUSP foram selecionados. Broncoprovocações específicas foram realizadas com os dois ácaros, em diferentes momentos. Dezoito pacientes com asma foram selecionados, e trinta e seis provocações foram realizadas. Todas as provocações com o ácaro Der p foram positivas. Em relação à Blo t, o resultado foi positivo em 93% dos testes. No presente estudo, houve concordância na maioria dos casos entre a presença de sensibilização aos ácaros estudados e a positividade na boncoprovocação. Portanto, as sensibilizações aos ácaros identificados no teste cutâneo são relevantes para o desencadeamento dos sintomas de asma nesses pacientes / Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways of global importance due to its high prevalence, with considerable impact on quality of life of patients. Among the different phenotypes of asthma, allergic asthma constitutes the majority of cases. Among the different triggers of asthma exacerbations, aeroallergens have the leading role, being mites group more important and prevalent. Among the mites, the most relevant to the study are Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Blomia tropicalis (Blo t), with significant importance in tropical countries. Patients can be sensitive to these two mites or only one of them, but the positivity of test in vivo or in vitro clinical reactivity and does not mean that there is agreement with the relevant allergen for the triggering of symptoms. The cross-reactivity between these two mites has been studied. In vivo, there are few studies demonstrating the cross-reactivity between Der p and Blo t analyzing the correlation between skin tests and bronchial provocation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical reactivity in patients with asthma sensitized to both house dust mites, Der p and Blo t. For this reason, patients with asthma, Ambulatory Service of Clinical Immunology and Allergy HCFMUSP were selected. Specific bronchial provocation tests were performed with both mites at different times. Eighteen patients with asthma were selected, and thirty-six provocations were performed. All provocations with the mite Der p were positive. Regarding Blo t, the result was positive in 93% of tests. In the present study, there was agreement in most cases between the presence of sensitization to mites and positivity in bronchial provocation test. Therefore, sensitization to mites in skin test identified is relevant to the triggering of asthma symptoms in these patients