The present work was undertaken to develop a composite osmotic distillation (OD) membrane consisting of a thin hydrogel coating on a microporous hydrophobic substrate for the concentration of aqueous feeds containing surface-active agents. The range of OD applications using the hydrophobic membrane alone have been severely limited by the propensity for membrane wet-out when contacted by amphiphilic agents such as oils, fats and detergents. Wet-out allows the feed solution to track freely through the membrane pores with a resulting loss of solutes and a decrease in selectivity. The rationale for the approach taken was based on the hypothesis that the high water selectivity of the hydrophilic coating would maintain good water mass transfer to the underlying hydrophobic substrate but exclude other components including surface-active agents. The first stage of this work involved the identification of potential coating materials and the fabrication and structural characterization of films of these materials to determine their suitability. The second stage involved the development of techniques to facilitate adhesion of the hydrophilic coatings to the hydrophobic substrate, and the testing of the resulting composite membranes for OD performance and resistance to wet-out by surface-active agents. Sodium alginate was selected as the major coating component on the basis of its non-toxicity and its potential for stable hydrogel formation. Structural characterization of noncrosslinked films and films crosslinked using a water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and swelling measurements. Maximum crosslinking through esterification of hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups on adjacent polymer strands using the film immersion method was achieved with a non-solvent (ethanol) concentration of 60 vol % and a WSC concentration of 100 mM at pH 4. These conditions resulted in a hydrogel with an equilibrium water content of 60 wt %. DSC measurements of noncrosslinked and crosslinked alginate films showed an increase in crystallinity and hence rigidity on crosslinking. Therefore, several coatings were prepared as blends of sodium alginate and amorphous highly flexible carrageenan gum in order to meet the flexibility requirements of a membrane subjected to varying operating pressures in an industrial OD plant. Structural characterization with respect to polymer blend ratio was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimisation for crosslinking conditions was undertaken as for sodium alginate alone. Optimum conditions for film preparation were 20 wt % carrageenan content and a crosslinking medium containing 60 vol % non-solvent (ethanol) and 120 mM WSC at pH 4. These conditions produced a hydrogel with an equilibrium water content of 85 wt %. Two different techniques were employed to anchor the coatings on substrate PTFE membranes. For membranes with a nominal diameter of 0.2 µm, the technique involved surface tension adjustment of the coating solution by ethanol addition in order to enhance penetration of the coating solution meniscus into the substrate pores. This was followed by polymer precipitation by the selective removal of water using OD to provide structural interlocking. T-peel strength measurements showed that this technique resulted in a ten-fold increase in adhesion strength when compared with a coating cast without surface tension adjustments. For membranes with a nominal diameter of 0.1µm, an interfacial bonding agent, myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MTMA), was used. This technique gave a three-fold increase in adhesion strength relative to that of coating cast without the use of MTMA. The composite membranes were tested in extended OD trials using pure water and feeds containing limonene, the major surface-active components of orange oil. The sodium alginate-carrageenan blend membrane, which was the preferred membrane based on flexibility and water sorption considerations, was also tested against full-cream milk and an industrial detergent, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS). The results indicated that the coatings offered little resistance to water transport and were effective in providing protection against membrane wet-out. Durability trials showed that the composite membranes retained their integrity in water for a minimum of 30 days. Overall, this study has expanded the potential applications of OD to include many important industrial concentration steps that are currently being undertaken by conventional processes with unsatisfactory results. These include the concentration of citrus juices, full-cream milk and nuclear power plant liquid waste. These feeds contain limonene, fats and detergents respectively, all of which wet out unprotected hydrophobic membranes.

Lors de ce travail nous avons étudié les modifications de HDPE, PVF, PVDF et PTFE par des plasmas O2 et N2. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’effet des ions et des neutres. Nous constatons dans tous les cas une modification de la composition des échantillons, cette modification de composition est accompagnée d’une modification de l’énergie de surface. Les traitements plasma greffent de nouvelles fonctions polaires (oxygénées ou azotées) à la surface des échantillons, responsables de l’augmentation de l’énergie de surface. Le PTFE traité par plasma O2 présente lui un comportement particulier. Il est possible de greffer de faibles quantités d’oxygène à sa surface et d’augmenter faiblement son énergie de surface lors de traitements de courte durée à faibles puissances. Les traitements de plus fortes puissances érodent fortement la surface du PTFE sans y greffer de fonctions oxygénées. Les surfaces obtenues sont extrêmement rugueuses et leur énergie de surface est fortement diminuée, nous obtenons des surfaces de type ultra-hydrophobes.<p>Les résultats obtenus lors des traitements plasma ont été comparés à ceux obtenus dans le cas de traitements par des ions O2+/O+ ou N2+/N+. Ceci nous a permis de mettre en évidence une différence de réactivité des échantillons face aux différents traitements. Cette différence de réactivité nous permet de conclure que les ions ne sont pas l’espèce principale responsable de la modification de nos échantillons lors des traitements plasma.<p>Nous avons également pu mettre en évidence une différence de réactivité entre les différents échantillons. Le HDPE, PVF et PVDF ont des réactivités semblables alors que le PTFE est beaucoup plus résistant aux modifications, nous pensons que ceci est dû à la structure entièrement fluorée du PTFE.<p>Nous avons également étudié la résistance de nos échantillons à l’adsorption de protéines dans le cadre d’une étude sur la biocompatibilité. Nous avons pu montrer que les échantillons de PTFE rendu ultra hydrophobe, après traitement par plasma O2 de haute puissance, présentent une bonne résistance à l’adsorption de protéines. Cette caractéristique est intéressante pour la synthèse de matériaux biocompatibles. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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My dissertation is primarily divided into two parts. The first deals with the preparation, functionalization, and characterization of carbon surfaces prepared by direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) as substrates for bioarrays. Part two discusses applications of XPS peak fitting in surface chemical analysis. Chapter 1, the introduction, includes (i) a discussion of the construction of bioarrays and the preparation of sputtered surfaces, e.g., by DCMS and HiPIMS, and also functionalization (bioconjugate) chemistry with special emphasis on the importance of covalent functionalization of surfaces, and (ii) a discussion of the surface characterization techniques and accompanying analysis methods I have primarily used, which include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-ambient pressure XPS (NAP-XPS), XPS peak fitting, and contact angle goniometry (wetting). Chapter 2 discusses the preparation, characterization, and functionalization of DCMS and HiPIMS carbon surfaces for bioarrays. Here, two functionalization chemistries are explored, where the activity of DCMS and HiPIMS carbon towards amidation and amination is compared. Chapter 3 focuses on the use of Gaussian-Lorentzian sum (GLS) and Gaussian-Lorentzian product (GLP) line shapes in the context of peak fitting XPS narrow scans. This discussion includes a comparison of the GLS and GLP line shapes with the Voigt function. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the applications of XPS peak fitting in materials characterization. Chapter 4 talks about XPS data analysis in the context of the chemical vapor deposition of various aminosilanes and their effect on peptide stability and purity. Chapters 5 describes the surface chemical analysis of various materials by NAP-XPS, including accompanying data analysis and/or peak fitting. The materials probed here cannot be analyzed at ultra-high vacuum by conventional XPS, hence, they are analyzed by NAP-XPS. Chapter 5 is divided into 5 sections. Section 5.1.1 discusses the characterization and analysis of a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by peak fitting the C 1s and O 1s peak envelopes. Section 5.1.2 discusses the analysis of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at different pressures. Here, the effect of increasing background pressure and X-ray illumination time on the equivalent widths of the F 1s narrows scans is shown. Environmental charge compensation is also discussed here. Section 5.1.3 includes the analysis of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG), where the C 1s and O 1s peak envelopes were peak fitted to determine/confirm the structure and composition of this polymer. Section 5.1.4 contains an analysis and comparison of three different human hair samples: (i) untreated, (ii) colored, and (iii) bleached. Here, a comparison of the Si 2p, S 2p, and C 1s peaks illustrates the effects of the different treatments. Section 5.1.5 shows the characterization and analysis of liquid and solid phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Chapter 6 presents conclusion of my work and discusses future work.

As rail transportation is significantly more virtuous than airplanes or cars in terms of greenhousegases emissions, its development is being encouraged in several European countries, includingSweden. In addition, the development of railway lines on which trains can travel at higher speeds ismade in Sweden with the integration of existing infrastructure. On railway bridges, an increased trainspeed potentially leads to an increase in vibrations during passage, for which the structure may not bedesigned. It is therefore essential to know the dynamic properties of the structures used.Several studies highlight the influence of friction phenomena in sliding bearings on the dynamicproperties of bridges equipped with them. This Master Thesis is based on previous works that led tothe development of a finite element modelling the friction mechanisms that occur in these bearings.The friction occurring between a PTFE sliding plate and a steel surface is thus modelled using the Bouc-Wen model, a model for hysteresis phenomena. The finite element was developed as a Fortransubroutine, which can be integrated into the finite element calculation software Abaqus as a "userdefinedelement". It allows friction to be modelled along the longitudinal direction of the bridge onlyand can therefore only be used in two-dimensional models. The user-defined element is also based ona model that takes into account the influence of contact pressure and sliding velocity on the steel-PTFEcoefficient of friction. As several studies indicate, contact temperature can also have a significantinfluence on the value of the coefficient of friction but is not taken into account in the current model.In this project, the previously developed finite element was therefore generalized to account forfriction in both directions of the sliding plate by the means of a two-dimensional generalization of theBouc-Wen model. Based on experimental data available in scientific literature, the model forcalculating the coefficient of friction was also extended to take into account the influence of thecontact temperature. In addition, a model to update the contact temperature based on the theory ofsurface heating of semi-infinite bodies has been incorporated. Finally, this thesis presents theintegration of this updated finite element on three-dimensional models of the Banafjäl Bridge, locatedin northern Sweden. Simulations to estimate the fundamental frequencies and resonance modes ofthe structure as well as the temperature increase that can occur in a bearing during the passage of atrain were carried out on this model.

Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer membranes demonstrate great potential for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) due to their favorable electronic properties and excellent efficiency. However, the assignment of key vibrational transitions such as the symmetric sulfonate and ether stretches is not yet fully understood depriving researchers of a quick and simple technique for analyzing morphological changes. The symmetric sulfonate stretch could be used to track changes in the ionic clusters formed within the membrane while the ether stretch will provide insight into the largely semi-crystalline PTFE phase. Alterations in either regime will affect both ion transport and mechanical properties and produce a major shift in device performance. This study focused on predicting the vibrational transitions for Aquivion, 3M PFSA, and Nafion using density functional theory (DFT) with the bulk being performed using the same functional and basis set combination, B3LPY/6-31+G*. For all three ionomers, the predicted vibrational transitions were affected by changes in both the conformer and solvation method with water being used as the solvent. Despite the noted changes, both vibrational transitions were determined to be within the range of 970-1100 cm-1 with the symmetric sulfonate stretch present at around 970-1010 cm-1 and the ether stretch observed at around 1050-1100 cm-1 with solvation present. While the calculated peak positions mirror those found in the experimental spectra within the literature, the traditional normal mode assignments do not match those predicted by our calculations. However, recent studies have hypothesized that these vibrational transitions are coupled, which could explain why they have been so difficult to assign. / Master of Science / Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer membranes show great promise for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) due to their excellent efficiency. However, the current techniques used to determine changes in structural configurations require sophisticated equipment and trained personnel to operate. Simpler techniques exist wherein the vibrations of certain bonds can be measured upon exposure of the sample to measured amounts of infrared light. The problem with this technique is that researchers currently do not fully understand at what wavelengths certain portions of the polymer known as functional groups will vibrate. These vibrations are also known as vibrational transitions. This study was undertaken to predict through numerical solutions to the Schrödinger equation at what wavelengths two particular vibrational transitions would occur for three common ionomers, Aquivion, 3M PFSA, and Nafion. For all three structures, the positions of these transitions mirrored that observed within the literature although the functional groups assigned to these positions did not match with those identified by our calculations. However, recent studies have indicated that these vibrational transitions occur at the same positions, which could explain why they have been so difficult to assign.

Bei angeborenen Herzfehlern, die bei 1 bis 1,2 % aller Lebendgeburten auftreten und so-mit die häufigste behandlungsbedürftige Organfehlbildung darstellen, kommen regelhaft kardiovaskuläre Implantate im Rahmen der chirurgischen bzw. interventionellen Therapie zum Einsatz. Hierzu zählen u. a. Shunts, Patches und Okkluder, die aus verschiedenen Implantatmaterialien hergestellt werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin – basierend auf histologischen Untersuchungen – Unterschiede bzw. Gemeinsamkeiten bezüglich der Biokompatibilität nicht-metallischer Implantatmaterialien zu prüfen, da eine bewusste Materialauswahl kardiovaskulärer Implantate zur Therapie angeborener Herzfehler zu besseren Langzeitergebnissen der Implantate beitragen kann. Untersucht wurden Implantate, die im Rahmen von Korrekturoperationen entnommen wurden und anschließend im Forschungslabor für Pädiatrische Kardiologie und Intensivmedizin der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen ausgewertet wurden: Shunts aus PTFE (n = 21, durchschnittliche Implantationszeit: 18 Monate), Patches aus PTFE (n = 13, durchschnittliche Implantationszeit: 247 Monate) und Polyester (n = 4, durchschnittli¬che Implantationszeit: 321 Monate) sowie Okkluder aus PTFE (n = 3, durchschnittliche Implantationszeit: 74 Monate), Polyester (n = 9, durchschnittliche Implantationszeit: 30 Monate) und PVA (n = 2, durchschnittliche Implantationszeit: 23 Monate). Zur Herstellung histologischer Präparate wurden metallhaltige Implantate (Okkluder) sowie solche mit bereits makroskopisch sichtbarer Verkalkung in Methylmethacrylat-Kunstharz eingebettet und anschließend gesägt und geschliffen, sodass sie lichtmikroskopisch ausgewertet werden konnten. Die anderen Implantate wurden in Paraffin eingebettet und geschnitten. Neben konventionellen Färbungen zur Übersicht und Darstellung von Verkalkungen wurden immunhistochemische Färbungen eingesetzt. Unabhängig vom Implantatmaterial konnte regelhaft eine endothelialisierte und neovaskularisierte Pseudointima, hauptsächlich am ehesten aus Myofibroblasten und Fibroblasten bestehend, dargestellt werden. Das im Implantatmaterial neu gebildete Gewebe bestand hauptsächlich aus Fibroblasten und war neovaskularisiert. Implantatassoziierte, chronische Entzündungsreaktionen – getragen durch Makrophagen und Lymphozyten – sowie Fremdkörperreaktionen – getragen durch FKR – waren bei den Polyester- und PVA-Implantaten stärker ausgeprägt als bei den PTFE-Implantaten. Verkalkungen in Pseudointima- und Implantatgewebe wurden bei den Polyester-Implantaten ab einer Implantationszeit von 3 Jahren und 4 Monaten, bei den PTFE-Implantaten ab einer Implantationszeit von 5 Jahren und 10 Monaten beobachtet. Die durch Polyester hervorgerufene, stärker ausgeprägte Entzündungsreaktion ist als Ursache der zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt einsetzenden Verkalkung von Polyester-Implantaten anzusehen. Während bei den Polyester-Implantaten häufig eher ungleichmäßig verteilte und unregelmäßig geformte, punktförmige Verkalkungen bis hin zu kleinen Kalkaggregaten in Pseudointima- und Implantatgewebe vorhanden waren, wiesen die PTFE-Implantate zumeist gleichmäßige, großflächig-konfluierende Verkalkungen auf. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei Implantaten, die Polyester- oder PTFE-Anteile enthal¬ten, mittelfristig mit der Entwicklung von lokalen Verkalkungen zu rechnen ist, die im Langzeitverlauf zu Komplikationen führen können. Dies muss bei der Implantatauswahl beachtet werden. Möglicherweise kann in Zukunft durch die Entwicklung neuartiger Materialien eine Verminderung der Verkalkungstendenz, zum Beispiel durch Biodegra¬dierbarkeit des Implantatmaterials, erreicht werden.

Due to the increasing interest in low-cost, lightweight, and wearable technologies, flexible and printed electronics has become an intensive field of research during the last two decades. This research is mainly focused on the development of solution-processed organic materials, the evolution of diverse appropriate printing technologies and the enhancement of electronic device performance. Compared to conventional electronics, printed technologies allow for cheaper and easier processing but much poorer resolution, which results in comparatively large organic field effect transistor (OFET) channel lengths of a few ten microns. Reducing the channel length requires the use of additional methods such as wetting-based and non-printed approaches. The minimisation of the channel length is crucial in order to obtain higher frequencies and increasing currents. Therefore, overcoming the resolution limitation is one of the challenging topics in the field of printed electronics. In this thesis, a new approach for the realisation of fully inkjet-printed small-channel OFETs is investigated. For this purpose, a piezoelectric Drop-on-Demand (DOD) inkjet printer with 10 pl printheads is employed. This approach involves a self-aligned, dewetting-based technique for the reproducible fabrication of source and drain electrodes with homogeneous and well-controllable channel lengths down to 4 μm. For the realisation of these electrodes, a water-based, hydrophobic nanoparticle (NP) dispersion is initially printed and dried at room temperature in order to spontaneously form a thin hydrophobic twin-line of few microns due to the so-called coffee ring effect (CRE). This mechanism is responsible for the migration of the NPs from the center to the edge of the printed line during evaporation. An alcohol-based silver NP ink is subsequently printed on the hydrophobic lines and self-aligned to split into two separated source and drain electrodes. Dispersions with different materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluoroplastic NPs, different particle sizes and concentrations are evaluated in order to optimize the twin line deposition and the dewetting of the silver ink. Optimum dispersions are printed, then characterised on untreated polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) foils and oxygen plasma treated dielectrics such as cross-linked poly-4-vinylphenol (c-PVP) and cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate (c-PMMA). To evaluate the influencing parameters on the twin-line deposition, a model is developed for the calculation of the printed rivulet width and the electrode gap, which is determined by the width of the hydrophobic ring. These dimensions are investigated as functions of the printing parameters, NP concentration, line geometry, and wetting properties. Multiple simulations are used to determine the influence of each parameter on the twin-line deposition and calculate the critical channel length, below which the dewetting of the conductive ink on the hydrophobic line is no more possible. Based on the simulation results, the optimum parameters are used to control the gap between the printed source and drain electrodes. The underlying mechanism is finally employed for the realisation of fully inkjet-printed OFETs on plastic substrates with small channel lengths and a bottom gate bottom contact configuration (BGBC). For this purpose, a silver NP ink is used for the electrodes, a PTFE NP dispersion is printed on c-PVP and a small-molecule 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) solution is used for the semiconducting layer. Multiple small-channel OFET arrays are furthermore fabricated with a good reproducibility of the channel length and a high yield, which proves the industrial applicability of the proposed approach. / Die Integration kostengünstiger, leichter und tragbarer Technologien gewinnt zunehmend an Interesse. Dies führt kontinuierlich zu einer rasanten Zunahme der Forschungsaktivitäten im Bereich der flexiblen und gedruckten Elektronik. Der Fokus liegt hierbei überwiegend auf der Entwicklung organischer Materialien, Herstellung von geeigneten Druckverfahren und Verbesserung der Leistungsfähigkeit gedruckter elektronischer Bauteile. Ein ausschlaggebender Vorteil der gedruckten gegenüber der konventionellen Elektronik liegt darin, dass sie eine preiswerte und einfache Prozessierung ermöglicht. Die Beeinträchtigung dieser jungen Technologie ist immer noch die schwächere Auflösung, welche zur Erstellung von organischen Feldeffekttransistoren (OFETs) mit vergleichbar größeren Kanallängen von einigen zehn Mikrometern führt. Die Reduzierung der Kanallänge erfordert die Verwendung zusätzlicher Hilfsmethoden z.B. oberflächenspannungsstrukturiertes Drucken oder “non-printing”-Technologien. Die Minimierung der Kanallänge ist entscheidend, um höhere Frequenzen und Ströme zu erzielen. Daher ist die Optimierung der Auflösung ein wesentlicher Parameter, um die Technologie weiter zu entwickeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein neu entwickeltes Verfahren zur Realisierung von All-Inkjet-gedruckten OFETs mit kleinen Kanallängen dar. Hierbei wird ein Drop- on-Demand (DOD) Inkjet-Drucker mit 10pl-Druckköpfen eingesetzt. Dieses Verfahren basiert auf einem oberflächenspannungsabhängigen Ansatz für die reproduzierbare Erstellung von Source- und Drainelektroden mit homogenen und kontrollierbaren Kanallängen bis 4 μm. Beim Erstellen dieser Elektroden wird zuerst eine wasserbasierte Dispersion mit hydrophoben Nanopartikeln gedruckt und bei Raumtemperatur getrocknet. Während der Trocknungsphase wird der sogenannte Kaffeeringeffekt (CRE) zu Nutze gemacht. So führt der CRE zur Migration der Nanopartikeln vom Zentrum bis zum Rand der gedruckten Struktur. Diese gerichtete Migration bewirkt eine spontane Erstellung einer dünnen hydrophoben Doppellinie mit einer Breite von nur wenigen Mikrometern. In einem weiteren Schritt wird eine alkoholbasierte Silbernanopartikeltinte über die hydrophobe Linie gedruckt. Aufgrund der niedrigen Oberflächenenergie der darunter befindlichen hydrophoben Linie, teilt sich die leitfähige Tinte in zwei voneinander getrennte Strukturen, die zunächst als Source- und Drainelektroden eingesetzt werden. Um dieses Verfahren zu optimieren, werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Dispersionen mit verschiedenen hydrophoben Materialien wie Teflon- oder fluoroplastische Nanopartikeln unterschiedlicher Partikelgrößen und Konzentrationen untersucht. Die optimale Dispersion wird darauffolgend auf unbehandelten PEN-Folien und sauerstoffplasmabehandelten Dielektrika wie vernetztem Poly-4-Vinylphenol (c- PVP) und vernetztem Polymethylmethacrylat (c-PMMA) gedruckt und anschließend charakterisiert. Um den Einfluss verschiedener Parameter auf dieses Verfahren zu evaluieren, wurde ein Modell für die Berechnung der Breiten der gedruckten Struktur und der getrockneten hydrophoben Doppellinie, die den Elektrodenabstand bestimmt, entwickelt. Diese Dimensionen werden in Abhängigkeit verschiedener Druckparameter, Nanopartikelkonzentrationen, Liniengeometrien und Benetzungseigenchaften untersucht. Zunächst werden Simulationen durchgeführt, um den Einfluss von jedem Parameter auf die Doppellinienentstehung zu bestimmen. Dieses Modell ist ebenfalls erforderlich für die Berechnung der kritischen Kanallänge, unter welcher keine Entnetzung der leitfähigen Tinte auf der hydrophoben Linie mehr möglich ist. Die gewonnenen Simulationsergebnisse bzw. die optimalen Parameter werden für die Kontrolle des Abstands zwischen den Source- und Drainelektroden beim Drucken eingesetzt. Das beschriebene Verfahren wird zur Realisierung von All-Inkjet-gedruckten OFETs mit kleinen Kanallängen auf Plastiksubstraten in einer Bottom-Gate-Bottom-Contact-Konfiguration (BGBC) verwendet. Die benutzten Materialien bestehen aus einer Silbernanopartikeltinte für die Source-, Drain- und Gateelektroden, c-PVP für das Dielektrikum und TIPS-Pentacen für den Halbleiter. Multiple OFET-Arrays werden zum Schluss mit hoher Reproduzierbarkeit der Kanallängen und hoher Ausbeute gedruckt, um die industrielle Anwendbarkeit des vorgestellten Verfahren zu zeigen.