Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-28T18:04:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012- dissertacao-HaymoneNeto.pdf: 865346 bytes, checksum: eb0de04f742a5cc9f2246e610aef0e8c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T18:04:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012- dissertacao-HaymoneNeto.pdf: 865346 bytes, checksum: eb0de04f742a5cc9f2246e610aef0e8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Este trabalho tem como preocupação os princípios consagrados pelo campo jornalístico, pelalegislação brasileira e por documentos da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, aCiência e a Cultura (Unesco) referentes ao funcionamento dos serviços públicos deradiodifusão. Para tanto, usa como exemplo o caso do Nosso Jornal, telejornal local diárioveiculado entre 2006 e 2009 pela TV Universitária do Recife. Procuramos buscar pistas sobreos impactos da mudança do regime fordista-keynesiano para o de acumulação flexível emmeados da década de 1970 sobre o Estado e sua responsabilidade de regulamentação da“ecologia” da radiodifusão a fim de garantir a liberdade de expressão. Dentro desse contexto,com base nos conceitos de autonomia do campo jornalístico de Pierre Bourdieu e na ideia detelejornalismo como lugar de referência, se debruça sobre os efeitos desse fenômeno nojornalismo, tomando como referência a emissora em questão. / This work is about Nosso Jornal, a local news programme broadcasted by TV Universitária, apublic station from Recife, Pernambuco. Considering the change from the fordist-keynesian tothe flexible accumulation regime in the early 1970's and it's impacts on the role of State sincethen and the idea of television journalism as a “place of reference” in brazilian society, thisanalysis is based on the concepts of journalistic field and autonomy, on the brazilian law andon documents by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(Unesco) concerning public service broadcasting.

This study has been inspired by the political events in the past few years that signalled a general decline, instead of consolidation, of democracy in South Africa. The decline has caused a rising trust deficit between the government and the citizens of South Africa. These events have raised questions of the role of the media in the consolidation of democracy. Katrin Voltmer's pioneering work, The Media in Transitional Democracies (2013) shines an important light in delineating the role of the media in transitions, including democratic consolidation. Much of the focus of scholastic research in the subject of media and democracy has been on news and journalistic content. Jurgen Habermas' seminal work, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1989) also accorded more weight to the rational and cognitive, as opposed to the affective and emotive aspects of the media when arguing in favour of emancipatory potential of the public sphere. The rational and cognitive aspects are generally associated with news and journalistic content (McGuigan, 2005: 430). Unlike Habermas, this study follows the lead by scholars like Van Zoonen (2006) and McGuigan's (2005) interest in the popular entertainment content which has often been regarded as having little significance in politics, especially democracy. In its emphasis on the consolidation aspect of South African democratic transition, the study is conducted against the backdrop of the broader ‘third wave' transitions of the early 1990's (Huntington, 1991). The study's theoretical framework is aligned with Christians et al.'s (2009) revision of the Four Theories (Siebert, et al, 1956) of the press. Their approach is useful because of its normative strength that opens the possibilities of media roles in democratization. The normative approach allows a free exploration of the potential of the media, instead of restricting the media to the political systems within which they operate. In addition, it aligns itself to Jim McGuigan's theory of the cultural public sphere which highlights the often-ignored political potency of popular cultural texts in the public sphere. McGuigan (2005: 430) argues that the affective or emotive aspects of popular cultural texts enhance, rather than hinder, the quality of political engagement in the public sphere. Through entertainment television programmes, democratic ways of life can be portrayed as part of everyday, ordinary life (Stevenson, 2010: 276). Against the widely held expectation that the media should play a positive role in democracies, some scholars have noted that in reality, “this is not necessarily so” (Jebril, Stetka & Loveless, 2013: 3). Rather, the media can serve dictatorships as happily as they serve democracies (Voltmer, 2013: 23). Using the case studies of two soap operas of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), Muvhango and 7de Laan, the study explores the role of popular media in the enhancement or consolidation of democracy, and the circumstances under which this is carried out. The media of interest for this study is public service broadcasting (PSB). For most democracies of the third wave, especially in Africa, PSB has been an easy victim of political power. Because of its dependence on the state, PSB tends to be more susceptible to political interference than other media types. Like other PSBs, the SABC has clearly spelt-out objectives that are linked to the national developmental objectives, including the goal of promoting and deepening democracy. This connection makes it possible to evaluate the selected entertainment case studies against these objectives. The study uses Multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) because it allows for the analysis of text in its multimodal form such as visuals and audio. It equally allows for the application of analytical tools borrowed from film and television theories. By indirect measurement, MCDA model is used in the study to evaluate how democracy is represented (promoted, negated, omitted) in various aspects of the text.

The emergence of new media technologies has influenced the broadcasting marketplace causing it to evolve and become more competitive. The various platforms that new media technologies have made available for content repurposing and the increased number of channels available via digital television and radio has altered the landscape of the public service broadcaster in an unprecedented manner. Thus, questioning its viability amongst the other private media organisations whose core focus is on commercialisation of content rather than serving the public interest. Based on the case study of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), this study articulates the influence of new media broadcasting on the public broadcaster’s business model and value chain. It investigated the legitimacy of public service broadcasting in the new media age. This study examined the current status of the SABC’s broadcasting policy and concluded that there is urgency for policy revisions to be fast tracked.

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Esta dissertação analisa a participação da sociedade na Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), criada em 2007 como a primeira empresa pública de radiodifusão brasileira. Mais especificamente, nosso tema é o Conselho Curador, desenhado para ser o principal mecanismo de controle social da nova empresa, responsável por garantir o caráter público da EBC. Conceito cada vez mais mobilizado, a participação da sociedade constitui-se em um campo de estudo amplo interdisciplinar cuja definição é disputada por variados referenciais teóricos. As possibilidades abertas pelas tecnologias digitais intensificaram o interesse pelo tema. Ao mesmo tempo, as discussões sobre os novos desafios das emissoras de radiodifusão pública têm enfatizado a necessidade de abri-las para o público, renovar seu vínculo com a sociedade e estreitar laços com o cidadão. Nosso estudo parte de concepções ampliadas de teorias democráticas, bem como de estudos sobre participação na mídia, para analisar a dinâmica interna do Conselho Curador durante o período da primeira gestão da Diretoria Executiva da EBC, entre 2007 e 2011. / This dissertation analyzes the society participation in Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), created in 2007 as the first brazilian public service broadcasting. We investigate the performance of the Conselho Curador, designed to be the main mechanism of social control of the new company, responsible for ensuring the public nature of the EBC. The society participation, as an increasingly mobilized concept, has become a broad interdisciplinary field of study whose definition is discussed by different theoretical frameworks. The possibilities offered by digital technologies have intensified the interest in this subject. At the same time, discussions on the new challenges of public broadcasters have emphasized the need to open them to the public, renewing its relationship with society and strengthen ties with citizens. Our work explores the expanded concepts of democratic theories and the studies about media participation to analyze the internal dynamics in the Conselho Curador during the period of the first term of the Executive Board of the EBC, between 2007 and 2011.

The viewership of public service media in post-communist countries of the so-called Eastern Bloc is steadily declining. The need for their support brings about a question about the future of PSB model. The shape of public service remit differs across the selected countries of the Visegrád Group despite the former similarities of media landscapes. This study is trying to provide the reader with a solid comparison of the evolution of public service broadcasting from 4 points of view: regulation, politicization, viewer's attractiveness and sources of funding. The analysis should shed some light into the discussion of future role of PSB's in post-communist democracies. The first part of this thesis is focused on the history of former Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland with stress on the broadcasting media and their regulation until 1989. It is followed with the key part analyzing the establishment of dual system, transformation of state-owned media into public service broadcasters and the setting up of the first democratic broadcasting laws. Next chapter describes the current state of European broadcasting regulation and its impact on member states' broadcasters. The closing part evaluates the major differences in compared public service media and provides possible implications for further development...

The research for this thesis started just before the TVNZ Charter was released in 2001. It followed the discussion regarding the new direction for the broadcaster to follow a more public service role. The data gathering was conducted through to post Charter implementation and captured the uncertainty surrounding the shift in policy. Although the aim of the TVNZ Charter was to raise the standards of public service broadcasting the introduction of this new policy was marked by confusion as to how this would be achieved, funded and monitored.The TVNZ Charter was introduced with the prescription that TVNZ find a balance in achieving public service needs in television as well as maintaining the revenue from advertising. This was because the government was not willing to provide sufficient funding for a non-commercial service and hence the result was always to be a hybrid model. It was frequently emphasized that Charter programmes should rate well and there was strong stress on the importance of retaining and attracting audiences.The core changes leading to the introduction of the TVNZ Charter owe their origins to the major policy turning point of 1989/1990, when broadcasting was deregulated in New Zealand. The free market provided programmes with a focus on entertainment and the previous dictum that they should also educate and inform was no longer spelled out in the Broadcasting Act. As only one of the traditional principles of television was being satisfied, there was a measurable decline in programmed diversity and it is argued, quality. The freedom of deregulation allowed TVNZ to pursue the goal of earning as much advertising revenue as possible. Therefore, the TVNZ Charter was hailed as a significant change of direction to ensure that public service needs were met.Even though it can be argued that many positive changes have resulted since the TVNZ Charter was mooted, it is argued that the drive to reposition TVNZ as a public service broadcaster seems to have resulted in a very diluted form of public service broadcasting. A major shift in direction has been compromised by a fear that significant changes in programming would result in a dramatic loss of vital advertising revenue.

This thesis sheds light on the ways in which audiences are made through the relationships between organisational policy and news production practice. It explores the relationships between news practitioners� perceptions and definitions of audiences, production, and organisational policies, using the radio news service of the Australian national public broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). In so doing, the thesis demonstrates that production, in its institutional context, is a crucial site for the creation of audiences in the study of news journalism. In the process, it illuminates the role of public service broadcasting, in a world of digital media The conceptual framework utilises a new approach to framing analysis. Framing has been used to examine the news "agenda" and to identify the salient aspects of news events. This thesis demonstrates ways in which framing can be used to research important processes in news production at different levels, from policy level to that of professional culture, and generate insights to the relationship between them. The accumulated evidence of the bulletin analysis - using structural and rhetorical frames of news - field observation and interviews, shows that a specific and coherent audience can be constructed as a result of newsroom work practices in combination with organisational policies. The thesis has increased knowledge and understanding both of how news workers create images of their audiences and what the institutional factors are that influence the manufacture of audiences as they appear in the text of news bulletins.

The research for this thesis started just before the TVNZ Charter was released in 2001. It followed the discussion regarding the new direction for the broadcaster to follow a more public service role. The data gathering was conducted through to post Charter implementation and captured the uncertainty surrounding the shift in policy. Although the aim of the TVNZ Charter was to raise the standards of public service broadcasting the introduction of this new policy was marked by confusion as to how this would be achieved, funded and monitored.The TVNZ Charter was introduced with the prescription that TVNZ find a balance in achieving public service needs in television as well as maintaining the revenue from advertising. This was because the government was not willing to provide sufficient funding for a non-commercial service and hence the result was always to be a hybrid model. It was frequently emphasized that Charter programmes should rate well and there was strong stress on the importance of retaining and attracting audiences.The core changes leading to the introduction of the TVNZ Charter owe their origins to the major policy turning point of 1989/1990, when broadcasting was deregulated in New Zealand. The free market provided programmes with a focus on entertainment and the previous dictum that they should also educate and inform was no longer spelled out in the Broadcasting Act. As only one of the traditional principles of television was being satisfied, there was a measurable decline in programmed diversity and it is argued, quality. The freedom of deregulation allowed TVNZ to pursue the goal of earning as much advertising revenue as possible. Therefore, the TVNZ Charter was hailed as a significant change of direction to ensure that public service needs were met.Even though it can be argued that many positive changes have resulted since the TVNZ Charter was mooted, it is argued that the drive to reposition TVNZ as a public service broadcaster seems to have resulted in a very diluted form of public service broadcasting. A major shift in direction has been compromised by a fear that significant changes in programming would result in a dramatic loss of vital advertising revenue.

Esta dissertação analisa a participação da sociedade na Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), criada em 2007 como a primeira empresa pública de radiodifusão brasileira. Mais especificamente, nosso tema é o Conselho Curador, desenhado para ser o principal mecanismo de controle social da nova empresa, responsável por garantir o caráter público da EBC. Conceito cada vez mais mobilizado, a participação da sociedade constitui-se em um campo de estudo amplo interdisciplinar cuja definição é disputada por variados referenciais teóricos. As possibilidades abertas pelas tecnologias digitais intensificaram o interesse pelo tema. Ao mesmo tempo, as discussões sobre os novos desafios das emissoras de radiodifusão pública têm enfatizado a necessidade de abri-las para o público, renovar seu vínculo com a sociedade e estreitar laços com o cidadão. Nosso estudo parte de concepções ampliadas de teorias democráticas, bem como de estudos sobre participação na mídia, para analisar a dinâmica interna do Conselho Curador durante o período da primeira gestão da Diretoria Executiva da EBC, entre 2007 e 2011. / This dissertation analyzes the society participation in Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), created in 2007 as the first brazilian public service broadcasting. We investigate the performance of the Conselho Curador, designed to be the main mechanism of social control of the new company, responsible for ensuring the public nature of the EBC. The society participation, as an increasingly mobilized concept, has become a broad interdisciplinary field of study whose definition is discussed by different theoretical frameworks. The possibilities offered by digital technologies have intensified the interest in this subject. At the same time, discussions on the new challenges of public broadcasters have emphasized the need to open them to the public, renewing its relationship with society and strengthen ties with citizens. Our work explores the expanded concepts of democratic theories and the studies about media participation to analyze the internal dynamics in the Conselho Curador during the period of the first term of the Executive Board of the EBC, between 2007 and 2011.