Main subject of my diploma thesis is an actual situation in application of Public Private Partnership in both the Czech Republic and Europe. Firstly, the main characteristics and a general process of creating PPP project are described. Risk management, one of the most important aspects of PPP is a subject for the second chapter. Furthermore, I analyse the approaches to the application of PPP from the view of the crucial European institutions such as European Commission and European Investment Bank, especially I am concerned about their reactions to the Global financial crises. My thesis includes the analyses of the PPP markets in both Great Britain and France. Lastly, the situation of PPP market in the Czech Republic is examined, and a business case about just emerging local PPP project is included.

Studien ska ge indikationer på hur risker och riskfördelning ser ut i transportinfrastruktur projekt där OPS används som finansieringsmekanism. Tidigare forskning har nästan uteslutande fokuserat på den statliga aspekten av frågeställningen och denna studie ämnar ge en bredare bild där även en privat aktör får delge sin uppfattning. Studien har ett kvalitativt angreppssätt och den insamlade teorin har granskats mot en empirisk undersökning i form av intervjuer.För att kunna föra diskussionen om risker kring OPS som finansieringsmekanism måste det finnas en definition om vad OPS är, en sådan definition finns inte i dagsläget. Det har uppkommit en rad olika förklaringar på hur denna typ av alternativ finansiering ska se ut utan att något tydligt mönster har kunnat fastställas. Riskerna är mycket projektspecifika men med den genomgående trenden att riskfördelningen är beroende av hur stor vinstavkastningen förväntas bli i projektet. Ju större vinstavkastning, desto större risk är den privata aktören beredd att ta. Samhällsnyttan har också en central roll i riskfördelningen. Den offentliga aktören tenderar att vara mer benägen att ta stora risker då det specifika projektet anses ha stor samhällsnytta. / The study should provide indications of risks and distribution of risks in transport infrastructure projects where OPS is used as a financing mechanism. Previous research has almost exclusively focused on the state aspect of the issue and this study aims to provide a broader picture where a private actor also can share its opinion. The study has a qualitative approach and the acquired theory has been examined against an empirical study in the form of interviews.In order to discuss the risks of OPS as a financing mechanism, there must be a clear definition of what OPS is, such a definition is not currently available. There has been a number of different explanations as to how this type of alternative funding should look, but not a clear pattern has yet been established. The risks are very project-specific, but with the overall trend that the risk allocation depends on how big the profit is expected to be in the project. The greater the profit, the greater the risk the private operator is prepared to take. Social benefit also plays a central role in the risk allocation. The public sector tends to take greater risks when the specific project is considered to be of great public benefit.

Thesis M.M. Finance and Investment, Faculty of Commerce, Law And Management (WBS), 2016 / This study seeks to identify and deepen the understanding of the root causes of infrastructure deficit with emphasis on the West African region. Amongst its objectives, the study explores tailored-approaches to infrastructure financing. The study takes direction from literature and similar work in the recent past and employs both conceptual and empirical - trend as well as cross correlation analysis - techniques in addressing its objectives. Literature points to Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) as the most suitable model for infrastructure finance provisioning which this study adopts. The study tests the significance of PPP and in so doing makes recommendations to policy-makers on key factors or barriers such as political stability and the absence of violence, rule of law, regulatory quality, etc. that require attention to enable the efficient use of PPP to mitigate the infrastructure gap within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the resulting consequences. / XL2018

A travers cette thèse, notre objectif de départ a été de comprendre en quoi l'atteinte des objectifs sociaux des PPP dépend des mesures prises par les gestionnaires publics dans le cadre de l'exercice de leurs rôles et responsabilités en matière de contrôle.C'est pourquoi il a été question pour nous de comprendre comment les pouvoirs publics au travers des dispositifs institutionnels et contractuels ont exercé ce rôle de contrôle sur le partenaire privé. Sur la base d'une telle orientation, il a été souscrit aux méthodes qualitatives notamment à l'étude de cas pour appréhender le contrôle dans les PPP. Sur l'institutionnalisation des axes comme la prise en compte de toutes les parties prenantes, les différences d'objectifs, les rôles et responsabilités, l'absence de hiérarchie ont été tour à tour analysés. Ce qui a permis d'en faire des préalables des PPP. S'agissant de la contractualisation, il a fallu s'intéresser aux modèles de contrôle qui étaient basés sur la nécessité d'apporter des corrections au système, et sur ceux qui créent les conditions d'imputabilité. En conclusion de ce point, il apparaitra que les contrats devraient s'appuyer sur des éléments de performance. Enfin, sur le traitement des divergences entre partenaires les différences d'objectifs, de valeurs et de caractéristiques, l'opportunisme des partenaires surtout privés, la nécessité d'une alliance et d'une coopération, le pragmatisme des partenaires ont été mis en avant. Autrement dit dans les PPP, il est nécessaire de procéder au management de telles divergences. / Through this PhD thesis, our initial objective was to understand the control exercised by the government on their private partners in the Public-Private Partnerships. This was necessitated by the differences in objectives of the partner institutions and their different characteristics.This is why it has been the question for us to understand how the authorities through the institutional and contractual arrangements exercised this role of control over the private partner.On the basis of such an approach, it was subscribed to qualitative methods including case study to understand the control on the PPP.On the institutionalization, axis such as the inclusion of all the stakeholders, the differences in objectives, the roles and responsibilities, the lack of hierarchy were alternately analyzed. This allowing to make them prerequisites to PPPs.With respect to contracting, we had to look at the control models which were based on the need to correct the system and on those which create the conditions of accountability. To conclude this point, it will appear that contracts should be based on elements of performance.Finally, on the treatment of the differences between partners, the differences in goals, values and characteristics, the opportunism of partners especially the private ones, the need for an alliance and cooperation, the pragmatism of partners have been highlighted. In other words in the PPP, it is necessary to manage such differences.

A modalidade de contratação via parceria público-privada (PPP) vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada no mundo todo. No Brasil, foi criada pela Lei nº 11.079 e vem crescendo impulsionada pelos megaeventos esportivos como a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e as Olimpíadas em 2016, especialmente na área de infraestrutura em mobilidade urbana. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo fazer uma avaliação por value for money (VfM) da contratação e mérito de um projeto de PPP em um protótipo de uma linha de metrô na cidade de São Paulo baseado na atual Linha 6-Laranja. Após a avaliação, também será verificado o mérito pela escolha de um projeto de PPP de um segundo protótipo similar a Linha 4-Amarela do metrô de São Paulo, o que possibilitará a análise de qual o maior VfM entre dois protótipos de PPP de linhas de metrô, com escopo e divisão de riscos distintos, sendo um similar à Linha 6-Laranja e outro similar à Linha 4-Amarela, permitindo verificar qual a opção de melhor eficiência e retorno exigido pelo ente privado em projetos dessa magnitude, além de identificar as principais dificuldades e propor recomendações e melhorias. A metodologia do estudo é baseada na construção de um modelo de estimativa de custo e receita de linha-protótipo na cidade de São Paulo, tendo como base projetos similares no Brasil e no exterior, fundamentação teórica especializada do setor bem como avaliação de aspectos jurídicos e econômico-financeiros. Dentre as conclusões, observou-se a existência de mérito pela escolha por projetos de PPP em futuras linhas de metrô e, em razão das dificuldades do setor público em tocar grandes obras, com a falta de investimento e expertise em planejamento, da necessidade de melhoria no regime de contratação, com a criação de câmaras especializadas para discutir a viabilidade e a adequada transferência dos riscos entre o ente privado e o Estado em projetos de PPP verificados por meio da comparação do VfM entre os dois protótipos propostos. / The contracting mode public-private partnership (PPP) has been increasingly used in the world, and in Brazil, created by Law No. 11,079, is growing driven by mega sporting events like the World Cup 2014 and the Olympics in 2016, especially in infrastructure of urban mobility area. This thesis aims to make a value for money analysis for a PPP model contracting and therefore the credit through the contractual mode (PPP) of a prototype subway line in the city of Sao Paulo based on current Line 6 - Orange. After such an evaluation, it will also be verified through another prototype like Line 4 - Yellow which will enable the analysis of the higher value for money between the two prototypes of PPP existing in São Paulo with different scopes, one based on subway Line 4 - Yellow and other as the Line 6 - Orange, allowing to check the returns required by private entity in projects of this magnitude, in addition to predict the main difficulties and make recommendations and improvements. The study methodology is based on building a model to estimates costs and revenues of a prototype subway line in Sao Paulo city through a PPP model, based on Brazilian and international similar projects, specialized literature of the sector as well the assessment of legal, economic and financial aspects. Among conclusions, it was found that, given the difficulties of the public sector in leading major projects, such as lack of investment and expertise in planning, there is need for improvement in the procurement regime, such as the creation of specialized chambers to discuss the feasibility and appropriate division of risks between the private entity and the State in PPP projects through the comparison of both prototypes value for money proposed.

A presente dissertação de mestrado consiste em um estudo de caso das contratações das parcerias público-privadas (PPPs) das Linhas 4 e 6 de metrô em São Paulo. A partir do estudo indutivo realizado, buscou-se compreender como os instrumentos jurídicos são efetivamente utilizados para viabilizar o provimento de uma atividade de interesse público para a população; a evolução institucional ocorrida no processo de aprendizagem de utilização dessas ferramentas; e o papel desempenhado pelas empresas estatais nesse novo cenário. Para tanto, o texto constrói a evolução das formas de concessão de serviços públicos e situa no plano histórico o surgimento e a adoção das PPPs como indicativos de uma nova forma de atuação estatal na economia. O estudo de caso foi elaborado a partir de análise documental e construção de narrativas, por entrevistas semiestruturadas, dos atores envolvidos nos processos de contratação das Linhas 4 e 6. A observação empírica revelou que as empresas estatais cumprem um papel fundamental na criação de arranjos institucionais funcionais para a viabilização dos empreendimentos conjuntos, exercendo uma função coordenação público-privada e promovendo aprendizado institucional. Também observou-se que complexos arranjos contratuais são utilizados como forma de separar as obrigações contratuais de demandas políticas, insulando os direitos do concessionário de alterações posteriores. Isso ficou evidente, especialmente, no tocante à diferenciação entre tarifa política e tarifa contratual, às garantias de pagamento de contraprestação e aporte e ao sistema de pagamentos de tarifas. Os resultados obtidos a longo dessa pesquisa acrescem ao conjunto de estudos que apontam para a inadequação de medidas institucionais de tamanho único para o desenvolvimento (teoria das dotações institucionais). A experiência indica que as PPPs estudadas foram bem-sucedidas justamente porque foram construídas a partir de soluções e arranjos institucionais específicos ao contexto em que estavam inseridas, levando em consideração as limitações e as potencialidades do direito local. Desse modo, a pesquisa conclui pela existência de um modelo brasileiro de PPPs que envolve, necessariamente, intermediação de empresas estatais na construção de arranjos institucionais cooperativos entre os atores públicos e privados. / This thesis is the written product of a case study of São Paulos Metro Lines 4 and 6 public-private partnerships contracts. The objectives of this empirical study were to fully understand how: the legal tools are handled in order to provide a public service to the people; the institutional development in the process of learning the use of these tools; and the role played by state-owned enterprises in this new context. In order to do so, the text builds on the historical evolution of state concessions and the emergence of PPPs as indicators of a new way of State intervention in the economy. The case study was made using documental analysis and the building of narratives, through interviews with the main actors in the processes of contracting out the services of metro. The empirical observation revealed that state-owned enterprises play a significant role in the making of functional institutional arrangements necessary to the existence and function of joint enterprises, working as a coordinator of the public-private relationship and promoting institutional learning. Also, it was noted that complex contractual arrangements are used as a way of detaching contractual obligations from political demands, insulating concessionarys rights from ulterior changes. This was evidenced, specially, by the description of the contractual differentiation of tariffs (political vs contractual), also by the structure of the counterparts warrantees, and by the payment system that was created. The results from this research add to the growing literature that points out the inadequacy of one size fits all institutional changes in order to promote development. The reported experience indicates that the PPP contracts were well succeeded precisely because they were built on context-specific solution and institutional arrangements, that took into account the limitations and potentialities of the local legal system. In this sense, the research shows the existence of a Brazilian model of PPP contracts that involves, necessarily, the intermediation of state-owned enterprises in the formation of cooperative institutional arrangements between public and private actors.

A deficiência de saneamento básico no Brasil está entre os seus cinco maiores problemas de poluição. Tais problemas concentram-se principalmente nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. Embora as regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil apresentem melhores condições em relação ao abastecimento de água e ao esgotamento sanitário, o índice de tratamento de esgotos é baixo em vários municípios. Desde a extinção do PLANASA, o Brasil não conta com políticas públicas nacionais para o saneamento básico, o que leva estados e municípios a políticas públicas próprias. Daí o desafio em analisar a gestão dos serviços de água e esgoto em alguns municípios de grande porte do Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2000. Os municípios selecionados foram: Campinas, Santo André, São José dos Campos e Santos. Nos Municípios de Campinas e Santo André, a gestão desses serviços encontra-se na esfera de governo municipal. Já nos Municípios de São José dos Campos e Santos, a gestão encontra-se na esfera de governo estadual. Parte-se da hipótese de que há diferenças na eficiência e na eficácia da gestão desses serviços, no que se refere a esferas de governo, estadual ou municipal e, na existência de políticas públicas e de governo. Os métodos adotados para comprovar a hipótese desta tese foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, aplicação de questionários, investigação explicativa fundamentada pela teoria, seguida de análise dos resultados. Políticas públicas e políticas de governo foram tomadas como parâmetros para analisar as diferenças na eficiência e na eficácia da gestão desses serviços. Entre as diferenças na eficiência e na eficácia da gestão municipal e estadual têm-se que: a gestão municipal mostrou-se eficiente nos aspectos analisados em relação a água e esgoto. Essa mesma gestão municipal mostrou-se eficaz nos aspectos analisados em relação a água porém, ineficaz no aspecto esgoto no que se refere ao índice de tratamento. A gestão estadual mostrou-se eficiente nos aspectos analisados em relação a água e esgoto, à medida em que, os partidos políticos do órgão gestor do município e do órgão gestor desses serviços compartilham com as mesmas questões ideológicas. / Deficiencies in basic public sanitation in Brazil count as one of the nation’s major five pollution problems. They concentrate mainly in North, Northeast and Center-West areas. Though South and Southeast areas live under better conditions regarding water supply and sewage sanitation, the sewage treatment index is still poor in many cities. Since PLANASA’s extinction, Brazil has been deprived from public national policies for basic sanitation. This forces States and cities to define their own policies. Therefore, the challenge of analyzing water and sewage management services in some big cities from São Paulo State, for the 1996-2000 period. To this end Campinas, Santo André, São José dos Campos, and Santos were the chosen cities. In Campinas and Santo André, the services management is local. As for São José dos Campos and Santos, the administration belongs to State level. Differences in efficiency and effectiveness of the administration of these services are supposed to happen when State or local government levels are compared, as well as when public and government policies are proposed. To probe this hypothesis a few methods were employed, namely, bibliographic and documental researches, question forms to be filled, investigation and explanatory based on theory, followed by a results analysis. Public policies and government policies were taken as parameters to analyze differences in the efficiency and effectiveness of the services management. Regarding the differences in efficiency and effectiveness between local and State managements, it can be said that the city approach to water and sewage treatments administration showed to be efficient as far as the analyzed aspects are concerned. The same city administration showed to be effective regarding the water aspects analyzed, although it proved to be ineffective as far as the sewage treatment index was concerned. The State management proved to be efficient about the water and sewage aspects analyzed, since the political parties of the local administration agency and of the administration agency of the water and sewage services share the same ideological views.

A presente dissertação aborda o significado das formas alternativas de financiamento para projetos de habitação para a população de baixa renda. O estudo inicia-se com uma contextualização histórica da importância dos investimentos em parceria público-privada para a formação da cidade de São Paulo, tomando, como exemplos, o arruamento de terras, as ferrovias, o saneamento básico e a macro drenagem urbana. Desenvolve-se com a descrição de três estudos de caso baseados em propostas levadas a discussão pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo à Caixa Econômica Federal entre os anos de 2003 e 2004, destacando e analisando principalmente os instrumentos utilizados e a estrutura da operação para financiamento das obras. Por fim, culmina no apontamento de aspectos sociais e ambientais, econômicos, urbanísticos, mercadológicos, financeiros, institucionais e de gestão, que impactam na análise de viabilidade dos empreendimentos realizados mediante essa forma de parceria. Assim, pretende permitir uma visão geral sobre as modalidades não convencionais de financiamento e suas implicações, observadas nos empreendimentos estudados. / This dissertation covers the meaning of alternative ways for public-private partnership on low budget house design funding. The study begins by presenting the historical context on the value of public-private partnership investments on the São Paulo city development, shown on street planning, railways, city sanitation and wide area rain draining. It continues describing three cases, established on project reasoning between São Paulo city council and Caixa Econômica Federal, over the years of 2003/2004, analyzing and detaching mostly the means and the operation framing for building and infrastructure funding. At last, it shows the social, environmental, economic, urban design, marketing, financial, institutional and managing features that driven the viability analysis on house planning designs that explored that specific partnership. Thus, the outcome is an wide view over these funding forms and its implications, identified on these cases analysis.

La construction d'immeubles de grande hauteur reste, malgré les débats qu'elle génère, un projet d'actualité dans de nombreuses villes en France. Fort des expériences passées, nombreux sont les projets se tournant aujourd'hui vers le concept de ville verticale. Ces tours multifonctionnelles, mieux ancrées territorialement et ouvertes au public ont alors pour objectif de mieux s'intégrer dans la ville et de permettre une forme d'urbanité. La mise en œuvre de la mixité à l'échelle du bâtiment, la grande hauteur, ainsi que la recherche de qualité urbaine génèrent de nouvelles contraintes techniques, socio-institutionnelles et territoriales peu étudiées à ce jour. En particulier, la complexification des montages de projet, l'enjeu territorial élargi ainsi que le statut particulier des espaces ouverts au public de la tour provoquent de nouveaux questionnements et enjeux public-privé à la fois spatiaux et organisationnels. Dans ce contexte, comment les tours peuvent-elles contribuer à l'urbanité de la ville contemporaine ? En s'appuyant sur une étude comparative de trois projets de tours mixtes franciliens (Phare, Triangle et Duo), ainsi que sur un état de l'art sur la grande hauteur et le concept d'urbanité, nous proposons une typologie des tours au regard de leur contribution à la ville. En développant une approche dynamique de la dimension urbaine des projets de tours au cours de leur fabrication, nous proposons ensuite un outil d'analyse des «trajectoires de projet» dans le temps. Une corrélation apparaît finalement entre ces trajectoires urbaines et les étapes de leur fabrique, et permet une montée en généralité sur les processus de production des différents idéaux-types de tours et de leur urbanité / Despite a controversial scientific and societal debate, building skyward is experiencing a new rise in French cities. This is reflected in the emergence of new high-rise forms: mixed-use towers and even “vertical cities“. Both are usually conceived as more accessible to the public, more linked to the ground, and more “urban». The implementation of mixed-use, height and urban quality in skyscrapers generates a system of specific technical, social and territorial constraints which are little studied so far. New public-private issues concerning both spatial and organisational considerations are caused by the very complexity of the project, the significant impact of the building on its surroundings, as well as the special status of its privately-owned spaces that are open to the public. In this context how can high-rises be produced and contribute to the urbanity of contemporary cities ? First based on a comparative study of three mixed-use tower projects within the Paris region (Phare, Triangle and Duo), then on a literature review of high-rise buildings and the concept of urbanity, we establish a typology of “urban towers“. These are classified according to their relation and their impact on the city. By developing a new dynamic approach of the urban issue of tower projects during their fabrication, we create an analytical tool which can identify temporal “project trajectories“.Finally, we find a correlation between these project trajectories and the stages of their implementation. This allows us to analyse the production process of each class of tower and their urbanity

Le partenariat public privé est un instrument pour la réalisation des objectifs du développement en Egypte. Sur le plan international, le recours aux PPP soulève des difficultés compliquées à résoudre. La nature complexe de ce type de projets augmentent la probabilité de litiges entre les parties. L’analyse comparée des expériences britannique et française, permet d’élaborer une référence pour le gouvernement égyptien en matières des réformes juridique et économique. Dans le cadre d’améliorer la gestion des projets de PPP en Egypte, deux approches peuvent être adressées dans notre recherche. En premier lieu, le développement d’une méthodologie de gestion efficace des risques par l’analyse de types des risques attachés aux PPP pendant le cycle de vie du projet. En deuxième lieu, la présentation des mécanismes les plus efficaces de résolution des litiges découlant des projets de PPP / Public-private partnership is an instrument for achieving development objectives in Egypt. On the international level, the use of the PPP model raises complicated challenges and difficulties. The complex nature of such projects increase the probability of disputes between the parties. The comparative analysis of the British and French experience allows the elaboration of a reference for the Egyptian government in the legal and economicreforms. In order to improve the management of PPP projects in Egypt, two approaches can be addressed in our research. First, the development of an effective risk management methodology through the analysis of the types of risk associated with PPP during the life cycle of the project. Second, the presentation of the most effective mechanisms for the resolution of disputes arising from PPP projects