Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kelly Ferreira.pdf: 436700 bytes, checksum: b0f93c4c9c8d229bd2550fc20ad5c0cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-31 / Violence can be considered as any action that is injurious to the life and health of an individual. Children and adolescents, due to their greater vulnerability and dependence, are frequently victims of abusive acts. Among the educational practices that parents most commonly use, we find corporal punishment. There have been no epidemiological studies identified in Brazil about domestic violence against handicapped children and adolescents, but it seems reasonable to suppose that the numbers in this vulnerable group are also high. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the frequency of physical punishment in physically and sensorially handicapped children and adolescents in a low-income urban community in the metropolitan region of São Paulo; (2) to describe the type of punishment suffered by these children and adolescents in the domestic environment, according to the type of handicap; and (3) to compare the physical punishment of children and adolescents having physical, sensorial and no handicaps. Methods: transversal study with a populational sample in a low-income neighborhood in the city of Embu, São Paulo. The sample included 811 children and adolescents aged from 0 to 17 years. The instruments used were the CORE questionnaire to evaluate domestic violence and the Questionnaire of the Brazilian Association of Research Enterprises (BARE) to determine economic classes. Being that the data in this study are part of the Brazilian Study of Domestic Violence (Estudo Brasileiro de Violência Doméstica (BrazilSAFE), the definitions of severe and non-severe physical punishment are based therein. Results: In this sample, 47 children/adolescents (5,8%) presented some type of physical and/or sensorial handicap according to information given by the mothers. Of the total sample number, high indices of non-severe punishment (67.6%) and severe punishment (19.6%) were identified, as was found in the handicapped sub-sample: (61.7%) of non-severe physical punishment and severe punishment (10.6%) during the last twelve months. In non-severe punishment slapping of the buttocks was prominent, while in severe punishment, slapping the buttocks with objects, such as a pole, a broom, a wooden stick or a belt were more prominent. We also verified that sensorially handicapped children and adolescents have a greater chance of suffering non-severe physical punishment than do those that are physically handicapped (OR: 5,0; IC 1,2-20,4. p 0,03). Conclusion: Due to the high rate of punishments encountered, it would extremely important that systems be implemented to prevent the violence practiced against handicapped children and adolescents. Entities to protect the child and adolescents as well as support services for the family, with special attention to those who are sensorially handicapped, or, if you will, those who are less visible, can contribute to a better assistance prevetting the aggravation of the problems and the sprouting of new cases. / A violência pode ser considerada toda ação danosa à vida e à saúde do indivíduo. Crianças e adolescentes, por sua maior vulnerabilidade e dependência, costumam ser vítimas freqüentes de atos abusivos. Entre as práticas educativas mais comuns utilizadas pelos pais está incluída a punição corporal. Não foram identificados estudos epidemiológicos realizados no Brasil sobre violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes com deficiências, mas parece razoável supor que as taxas neste grupo vulnerável também sejam altas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) determinar a freqüência de punição física de crianças e adolescentes com deficiências físicas e sensoriais em comunidade urbana de baixa renda na região metropolitana de São Paulo; (2) descrever o tipo de punição sofrida por estas crianças e adolescentes no ambiente doméstico, segundo o tipo de deficiência; e (3) comparar a punição física de crianças e adolescentes com deficiências físicas, sensoriais e sem deficiências. Método: estudo de corte transversal realizado com amostra populacional de um bairro de baixa renda do município de Embu, São Paulo. A amostra foi composta por 811 crianças e adolescentes com idade entre zero e 17 anos de idade. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o CORE questionnaire para avaliar violência doméstica e o Questionário de Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP) para a determinação de classes econômicas. Como os dados deste estudo fazem parte do Estudo Brasileiro de Violência Doméstica (BrazilSAFE), as definições de punição física grave e não grave foram baseadas neste. Resultados: Nesta amostra, 47 crianças/adolescentes (5,8%) apresentavam algum tipo de deficiência física e/ou sensorial segundo informação das mães. Identificaram-se altos índices de punição física não grave (67,6%) e grave (19,6%) na amostra total, assim como na subamostra de deficientes: 61,7% de punição física não grave e 10,6% de punição física grave nos últimos doze meses. Na punição física não grave as palmadas nas nádegas apresentaram-se em evidência, já na punição física grave, bater nas nádegas com objetos como vara, vassoura, pedaço de pau ou cinto se destacou. Verificou-se ainda que as crianças e adolescentes com deficiência sensorial apresentaram maior chance de sofrer punição física não grave que os deficientes físicos (OR: 5,0; IC 1,2-20,4. p 0,03). Conclusão: Devido às altas taxas de punições encontradas, seria de extrema importância a implementação de sistemas de prevenção da violência praticada contra as crianças e adolescentes com deficiência. Entidades de proteção à criança/adolescente e serviços de apoio a famílias, com atenção especial àqueles que possuem deficiência sensorial, ou seja, menos visíveis, podem vir a contribuir para melhor assistência evitando o agravamento dos problemas e o surgimento de novos casos.

O uso de punição corporal é altamente frequente e repousa sobre grande aceitabilidade social. As investigações e a discussão sobre no que consiste essa prática e se essa se diferencia do abuso físico ainda são incipientes. A presente investigação pretende contribuir nesta direção ampliando o conhecimento sobre as variações existentes, relativas ao comportamento de castigar fisicamente uma criança/adolescente. Essa foi dividida em dois estudos e os referenciais teóricos adotados foram o Ecológico-transacional proposto por Jay Belsky e o Modelo do Processamento da Informação proposto por Joel Milner. Adotou-se a abordagem quantitativa, com delineamento transversal. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário de Caracterização Sociodemográfica, Roteiro de Entrevista Semi-estruturada sobre a Prática de Punição Corporal, Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales IV (FACES-IV) e o Questionário de Apoio Social (QAS). O objetivo geral do estudo 1 foi o de verificar se grupos de pais, com e sem histórico de notificação ao Sistema de Proteção Infantil, por abuso físico, se diferenciariam quanto à forma de se aplicar a punição corporal e no plano de variáveis apontadas pela literatura científica como fatores de risco para o abuso físico. A amostra do estudo 1 foi formada por dois grupos de pais/responsáveis: o A (n=47), composto por pais sem histórico de notificação por maus-tratos e o B (n=40), composto por cuidadores assinalados ao Sistema de Proteção. Empreenderam-se análises estatísticas descritivas e comparações. Os resultados indicaram que os pais do grupo B teriam prática de castigo corporal mais grave, em termos de modalidade, partes do corpo da criança sob as quais essa incidiria, frequência e presença de sentimento de irritação ou raiva durante a ação. Ainda, estariam mais expostos aos diversos fatores de risco pesquisados: maior desconforto psicológico maior instabilidade emocional, sentimentos de inadequação, baixa autoestima, tristeza, ansiedade, confusão e maior rigidez quanto ao padrão de funcionamento cognitivo; menor satisfação conjugal, laços familiares mais frágeis e família como menor capacidade de fazer mudanças em papéis e em regras; maior vulnerabilidade econômica e menor apoio social. O objetivo geral do estudo 2 foi verificar se na amostra como um todo existiriam subgrupos que se diferenciariam quanto ao comportamento de castigar fisicamente e, em caso positivo, analisar as características de cada subgrupo quanto aos fatores de risco mencionados. Empreenderam-se procedimentos estatísticos de clusterização. Identificou-se, assim, a existência de três subgrupos de pais que se discriminariam tanto em relação ao nível de gravidade da punição corporal empregada, quanto em relação a variáveis psicossociais. Notou-se agravamento do comportamento de punição corporal do agrupamento 1 para o 2, e deste para o 3. Quanto aos fatores de risco, os agrupamentos 1 e 2 apresentaram mais semelhanças do que dissemelhanças, sendo que o 3 mostrou-se o mais vulnerável de todos. A análise pormenorizada dos padrões de punição e dos fatores associados denota a natureza heterogênea do fenômeno, o que oferece subsídios importantes para o planejamento de intervenções que sejam específicas às necessidades de cada subgrupo. Apesar dos limites metodológicos da investigação, essa, além da contribuição, colocou novas questões para pesquisas futuras / The use of corporal punishment is highly frequent and it lies on great social approval. The investigations and discussions about what this practice consists of and if it differs from physical abuse are still incipient. The present investigation aims to contribute to these discussions, broadening the knowledge on the existent variations, related to the behavior of physically punishing a child/adolescent. This investigation was divided into two studies and the adopted theoretical references were the Ecological-transactional model proposed by Jay Belsky and the Information Processing Model proposed by Joel Milner. A quantitative approach was adopted, with a transverse delineation. The data were collected with the use of the following instruments: Questionnaire of Social-Demographic Characterization, Semi-Structured Interview Protocol on the Practice of Corporal Punishment, Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales IV (FACES-IV) and the Questionnaire of Social Support (QAS). The general objective of study 1 was to verify if groups of parents with a record of physical abuse in the Child Protection Service would differ from groups of parents without the same background, regarding the corporal punishment application and the variables signaled by the scientific literature as risk factors for physical abuse. The sample of the study consisted of two groups: A (n=47), of parents without a record for maltreatments and B (n=40), of caregivers reported to Child Protection. Descriptive statistical analyses and comparisons were made. The results indicated that parents from group B would practice more severe corporal punishment, in terms of modalities, inflicted parts of the body of the child, frequency and presence of irritation or anger feelings during the action. Moreover, they would be more exposed to several researched risk factors: greater psychological discomfort higher emotional instability, inadequacy feelings, low self-esteem, sadness, anxiety, confusion and more stiffness in the cognitive functioning pattern; lower marital satisfaction, more fragile family bonds and a family less capable of making changes in roles and rules; more economic vulnerability and lower social support. The general objective of study 2 was to verify in the whole sample if there were subgroups that would differ according to the behavior of physically punishing, and if so, to analyze the characteristics of each subgroup regarding the mentioned risk factors. Statistical cluster analyses were accomplished. It was identified the existence of three subgroups of parents who would differ according to the severity of the applied corporal punishment and to the psychosocial variables. It was noted an aggravation on the behavior of corporal punishing in group 1, in relation to group 2, and from group 2 in relation to group 3. Regarding the risk factors, groups 1 and 2 presented more similarities than differences, and group 3 was shown as the most vulnerable one. The detailed analysis of the punishment patterns and the associated risks indicates the heterogeneous nature of the phenomenon, which offers important data to intervention plans that are specific to each groups need. Although there were methodological limitations in this investigation, it contributed to the issue and posed new questions to future researches

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-25T14:28:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cacildaandradedesa.pdf: 3660991 bytes, checksum: 80e365b689fb8baa8400b2965159eb9a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T11:53:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cacildaandradedesa.pdf: 3660991 bytes, checksum: 80e365b689fb8baa8400b2965159eb9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T11:53:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cacildaandradedesa.pdf: 3660991 bytes, checksum: 80e365b689fb8baa8400b2965159eb9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / INTRODUÇÃO: Pais entendem a enurese como uma falha no processo educacional de seus filhos, resultando em punição, gerando angústia e culpa. Objetivos: Neste estudo, objetivamos avaliar os resultados do acompanhamento psicológico dos pais de crianças em tratamento para enurese. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram randomizadas em dois grupos 66 crianças com enurese monossintomática, com idade entre 6 e 19 anos. Para avaliar a frequência de perda noturna, foi utilizado o diário de noites secas. Todas as crianças foram tratadas com uroterapia e acompanhamento psicológico. No Grupo Experimental (GE), os pais receberam acompanhamento psicológico a cada duas semanas, durante seis meses, enquanto no grupo controle (GC) os pais não foram acompanhados. Todos os pais responderam a um questionário para avaliar a violência contra seus filhos (Conflict Tactics Scales Parent- Child - CTSPC) e a Escala de Tolerância. CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist) foi aplicado para avaliar problemas de comportamento. As crianças ainda responderam à Escala de Impacto e à Escala de Autoconceito Infanto-juvenil – EAC - IJ. RESULTADOS: Idade média, gênero e os resultados do questionário CTSPC, antes do tratamento, foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Na avaliação dos pais, os resultados obtidos no CTSPC apresentaram menos violência após o tratamento no GE (p = 0,0069). A Escala de Tolerância mostrou que os pais de todas as crianças com enurese eram intolerantes e que, após o tratamento, a intolerância diminuiu mais no GE (p = 0,0003). Na avaliação das crianças, a Escala de Impacto mostrou que elas sofrem um grande impacto por serem enuréticas e que, depois do acompanhamento psicológico, aquelas do GE tiveram um impacto menor (p = 0,0085) em relação às crianças do grupo controle. Na avaliação do CBCL e da Escala de Autoconceito Infanto-juvenil – EAC- IJ, não houve alteração após a intervenção. Após o tratamento, a porcentagem de noites secas foi maior no GE (52 [30-91]) do que no GC (10 [3-22,5]) p = 0,0001. CONCLUSÃO: As crianças cujos pais receberam acompanhamento psicológico durante o tratamento melhoraram o percentual de noites secas e tiveram menor impacto da enurese após o tratamento, enquanto seus pais passaram a lidar melhor com o problema e tornaram-se mais tolerantes. / INTRODUCTION: Parents may see enuresis as a failure in the process of raising children, resulting in punishment and generating anguish and guilt. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the results of the psychological follow-up of parents of enuretic children under treatment are assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-six children aged 6 to 19 y.o. with monossimptomatic enuresis were randomized into two groups. Children in both groups were evaluated with a voiding and dry nights diary. Treatment was performed with urotherapy and psychological follow-up. In the Experimental Group (GE), the parents were submitted to a psychological counseling every 2 weeks for six months, while in the Control Group (CG) there was no counseling of the parents. All parents answered a questionnaire to evaluate violence against their children (Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale - CTSPC) and the Tolerance Scale. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was applied to evaluate behavior problems. The children also responded the Impact Scale and the Children and Youth Self-Concept Scale – EAC- IJ. RESULTS: Mean age, gender and the CTSPC results, prior to treatment, were similar in both groups. In the assessment of the parents, the CTSPC showed less violence after the treatment in the GE (p = 0.0069). The Tolerance Scale showed that the parents of all enuretic children were intolerant and that, after the treatment, intolerance decreased even more in the GE (p = 0.0003). In assessing the children, the Impact scale showed that they suffer some impact from being enuretic, and that after the follow-up those in the GE had a smaller impact (p = 0.0085) compared to those in the CG. Upon the assessent using the CBCL and the Children and Youth Self-Concept Scale – EAC- IJ, there was no alteration after the intervention. After the treatment, the percentage of dry nights was greater in the GE (52[30-91]) than in the GC (10[3-22.5]) p = 0.0001. CONCLUSION: The children whose parents received a psychological follow-up during the treatment improved their percentage of dry nights and the impact of enuresis, while their parents started coping better with the problem and were more tolerant after receiving the psychological follow-up during their children’s treatment.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-04T10:47:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciamathiasdemiranda.pdf: 413524 bytes, checksum: 904092a245205f93e14b8479b1734f35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T13:26:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciamathiasdemiranda.pdf: 413524 bytes, checksum: 904092a245205f93e14b8479b1734f35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T13:26:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciamathiasdemiranda.pdf: 413524 bytes, checksum: 904092a245205f93e14b8479b1734f35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-26 / A proposta de reabilitação do criminoso, bem como a busca por alternativas efetivas que possam encontrar investimentos políticos e subsequente redução da incidência de crimes, é algo que ganha um grande espaço nas produções acadêmicas norte-americanas. O vigor da reabilitação, bem como a pertinência das propostas reabilitativas no campo das políticas criminais tem sido objeto de defesa por muitos teóricos norte-americanos. Há, no entanto, uma grande lacuna entre o que é produzido academicamente em defesa da reabilitação, e o que opera, no campo político com propostas de reabilitar. O que se encontra hoje, nas políticas criminais norte-americanas é um grande investimento nas ações punitivas, com uma grande aposta no encarceramento e na filosofia da Deterrence apresentando-se a partir de uma retórica de reabilitar, mas atingindo, em contraste a isto, a incapacitação dos indivíduos submetidos ao sistema prisional e influenciando, de forma incisiva, o quadro mundial de políticas criminais. Hoje, as perspectivas criminais (Racional Choice, Routine Activity, etc.), especialmente nos Estados Unidos, Europa e América Latina, influenciam as políticas criminais, e legitimam suas práticas. Tais perspectivas compõem o mainstream da Criminologia e concebemos a natureza de seus investimentos como tirando a possibilidade da reabilitação, sustentando a idéia de que além de custosa, a reabilitação não pode se manter dada a periculosidade que o criminoso oferece à sociedade; priorizando a incapacitação de criminosos, generalizando a categoria do perigoso e alcançando o status de verdade e de senso comum. O criminoso violento dentro deste contexto, tomado como uma categoria generalizada, é compreendido como representado por quase a totalidade dos criminosos, uma vez que o criminoso violento vitima e promove sofrimento à vítima e, não há crime sem vítima, nem tampouco vítima sem sofrimento. A resposta ao criminoso violento e suas ações, portanto, é dada pela punição rápida e severa, para que desta forma esteja garantida, a segurança pública. Nos valemos da produção teórica encontrada na literatura norte-americana sobre o tema da reabilitação para defendermos nossa tese de que esta é uma proposta vigorosa e efetiva no campo da política criminal, e que os investimentos em ações pautados em construções teóricas sobre o tema é altamente pertinente, principalmente se destinado ao que é tomado pelo senso comum, mídia e atores políticos como “criminoso violento”. Consideramos o quadro criminal norte-americano atual de ações e abordagens do crime como relevante para se pensar o quadro de políticas criminais mundial, por ele influenciados. / The criminal`s rehabilitation proposal as well as the search for effective alternatives that can get political investments and, subsequently, a decrease in crimes rates have been getting space among academics researches. The rehabilitation`s toughness and the importance of these proposals on the criminal politics have been defended by many north-american researches. There is, however, a huge gap between what is produced about rehabilitation, on the academic field, and what goes on the ground of the political reality with its proposal to rehabilitate the criminal. What is found nowadays in the north-american criminal politics is a massive investment on punitive action, with a focus on incarceration and on the Deterrence`s phisolophy, hiding itself under a rehabilitative rethoric, but reaching, by the contrast, the individual`s impairment that are submitted to the prison system and influencing, strongly, the international criminal politics. Nowadays, the criminal perspective (Racional Choice, Routine Activity etc), especially, in the United Stares, Europe and Latin America, influence the criminal politics e legitimize their practices. Such theories comprise the mainstream of Criminology and we conceive the nature of their investments as strategies that take the possibility of rehabilitation. According to those perspectives, apart from being expensive, the rehabilitation can not be kept given the peril that the criminal represents for society. Besides, this mainstream vision prioritises the criminals` impairment, generalizing the category of a dangerous individual and reaching, at the same time, the status of truth and common sense. The violent criminal, in this context, as a general category, is taken for grant as an example of every criminal given the fact that this kind of behaviour victimizes and makes the victim suffer – and there is no crime without victim neither victim without suffering. The answer to the violent criminal and his actions, thus, is given by a quick punishment in order to guarantee the public security. We take into account the theoretical production in north-american literature about the rehabilitation issue in order to defend our idea that this is a vigorous and effective proposal on the field of criminal politics. Moreover, we defend that the investment on theoretical constructions about this issue is highly significant, especially if it is focused on what is taken for the common sense, mass media and political actor as a violent criminal. We consider the criminal American framework of actions and approaches towards crime as relevant to think through the international criminal politics influenced by it.

Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD) was compared to no-interaction, continuous neutral sound, and contingent neutral sound in order to determine the mechanism by which RIRD functions to suppress vocal stereotypy in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. A neutral sound was determined through the use of a preference assessment of various sounds. Use of a neutral sound did not suppress vocal stereotypy in participants. Manipulating the amount of time with a sound playing did not have an effect on vocal stereotypy either. These results suggest that it is unlikely that RIRD suppresses vocal stereotypy through an extinction-like effect. Rather, it is more likely that RIRD suppresses vocal stereotypy through a punishment-like effect.

Cette thèse propose une théorie de la peine formulée dans les termes d’une conception de la justice corrective. L’idée de justice corrective et la théorie qu’on en propose trouvent leurs sources dans la pensée éthico-politique d’Aristote. On a choisi de restreindre l’espace d’application de la conception corrective aux systèmes juridiques contemporains des États-Unis et de la France. Le principe de justice corrective, tel qu’on l’interprète ici, pose que les peines peuvent être justes si elles tentent de rétablir une égalité de droits fondamentaux entre la victime et l’auteur d’une infraction conçue comme violation de ces mêmes droits. La conception corrective marque une rupture importante par rapport aux principales conceptions alternatives – rétributiviste et distributiviste – de la punition, en ceci qu’aucune de ces deux approches ne repose essentiellement sur la primauté normative de la relation entre victime et infracteur et que l’égalité des droits fondamentaux n’y est envisagée, dans l’ordre de la justice, comme une raison nécessaire et suffisante pour punir. Est juste, d’abord, la sanction pénale orientée vers l’égalisation des droits fondamentaux et la rectification des injustices commises par des personnes contre d’autres personnes. Du point de vue de la justice corrective, c’est dans la relation qui lie la victime à son infracteur que se déploie la justice des peines. Du point de vue de la conception corrective, la justice pénale ne peut se réaliser qu’en tenant compte du caractère central de la bilatéralité de la justification des peines. Que l’intervention punitive contribue à faire souffrir le coupable - comme dans les conceptions rétributives - ou qu’elle produise des effets socialement bénéfiques - comme dans les conceptions distributives -, ce sont là des considérations complémentaires qui ne relèvent pas nécessairement de la justice des peines. / This dissertation provides a theory of punishment that is formulated by means of a conception of corrective justice. The concept of corrective justice and its corresponding conception draw on the ethical and moral theory of Aristotle. The corrective conception is meant to apply to the contemporary legal systems of France and the United States. As interpreted here, the principle of corrective justice argues that punishment is justified when and insofar as it tends to rectify a specific, inter-personal inequality resulting from a violation of the basic rights of the victim by the offender. Corrective justice thus pertains to the domain of interpersonal injustices. Aristotle was the first one to formulate the concept of corrective justice in Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics. It was also Aristotle who, for the first time, made a connection between the norms of corrective justice and the practice of punishment. The corrective conception takes its distance from the two main alternative conceptions of punishment, which are based on the idea of distributive and retributive justice. Neither of these two latter conceptions views the relationship between the individual victim and the individual offender as normatively prior; nor do they see basic rights as necessary and sufficient grounds for punishing. Seen from a corrective standpoint, penal justice is strictly located at the level of the relationship that connects the offender to his or her victim. Unlike its main contenders, corrective justice is deeply anchored in a bilateral justificatory structure. The suffering of the offender advocated by retributive conceptions or the existence of socially beneficial effects defended by distributive theories can arguably be interpreted or explained as side-effects of legal punishment, but they cannot offer a normative basis for punishing.

Symmetry suppression was conducted for five subjects who demonstrated a tendency to derive equivalence relations based on conditional discrimination training in a match-to-sample procedure. Symmetry suppression was applied in three consecutive sessions in which symmetrical responses were suppressed for one stimulus class in the first condition, two stimulus classes in the second condition, and all three stimulus classes in the final condition. Symmetry suppression slowed the emergence of transitivity for two subjects and prevented it for the other three. Results indicated that unplanned features of stimulus configurations emerged as discriminative variables that controlled selection responses and altered the function of consequent stimuli. Disruption of cognitive development by conflicting contingencies in natural learning environments is discussed.

La fonction dissuasive de la responsabilité civile est aujourd’hui remise en cause. La prolifération de régimes de responsabilité sans faute et le développement de l'assurance de responsabilité en sont les causes principales. Le droit privé a cependant une autre institution : la peine privée, qui a été établie précisément pour obtenir la dissuasion des faits illicites. Toutefois, elle a été méprisée en droit privé colombien, en raison d’un raisonnement imprécis consistant à rattacher la peine privée à la responsabilité. Ce travail cherche à éclairer la question, afin d'officialiser l'institution. / The deterrent function of tort law has been called into question. The causes are the increase of strict liability systems and the development of liability insurance. However, the private law has another institution, the private punishment, a civil remedy that has been established for deterring illicit behaviours. This institution has been ignored in Colombian private law, because of a mistaken idea regarding the nature of the remedy. This essay searches for clarify the issue, in order to make the remedy legally recognized.

This thesis deals with selected issues of illegal work and its punishment, especially in terms of administrative offences. It focuses, in particular, on terminology related to illegal work, inspection activities of the labour inspection office and punishment of illegal work in administrative proceedings. The main reason why I have selected this topic is because I have been interested in labour law ever since I was studying it as a compulsory subject. There is a broad range of topics to choose from in labour law, but I have chosen the area of illegal work because of my previous experience from working in regional inspectorate of the State Labour Inspection Office, based in Ústí nad Labem, as this topic falls into its scope of authority. The main goal of this thesis is to provide a theoretical definition of illegal work, to describe the inspection procedure of employers and administrative procedure regarding the inspected entities. Furthermore, one of the goals of this thesis is to point out certain deficiency in current legal framework, especially regarding practical problems with the application of law. The prologue introduces the topic of illegal work, defines structure of this thesis and its mains goals. The thesis itself is then divided into four chapters. The first chapter focuses on dependent...

This master's thesis deals with the topic of agreement on guilt and punishment, which became a part of the legal system of the Czech Republic on 1 September 2012 - by effect of the eighty-third amendment to the Criminal Procedure Code, which was implemented by the Act no. 193/2012 Coll. The agreement on guilt and punishment is an alternative way of solving criminal cases. As is apparent from its title, it is the negotiation of an agreement between the prosecutor and the accused, or even injured person, whose objection is a solution to the question of guilt and punishment. A necessary prerequisite of its validity is subsequent approval of the negotiated agreement on guilt and punishment by the court. When designing a statutory regulation of a particular institute it is always necessary to pay attention to the advantages and disadvantages that will most likely accompany this institute. The positives must obviously outweigh the negatives and try to minimize them as much as possible. Simply stated, the institute must bring more good than harm. The main aim of my thesis is to introduce the comprehensive legislation of the agreement on guilt and punishment, to assess the positives and negatives accompanying the agreement on guilt and punishment, and to point out the specifics, imperfections and...