South Africa is in the throes of a skills crisis. This situation is seriously hampering the country's economic progress and global participation. This study focuses on the analysis of skills migration in South Africa, and specifically aims to provide a conceptual framework for better cognition of the skills situation in South Africa. The study is presented in a series of four articles with a final chapter that incorporates these articles in a cognitive unit and, therefore, provide a cognitive map to better understand skills migration in South Africa. Article one of the study provides an in–depth discussion on the serious shortage of skilled workers and its impact on the progress of the country. This crisis is largely due to the failure of the national education and training system to supply the economy with much needed skills required to support economic growth and job creation. The findings of this study indicated that there are various factors that are contributing to the skills shortages in the country. Some of the factors include: poor education standards, emigration, crime and HIV. It must be noted that these factors cannot be addressed overnight. Hence, this study emphasised the role that skilled foreign workers can play in alleviating the skills shortages in the country. The contribution of foreign workers could be viewed as a short to medium solution to the skills crisis. Finally, this study has confirmed the findings of similar studies undertaken by the Centre for Development and Enterprise that opening the doors to high–skilled immigration can only serve as a means of supplementing the skills pool and hence contributing to the economic growth of the country. In relation to the above, that is, a means to address the skills shortages, article two supported the view that a more expansive and robust policy approach to skills immigration can be part of the larger solution of addressing the skills shortages of the country. This would allow for economic progress and make South Africa globally competitive. Hence, the primary purpose of this article was to determine the effectiveness of South Africa's immigration policy to support skills immigration. Attempts to recruit foreign skills to work in South African firms is proving to be a challenge as there are a number of issues in South Africa's immigration policy that makes it restrictive for organisations when recruiting skilled foreign workers. The following are some of the consequences of this restrictive policy: due to major infrastructural growth and development during the 2010 period, there is tremendous strain on the construction industry as a result of shortage of engineers, quantity surveyors, technicians and architects. Problems in retaining skilled mining staff combined with insufficient new graduates and an aging workforce is affecting the South African industry. A dearth of engineering skills at Eskom has also contributed to the power crisis. Thus it could be concluded that South Africa's skills immigration policy is problematic and not helpful in addressing the skills shortages of the country. In addition and in relation to factors that are contributing to skills shortages in the country, article three of the study focused specifically on factors that either push or pull people into a country. Push factors are generally regarded as negative factors as they push people out of the country. These factors include affirmative action, which contributes to emigration of skilled individuals, crime, HIV, economic instability, poor health care and dissatisfaction with the political situation of the country. Pull or positive factors on the other hand draw skilled South Africans to a country. These factors include: attractive salary packages, early retirement within the education sector, an opportunity to gain international work experience, an improved lifestyle and variety of career choices. Certain immigrants are pulled to South Africa as they see it as offering them economic opportunities that are not available in their home country. However, these immigrants range largely from unskilled to a limited number of highly skilled workers. This is inadequate to address the skill shortages. Hence, this situation also points towards recruitment of skilled foreign workers as a short to medium term solution. The final article of the study confirms that skills shortage is a global phenomenon. As a result there is fierce competition amongst countries to attract skilled labour so as to alleviate these shortages and improve their competitive footing in the global economy. One major way that these countries strive to achieve their goal, is through promoting targeted skills immigration programmes to attract skilled workers. In order to alleviate these skills shortages and be part of the global economy, South Africa has to take lessons from these countries. Therefore, the main purpose of this article in the study was to indicate the advantages of having a competitive skills immigration policy. It also highlighted practices that make certain countries skills immigration programmes successful. In doing so, these suitable practices could be offered to policy makers so that they can make informed decisions on improving the skills immigration policy of the country. Finally, there is a general consensus that South Africa's policy on skills immigration is in need of radical review due to the fact that it is highly restrictive, bureaucratic, user–unfriendly and costly to administer. Moreover, it serves as an impediment for business and industry to recruit skilled foreign labour into the country as a result of excessive, and often, unnecessary regulations and procedures. As a consequence, South Africa tends to attract a higher proportion of unskilled and semi–skilled foreign workers when, in actual fact, it should be attracting highly skilled immigrants. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Business Administration))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

South Africa is in the throes of a skills crisis. This situation is seriously hampering the country's economic progress and global participation. This study focuses on the analysis of skills migration in South Africa, and specifically aims to provide a conceptual framework for better cognition of the skills situation in South Africa. The study is presented in a series of four articles with a final chapter that incorporates these articles in a cognitive unit and, therefore, provide a cognitive map to better understand skills migration in South Africa. Article one of the study provides an in–depth discussion on the serious shortage of skilled workers and its impact on the progress of the country. This crisis is largely due to the failure of the national education and training system to supply the economy with much needed skills required to support economic growth and job creation. The findings of this study indicated that there are various factors that are contributing to the skills shortages in the country. Some of the factors include: poor education standards, emigration, crime and HIV. It must be noted that these factors cannot be addressed overnight. Hence, this study emphasised the role that skilled foreign workers can play in alleviating the skills shortages in the country. The contribution of foreign workers could be viewed as a short to medium solution to the skills crisis. Finally, this study has confirmed the findings of similar studies undertaken by the Centre for Development and Enterprise that opening the doors to high–skilled immigration can only serve as a means of supplementing the skills pool and hence contributing to the economic growth of the country. In relation to the above, that is, a means to address the skills shortages, article two supported the view that a more expansive and robust policy approach to skills immigration can be part of the larger solution of addressing the skills shortages of the country. This would allow for economic progress and make South Africa globally competitive. Hence, the primary purpose of this article was to determine the effectiveness of South Africa's immigration policy to support skills immigration. Attempts to recruit foreign skills to work in South African firms is proving to be a challenge as there are a number of issues in South Africa's immigration policy that makes it restrictive for organisations when recruiting skilled foreign workers. The following are some of the consequences of this restrictive policy: due to major infrastructural growth and development during the 2010 period, there is tremendous strain on the construction industry as a result of shortage of engineers, quantity surveyors, technicians and architects. Problems in retaining skilled mining staff combined with insufficient new graduates and an aging workforce is affecting the South African industry. A dearth of engineering skills at Eskom has also contributed to the power crisis. Thus it could be concluded that South Africa's skills immigration policy is problematic and not helpful in addressing the skills shortages of the country. In addition and in relation to factors that are contributing to skills shortages in the country, article three of the study focused specifically on factors that either push or pull people into a country. Push factors are generally regarded as negative factors as they push people out of the country. These factors include affirmative action, which contributes to emigration of skilled individuals, crime, HIV, economic instability, poor health care and dissatisfaction with the political situation of the country. Pull or positive factors on the other hand draw skilled South Africans to a country. These factors include: attractive salary packages, early retirement within the education sector, an opportunity to gain international work experience, an improved lifestyle and variety of career choices. Certain immigrants are pulled to South Africa as they see it as offering them economic opportunities that are not available in their home country. However, these immigrants range largely from unskilled to a limited number of highly skilled workers. This is inadequate to address the skill shortages. Hence, this situation also points towards recruitment of skilled foreign workers as a short to medium term solution. The final article of the study confirms that skills shortage is a global phenomenon. As a result there is fierce competition amongst countries to attract skilled labour so as to alleviate these shortages and improve their competitive footing in the global economy. One major way that these countries strive to achieve their goal, is through promoting targeted skills immigration programmes to attract skilled workers. In order to alleviate these skills shortages and be part of the global economy, South Africa has to take lessons from these countries. Therefore, the main purpose of this article in the study was to indicate the advantages of having a competitive skills immigration policy. It also highlighted practices that make certain countries skills immigration programmes successful. In doing so, these suitable practices could be offered to policy makers so that they can make informed decisions on improving the skills immigration policy of the country. Finally, there is a general consensus that South Africa's policy on skills immigration is in need of radical review due to the fact that it is highly restrictive, bureaucratic, user–unfriendly and costly to administer. Moreover, it serves as an impediment for business and industry to recruit skilled foreign labour into the country as a result of excessive, and often, unnecessary regulations and procedures. As a consequence, South Africa tends to attract a higher proportion of unskilled and semi–skilled foreign workers when, in actual fact, it should be attracting highly skilled immigrants. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Business Administration))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The aim of this research was to explore the travel motivations of Taiwanese tourists who visited Australia, their satisfactions, and destination loyalty, as well as examining the relationship between customer satisfaction, need satisfaction, and destination loyalty. This study is important because of the fact that the number of Taiwanese tourists to Australia has decreased since 1999; however, there have not been any academic studies to ascertain the travel motivations of Taiwanese group package tourists who visited Australia, their need satisfaction, and future intentions. Furthermore, the literature on tourist need satisfaction, customer satisfaction and loyalty has been categorised into discrete areas of study, with little integration of these three concepts in the tourism literature. Thus, the relationship between these concepts is an area of theoretical interest that has been examined in this study. To achieve the aims of the research, one research question and 11 hypotheses were developed. The research question specifically explored the travel motivations of the Taiwanese when visiting Australia. Two hypotheses were designed to test the differences between Taiwanese travel motivations and their need satisfaction, and the differences between travel motivation groups. In addition, nine hypotheses were used to examine the relationships between customer satisfaction, need satisfaction, and destination loyalty. A four-stage research methodology was used. Firstly, the study adopted a qualitative approach using focus group interviews of 33 participants to explore the motivations of Taiwanese group package tourists to Australia. Following the qualitative study, two pre tests including a pre and post survey were conducted in order to develop the scales for travel motivations, customer satisfaction, need satisfaction, and destination loyalty of Taiwanese tourists. Finally, a formal pre and post survey was administered. A pre and post survey design was used to consider the potential changes in tourist motivations after the trip. Cluster sampling was used to select the travel agencies, and five travel agencies agreed to participate in this research. The collection of data for the formal survey began in September 2005 and was completed at the end of February 2006. A total of 547 questionnaires were fully completed with a response rate of 72.9%. The validity and reliability of the various scales for push and pull motivations, destination attributes/services, group package tour services, perceived value, equity, emotion, overall need satisfaction, overall satisfaction, and destination loyalty were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, as well as Cronbach’s alpha, and all scales were found to be satisfactory. A total of 17 push and 18 pull motivation items were also determined. Taiwanese tourists had the highest travel motivation scores for ‘travelling around the world’, and ‘having a comfortable trip’, and were attracted by certain attributes of Australia, such as the ‘sunshine and scenery’, and ‘a place to go for good value’. The differences between travel motivations and motivation satisfaction were examined using a paired sample t-test, and the hypothesis was partially supported. Based on the results of these t-tests, importance-performance analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the motivation satisfaction levels, and the results showed that the main travel motivations of Taiwanese travellers to Australia were generally satisfied after the trip, with the push motivation factor ‘having a comfortable trip’ and the pull motivation factor ‘sunshine and scenery’ scoring highest on the satisfaction scale. Factor-cluster analysis was further used to segment tourists in regard to their travel motivations. The results revealed that there were four different travel motivation groups. These groups were significantly different in terms of their customer satisfaction and destination loyalty. The importance level of travel motivations of ‘high motivation travellers’ before the trip was high compared to other groups and the customer satisfaction and destination loyalty were also high after the trip. Taiwanese tourists were generally satisfied with their trip to Australia; however, only two tourist groups: the ‘high motivation travellers’ and the ‘comfort/attraction seekers’ showed any interest in revisiting Australia in the future. The relationship between customer satisfaction, need satisfaction, and destination loyalty was also examined using multiple regression analysis. The results confirmed the hypotheses that customer satisfaction had a positive impact on need satisfaction; need satisfaction positively influenced overall need satisfaction; and overall need satisfaction and overall satisfaction both had a positive relationship with destination loyalty. This shows that tourist need satisfaction and customer satisfaction are related, and customer satisfaction is the antecedent of tourist need satisfaction. Furthermore, tourist need satisfaction is influenced by travel experiences, and destination loyalty is influenced by overall need satisfaction and overall satisfaction. This research has contributed to theory, methodology and to practice. A relationship between customer satisfaction, need satisfaction, and destination loyalty was found. As a result, this study has also successfully integrated the concepts of travel motivation, customer satisfaction, need satisfaction, and destination loyalty. A pre and post survey methodology was used in this research to obtain Taiwanese travellers’ original motivations and their satisfaction levels. Finally, the findings concerning the motivations of Taiwanese tourists to Australia, their need satisfaction, customer satisfaction, and destination loyalty have been found to be useful for tourism managers to assist them in making successful business decisions, improving services, and developing new promotional strategies to encourage Taiwanese visitors to travel to Australia.

Sweden’s population is growing and has been growing a lot since the year 2000. This growth is expected to continue. Although Sweden´s population is increasing, this is not the case for all municipalities. Some rural municipalities are decreasing in population, like the four Torne valley municipalities. These four municipalities are Kiruna, Haparanda, Pajala and Övertorneå. This study is quantitative and is based on population statistics from the database SCB. The aim of this study is to examine how the population has changed in volume and composition during the years 2010 to 2019 in the four Torne valley municipalities in Sweden. This study is also going to discuss the possible reasons behind the population change and relate it to theories and other studies. The results show that all the Torne valley municipalities had a negative population growth in the last ten years. The age and gender share has also changed. The results also show that the gender balance in the different age groups are unbalanced, for example there are more women than men aged 75 years or older. Over the past ten years the amount of people aged 65 or above has increased, meanwhile the amount of working-age people has decreased. This has led to a higher dependency ratio for all municipalities. Furthermore, the results show that the international migration has been important for all municipalities, without the international migrants all municipalities would have a larger decrease of population.

Purpose: My purpose of this study was to examine the factors that motivate Swedes to travel to Egypt and Thailand. To answer the question, I have used two questions. What are the factors that motivate Swedes to travel to Egypt and Thailand? What is the motive for Swedes choose to travel to destinations such as Egypt and Thailand? Method: The method I am using  is the qualitative method. The qualitative method has been processed through interviews of Swedish travelers, the Swedish travel agencies as well as Egypt and Thailand tourist agencies specializing in trips to Egypt and Thailand via phone and e-mail. Theory: The theory I am using are motivators and push-pull factors in achieving an understanding of the factors that influence choice for Swedes to travel to destinations such as Egypt and Thailand. Empiricism: The goal was to get a much more qualitative data from the response from the Swedish travel agencies, Egypt and Thailand tourist agency and Swedish travelers who have traveled to both of these destinations. Result: What I have come up with in my study is that the factors that motivate Swedish travelers to travel to Egypt and Thailand, is the warm climate, sun and sea, culture, variety, the cheap price situation and that there are activities for different age groups. This has led to the heat in both Egypt and Thailand has attracted Swedish travelers to travel to both destinations. The reason for this is due to the bad weather here in Sweden which includes the winter and snow. / Syftet: Mitt syfte med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka vilka faktorer som motiverar svenskar att resa till Egypten och Thailand. För att besvara syftet har jag använt mig av två frågeställningar. Vilka är de faktorer som motiverar svenskar att resa till Egypten och Thailand? Vad är motivet till att svenskar väljer att resa till destinationer som Egypten och Thailand? Metod: Den metod jag har använt mig av är den kvalitativa metoden. Den kvalitativa metoden har bearbetats genom intervjuer av svenska resenärer, de svenska resebyråerna samt Egypten och Thailand turistbyråer som specialiserar sig på resor till Egypten och Thailand, via telefon och e-post. Teori: Den teori jag har använt mig av är motivationsfaktorer och push- pull faktorer för att uppnå en förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar valet för svenskar att resa till destinationer som Egypten och Thailand. Empiri: Målet var att få en mycket mer kvalitativ data från responsen från de svenska resebyråerna, Egypten och Thailand turistbyråer och svenska resenärer som har rest till båda dessa destinationer. Resultat: Det jag har kommit fram till i min studie är att de faktorer som motiverar svenska resenärer att resa till Egypten och Thailand är: det varma klimatet, sol och bad, kultur, dess variation, det billiga prisläget och för att det finns aktiviteter för olika åldersgrupper. Detta har lett till att värmen i både Egypten och Thailand har lockat svenska resenärer att resa till båda dessa destinationer. Anledningen till detta beror på det dåliga vädret här i Sverige som bland annat består av vinter och snö.

Denna uppsats diskuterar och undersöker unga vuxnas förutsättningar och inflytande på Motalas landsbygd. Problematiken grundar sig i urbanisering som är både ett nationellt och internationellt fenomen. Vald problembeskrivning undersöks i två landsbygdsorter i Motala kommun, Tjällmo och Godegård, där undersökningen sker genom en enkätundersökning med valda orters medborgare. Uppsatsen inkluderar förutom denna enkätundersökning, en dokumentanalys av fyra av kommunens strategiska dokument, där just landsbygdsutveckling och ungdomars förutsättningar samt inflytande behandlas. För att analysera materialet tillämpas teorin push and pull. Resultatet visar att det finns en generell trivsel för ungdomar i Tjällmo och Godegård, men att det finns vissa brister i förutsättningarna kring att bo kvar och leva där i många fall. Respondenterna anser även att det finns en bristande funktion i inkluderandet av unga i kommunens landsbygdsutvecklingsarbete. I resultatet visas det att Motala kommun har en vilja och en plan för att utveckla just inkluderingen av unga i kommunens utveckling av landsbygden. / This thesis discusses and analyses the opportunities and the influence of young adults living in the countryside in Motala county. The problematic lies within the urbanisation, a phenomenon that can be seen both nationally as well as internationally. The chosen description of problem has been investigated/examined/analysed in two municipality’s in Motala county, these are Tjällmo and Godegård. The investigation has been implemented through a survey that the younger citizens of the multiplicity has participated in. Besides the previously mentioned survey, the thesis also includes a document analysis based on four strategic documents from Motala county where the development of the countryside and the impacts of the younger population has been issued.  To analyse the material the theory of “push and pull” has been applied. The results shows that the well-being in general is good within the target group in Tjällmo and Godegård, but implies that in some cases they lack the right prerequisites to live there in the future. The respondents also states that there is a lacking function in Motala county concerning including the younger population in the development of the countryside. In the result you can see that Motala county has a will to improve and further develop the inclusion of their young citizens in the development of the countryside.

This essay aims to explore the migration from Kalmar and Karlskrona city parishes during the first half of the 20th century divided into three intervals 1915-1920, 1930-1935 and 1943-1948. As stated above the main part of the study aims to map the migration flows to and from Kalmar and Karlskrona and furthermore compare the empirical data to Swedish national statistics. To be able to correctly compare the data gathered the empirical data of the essay is divided into four variables; age, sex, professional or other titles and whether the individuals migrated alone or with family. A comparison between Kalmar, Karlskrona and national statistics will be made to investigate whether the two city parishes are able to act as representations of the national statistics or if the two city parishes have a different outcome than what the national statistical data presents. The results show that the migratory patterns differ both between Kalmar and Karlskrona and in the national statistics of migration in regard to the city parishes. With the usage of migration theories and perspectives such as the migration transition, secondary labor market theory and push- and pull perspective and concepts such as voluntary migration and chain migration the study was able to both analyze and understand the data provided from the city parishes archives

Titel: Konsumenternas attityd till reklam på Snapchat Nivå: Kandidatuppsats inom företagsekonomi med inriktning på internationell marknadsföring (15 HP), VT-2016. Författare: Emelie Tillack & Jonathan Ekhamn Handledare: Navid Ghannad Examinator: Hélène Laurell Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att skapa en ökad kunskap ochförståelse kring konsumenternas attityd till reklam på Snapchat. Metod: Denna uppsats utgår från ett deduktivt förfaringssätt. Detta kombinerat med både en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ ansats harutmynnat i en enkätundersökning samt åtta djupintervjuer med respondenter som är aktiva på Snapchat. Teoretiskt Ramverk: Detta kapitel behandlar teorier om vad en attityd är, en attitydmodell, attityder på sociala medier, integritet samt push och pullmarknadsföring. Empiri: Kapitlet redogör för den empiri som samlats in genom vår enkätundersökning och de åtta djupintervjuerna. Slutsats: Undersökningen visar att konsumenternas attityd till reklam på Snapchat är positiv. Anledningen till detta är att reklamen på Snapchat är frivillig. Genom underhållande och trovärdig reklam ökar konsumenternas positiva attityd. Nyckelord: Snapchat, Attityd, Push & Pull, Integritet, Sociala medier, Reklam

Trots många års larmande av den rådande arbetsmiljön för socialarbetare har inte kommunerna agerat tillräckligt, vilket har lett till svårigheter att rekrytera och få personal att stanna kvar i socialtjänsten. Detta har bidragit till att konsulter inom socialtjänsten har ökat markant de senaste åren. Den här studien handlar om konsulters erfarenheter av sina nya arbetsvillkor då de valt att stanna kvar och arbeta i socialtjänsten inom Individ- och familjeomsorg (IFO). Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om vilka positiva och negativa faktorer som konsulter erfar med sina villkor i sitt arbete. Vi har utgått från en kvalitativ design och gjort semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex konsulter. De teoretiska analysverktyg vi använt oss av är rollteori, organisationsteori samt push-and-pull modellen. Dessa analysverktyg ger olika synvinklar på konsulters villkor inom IFO och lyfter fram olika faktorer i deras arbetsvillkor samt förklarar hur det är att stå utanför socialtjänsten som organisation samtidigt som de arbetar i den. I studien har vi kommit fram till att konsulternas förändring ger både positiva och negativa erfarenheter i deras arbetsvillkor som konsulter i IFO. Positiva faktorer som konsulterna erfor i sina arbetsvillkor var: Den ökade lönen, tidsbegränsningen i uppdraget, den minskade tid för antalet obligatoriska möten som genererade i ökad tid till klientarbete. De erfor mer självständighet och personlig utveckling. Det dubbla chefskapet från arbetsplatsen och konsultbolaget kunde upplevas positivt med exempelvis uppskattning och stöd i gränssättning av arbetsmängden från konsultchefen. De negativa faktorerna som konsulterna kunde uppleva i deras arbetsvillkor var ensamarbete och för höga förväntningar på prestation samt att konsulterna fick en mindre påverkningsmöjligheter i organisationen. Vi tolkade även att det kunde bli en större anpassning från konsulten till hur chefen vill att arbetet ska utföras. / Despite many years of alarming environment within the current workplace of social workers the municipalities have still not acted accordingly, which have caused hardship in recruiting as well as keeping people in the social services. This has also lead towards a large growth of consultants within the social services under the last few years. This study is about consultant’s experiences of their new work conditions when they have chosen to stay within the Individual- and family care sector (IFO). The purpose of the study is to further increase the knowledge of which negative and positive aspects consultants experience within their work conditions. We have worked with a qualitative design and made semiconstructed interviews with six different consultants. The theoretical analysis tools we have used during this study is roll theory, organization theory and the push-and-pull model. These analysis tools give different viewpoints of consultant’s conditions within IFO and brings forward the factors in these conditions, as well as describes how it can be to stand on the outside of the social services as an organization but at the same time work in it. We have concluded that these changes have caused both positive and negative experiences in consultants work conditions within the IFO. The positive factors that the consultants described were: Increased pay, limits in the assignment, the reduced time for obligatory meetings which resulted in more time for client based work as well as feeling more of a personal development. Having two employers was described as being positive with examples as appreciation and support in setting limits for a reasonable amount of work from the consulting firm. The negative aspects we found that the consultants could experience was feelings of working alone and expectations on high performance as well as having less influence in the organization overall. We concluded that the consultant was more influenced by their employers in how their work should be performed.   Keyword: consultant, social worker, profession, social service, roll theory, organisation theory, push-and-pull-model.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka och skildra några studenters motiv, motivation och upplevelser kring högre studier. I bakgrunden ingår forskning kring studentidentiteter (Bron m. fl., 2013), men efter hand tillkommer andra begrepp och teorier som bidrar till att belysa undersökningsmaterialet. Studien är grundad på kvalitativ metod, med semistrukturerade intervjuer av sex studenter i åldrarna 25-30 år. Resultatet av de sex studenterna redovisas som personporträtt, där både likheter och skillnader mellan studenternas motiv, motivation och upplevelser i relation till högre studier framgår. Några studerar för att kunna få ett arbete, andra för att bevisa för sig själva att de kan. I några fall återfann vi det som kallas för det transformativa lärandet enligt Mezirow (1997). / The aim of this study is to explore motives, motivation and experiences reported by some students in relation to higher education. The study is inspired by previous research (Bron et al, 2013) about students´ identities, and after the collection of data other theories and previous research were added. The method used is qualitative, specifically semi-structured interviews, based on six interviews with students aged 25-30. Similarities as well as differences in students´ motives and motivation for higher education appear. Some students attend higher education mainly in order to get a job/profession while a few also want to prove to themselves that they are competent enough to succeed in higher education. Occationally, transformative learning (Mezirow, 1997) emerge in data.