Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as políticas públicas de universalização do atendimento de eletricidade, por meio de sistemas fotovoltaicos, em algumas comunidades isoladas e propor procedimentos de aprimoramento. A pesquisa de campo foi baseada em dados qualitativos através de estudo de caso. O trabalho deu-se em três comunidades tradicionais de Ilhabela-SP, onde cem domicílios receberam sistemas capazes de fornecer 30 kWh mensais - SIGFI 30 -, em 2012. cujo financiamento foi pelo Programa Luz para Todos. Foram identificados aspectos facilitadores e barreiras para a adoção dos sistemas fotovoltaicos nessas comunidades. São apresentadas proposições para aprimoramento. O trabalho conclui que nas comunidades de Ilhabela não foi ainda garantida a consecução plena dos objetivos da política pública de poder suprir as necessidades básicas de iluminação, comunicação e refrigeração, notadamente, porque não havia geladeiras; os sistemas fotovoltaicos e a luz elétrica foram muito bem recebidos e foi constatada melhoria da qualidade de vida. / This thesis aims at analyzing public policy of electricity service universalization, by means of photovoltaic systems, in some isolated communities, as well as suggesting improvement procedures. The field research was based on qualitative data collected through case study. The work was performed in three traditional communities in Ilhabela-SP, where a hundred of households received systems capable of supplying monthly 30 kWh SIGFI 30 -, in 2012 which was financed by Light for All Program. Facilitator aspects and barriers for the adoption of the photovoltaic systems in these communities were identified. Suggestions for improvement have been presented. As a result, it is possible to conclude that a plain achievement of the public policy aimed at supplying the basic needs for illumination, communication and refrigeration in those Ilhabela communities, hasnt yet been guaranteed due to the absence of refrigerator. Photovoltaic systems and electricity were well accepted ant it was observed an improvement of quality of life.

This Master thesis investigates how Renewable Energy Microgrid Systems (REMS) can enhance resilience for a rural grid-connected community in El Salvador. The study examines the optimally resilient design of a grid-connected PV-Wind-Battery hybrid energy system. The optimally resilient system configuration was determined based on energy affordability, defined as minimum net present cost (NPC) and energy reliability, which was defined as a 1% maximum annual capacity shortage. The system modelling and optimisation was performed in the HOMER (Hybrid Optimisation of Multiple Energy Resources) software, where the system was optimised for different scenarios. The results of this study show that REMS can enhance resilience by lowering electricity costs for the community and thus increasing energy affordability. However, the REMS did not manage to make an equally substantial impact on energy reliability, due to the grid performance that proved to be high with few annual power outages. Besides the grid connection, the optimally resilient system was driven entirely by PV energy since it proved to be highly profitable. Wind power and battery storage were excluded from the optimally resilient system since they did not contribute to affordability and the capacity shortage limit was met already from the PV unit and the grid. Furthermore, the results show that self-sufficiency can be provided with REMS from the local energy resources, but that it is unrealistic with current costs due to the high battery prices. The study concludes that REMS should be considered as a legitimate resilience measure in rural El Salvador.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-20T15:01:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch.pdf: 694087 bytes, checksum: 27f67eb702a71e64c5b03780e75fe68e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T15:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch.pdf: 694087 bytes, checksum: 27f67eb702a71e64c5b03780e75fe68e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The brassica cultivation has been of high importance in Brazil. However, the profitable crop production can be limited by occurrence of diseases such as Alternaria black spot, caused by Alternaria brassicicola and/or Alternaria brassicae, and black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. In that context, the present study had as objectives to evaluate the intensity of Alternaria black spot and of black rot diseases on brassica under organic cultivation in the states of Pernambuco and Santa Catarina, and the spore production longevity of A. brassicicola in leaf debris of broccolis. The intensity of the diseases was evaluated from November 2001 to February 2002, in 103 fields under organic farming systems, including broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, kale and cabbage. High prevalence of the diseases was registered in both states, except on Chinese cabbage in Santa Catarina. Prevalence of Alternaria black spot was 100% on broccoli fields in Pernambuco, as well as on cauliflower in the two states, while the black rot reached that level on broccoli and cauliflower fields in Santa Catarina. In the average of the different brassica species, the diseases were more prevalent in Pernambuco than in Santa Catarina. However, when considered severity averages of each disease, no significant differences were verified between the two states, although the climatic conditions have been sharply different. The levels ofdisease severity were low, considering that 98% of the fields presented severity lower than 5%. The Alternaria black spot severity varied among the brassica species in Pernambuco, being higher on Chinese cabbage and lower on kale. In Santa Catarina no significant differences were verified among the brássicas species. In relation to the black rot, only in Santa Catarina there was difference in the disease severity among the brassicas, being registered the lowest level on Chinese cabbage. No significant correlations were verified between severity levels of Alternaria black spot and black rot, neither between disease severity and total number of plants or plant age. The spore production longevity of A. brassicicola was investigated in leaves debris of broccoli, considering different depths of debris incorporation, periods of the year, and systems of soil handling, in two experiments carried out in Urussanga city, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Infected leaves debris of broccoli were conditioned in bags of polyethylene and distributed in portions in the field, on the soil surface and at depths of 5 and 10 cm. Periodically, the debris in the bags were collected and conidia concentrations were quantified for longevity of spore production andextinction rate. In both experiments there was higher spore production longevity in leaves debris in the period I, characterized by lighter temperatures, higher air relative humidity and lower pluvial precipitation than in the period II. Depth of debris incorporation influenced directly on A. brassicicola spores production, being lower when incorporation was made at 10 cm depth. In relation to soil handling systems, when the inoculum source was deposited on the soil surface there was not difference in the rate of spore production extinction between the soils under conventional and organic handling. However, at depths of 5 and 10 cm, the rate was significantly higher in the soil under conventional handling. The management of Alternaria black spot on broccoli at the area under study can be accomplished by integrated control, including the incorporation of infected leaves debris in the soil, at least 10 cm depth, along with crop rotation, for no less than a 60-day interval in subsequent brassica plantings. / O cultivo de brássicas tem destacada importância na olericultura brasileira. No entanto, a produção dessas olerícolas pode ser limitada pela ocorrência de doenças, dentre as quais se destacam a alternariose, causada por Alternaria brassicicola e/ou Alternaria brassicae, e a podridão negra, causada por Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivos realizar o levantamento da intensidade da alternariose e da podridão negra em cultivos orgânicos de brássicas nos Estados de Pernambuco e Santa Catarina, bem como avaliar a longevidade da esporulação de A. brassicicola em restos foliares de brócolis. Os levantamentos foram realizados no período de novembro de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, num total de 103 cultivos orgânicos, incluindo brócolis, couve-chinesa, couve-flor, couve-manteiga e repolho. Foram registradas elevadas prevalências das doenças nos dois Estados, com exceção em couve-chinesa em Santa Catarina. A prevalência da alternariose foi de 100% nos cultivos de brócolis em Pernambuco, bem como em couve-flor nos dois Estados, enquanto a podridão negra atingiu esse nível nos cultivos de brócolis e couve-flor em Santa Catarina. Na média das diferentes espécies de brássicas, as doenças foram mais prevalentes em Pernambuco que Santa Catarina. Entretanto,quando consideradas as médias de severidade de cada doença no conjunto das brássicas, não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre os dois Estados, embora as condições climáticas tenham sido nitidamente distintas. Os níveis de severidade das doenças foram baixos, tendo em vista que 98% dos cultivos apresentaram severidade inferior a 5%. A severidade da alternariose variou entre as espécies de brássicas em Pernambuco, com maior severidade registrada em couve-chinesa e menor em couve-manteiga, enquanto em Santa Catarina não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre as brássicas. Em relação à podridão negra, somente em Santa Catarina houve diferença na severidade entre as brássicas, sendo registrados os menores níveis em couve-chinesa. Não foram constatadas correlações significativas entre os níveis de severidade da alternariose e da podridão negra, bem como da severidade destas com o número total de plantas e a idade das plantas nos cultivos. Foi também investigada a longevidade da esporulação de A. brassicicola em restos foliares de brócolis, considerando diferentes profundidades de incorporação dos restos, períodos do ano e sistemas de manejo do solo, em dois experimentos realizados em Urussanga - SC. Restosfoliares de brócolis infectados pelo patógeno foram acondicionadas em sacolas de polietilenoperfuradas e distribuídos em parcelas no campo, na superfície do solo e nas profundidades de 5 e 10 cm. Nos dois experimentos foi verificada uma maior longevidade da esporulação nos restos foliares no período I, caracterizado por temperaturas mais amenas, maior umidade relativa do ar e menor precipitação pluvial que no período II. A profundidade de incorporação dos restos influiu diretamente na esporulação de A. brassicicola, que foi inferior quando a incorporação foi efetuada a 10 cm de profundidade. Em relação aos sistemas de manejo, quando a fonte de inóculo foi depositada na superfície do solo não houve diferença na taxa de extinção da esporulação entre os solos sob manejo convencional e orgânico. No entanto, nas profundidades de 5 e 10 cm, essa taxa foi significativamente superior no solo sob manejo convencional. O manejo da alternariose em brócolis na região do estudo pode ser realizado pela combinação de vários métodos de controle, inclusive pela incorporação dos restos foliares infectados no solo, à profundidade mínima de 10 cm, combinado com rotação de culturas, visando um intervalo mínimo de 60 dias entre cultivos de brássicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_ec_dr_araiq.pdf: 2441746 bytes, checksum: 6a8b98becf92d1426314457c9b30825c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo realizar estudos funcionais na bactéria Xac, estudando o possível envolvimento dos genes copA, copB e cutC no mecanismo de resistência a cobre nesta bactéria. Estes estudos funcionais envolveram: análise da expressão dos genes durante o crescimento na presença de cobre por Northern e Western blots e por eletroforese bi-dimensional, produção e purificação das proteínas recombinantes e produção de anticorpos, inativação de um dos genes (copA) para avaliar a participação da proteína CopA no mecanismo de resistência a cobre e análise da interação das proteínas de resistência a cobre com outras proteínas de Xac através do ensaio de duplo híbrido de leveduras. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a linhagem mutante infecta a planta, mas os sintomas são mais retardados na presença do metal, quando comparada à linhagem selvagem. O crescimento das células mutantes na ausência e presença de cobre in planta indicou maior sensibilidade ao cobre pelas células mutantes. Na tentativa de verificar se as proteínas CopA, CopB e CutC interagem com outras proteínas de Xac, um ensaio de duplo híbrido de leveduras foi realizado. Através deste ensaio, algumas proteínas foram identificadas, as quais necessitam de estudos de caracterização adicionais. / Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is the causal agent of the citrus canker, a serious disease that affects the most commercial citrus cultivars causing serious economic impacts. Symptoms include canker lesions, leading to abscission of fruit and leaves and general tree decline. By sequencing the genome of this bacterium (ONSA Network, FAPESP, Brazil), a better knowledge of this microorganism and its molecular interactions with the host might be elucidated. For this, we analyzed the gene expression during growth in the presence of copper by Northern and Western blots, 2D-electrophoresis, production and purification of the CopA, CopB, and CutC recombinant proteins, inactivation of the copA gene to evaluate the participation of CopA protein in the copper resistance mechanism, and protein-protein interactions assays by the yeast two-hybrid assay. Results showed that the mutant strain infects the plant, but the lesions formation was retarded in the presence of copper. The mutant strain showed more sensitivity to copper than the wild type strain during growth in planta. In order to verify whether the CopA, CopB, and CutC proteins interact with other proteins of Xac, a yeast two-hybrid assay was performed. By this assay, some proteins were identified, which need further characterizations.

On planet Earth, fossil fuels are the most important sources of energy. However, these resources are limited and being depleted dramatically throughout last decades. Finding feasible substitutes of these resources is an essential duty for humanity. Fortunately, Mother Nature is providing us a number of good solutions for this crucial threat against our planet. Solar irradiance, wind blowing, oceanic and maritime waves are natural resources of energy that are capable of completely covering the annual consumption of all inhabitants on the Earth. In this research a set of components including “Northern Power NPS 100-24” wind generators, “Kyocera KD 145 SX-UFU” PV arrays, “Gildemeister 10kW-40kWh Cellcube” battery bank and HOMER bi-directional converter system were considered and successfully applied on HOMER tool and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The main design goals of the presented hybrid system are to use 100% renewable energy resources in the commercial sector, where all power is produced in the immediate vicinity of the business place, adding strong advertising values to the setup. In order to supply hourly required load for a grocery store   (1000 ) in Malmö city with 115 kW peak load and 2002 kWh/d with maximum 0.1% unmet, the system was optimized to achieve minimum Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and the lowest Net Present Cost (NPC). The HOMER simulation for quantitative analysis, along with a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) solution method is proposed and the results are compared. The results show that an optimized hybrid system with 3.12  LCOE, and power production of 28.5% by PV arrays and 71.5% by wind generators, is the best practice for this case study. / De fossila bränslena är idag de viktigaste energikällorna på jorden. Dessa resurser är dock begränsade och har utarmats i en allt högre takt under de senaste decennierna. Att hitta möjliga ersättare för dessa resurser är därför viktigt. Lyckligtvis tillhandahåller naturen ett antal bra lösningar för detta avgörande hot mot vår planet. Solstrålning, vind, havsströmmar och -vågor är naturliga resurser av energi som kan täcka hela den årliga globala förbrukningen. I den här rapporten studeras ett hybridsystem bestående av Northern Power NPS 100-24 vindkraftverk, Kyocera KD 145 SX-UFU solcellerspaneler, Gildemeister 10kW-40kWh Cellcube batteribank och HOMER dubbelriktad växelriktare. Detta modellerades och optimerades dels i mjukvaran HOMER, dels via optimeringsmetoden Particle Swarm Optimaization (PSO). Det övergripande designkravet för det presenterade hybridsystemet är att använda 100% förnyelsebar energi i en kommersiell verksamhet, där all elektricitet produceras i närhet av verksamheten, vilket kan ge tydliga marknadsföringsvärden till installationen. För att kunna möta energibehovet varje timme för en livsmedelsbutik (1000 ) i Malmö med 115 kW toppförbrukning och 2002 kWh/dag, med maximalt 0,1% ej mött behov, optimerades systemet för att uppnå minimal energikostnad (Levelized Cost of Energy, LCOE) och lägsta nettonuvärde (Net Present Cost, NPC). En HOMER-simulering för kvantitativ analys, tillsammans med en PSO-optimering, har genomförts och resultaten har jämförts. Resultaten visar att ett optimerat hybridsystem med LCOE på 3,12 SEK/kWh, där solceller står för 28,5% av kraftproduktionen och vindkraftverk för 71,5%, är den bästa lösningen för denna fallstudie.

La maladie de la pourriture noire des Brassicacées est causée par la colonisation du système vasculaire des plantes par Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Cette bactérie, largement retrouvée sur les cinq continents, peut infecter de nombreuses espèces d'intérêts agronomiques et la plante modèle Arabidopsis. Malgré l'importance de cette maladie, la génétique et les bases moléculaires de la résistance à Xcc et de la résistance vasculaire en général restent méconnues et ont été le sujet de mes travaux de thèse. Des approches génétiques chez Arabidopsis ont permis d'identifier trois gènes (ZAR1, PBL2, RKS1) requis pour la résistance à Xcc et la reconnaissance de l'effecteur de type III XopAC de Xcc. Ces trois gènes codent respectivement une protéine de résistance canonique (famille des NLR) et deux kinases de la famille des RLCK. En collaboration avec l'équipe de J-M Zhou (Pékin), nous avons élucidé le mécanisme moléculaire de reconnaissance de XopAC: Un complexe de résistance préformé ZAR1-RKS1 reconnaît spécifiquement l'uridylylation de la kinase PBL2 par XopAC et induit la résistance à Xcc. Contrairement aux données existantes, la spécificité de reconnaissance du complexe de résistance n'est pas portée par la NLR mais par la kinase adaptateur RKS1. Ces résultats constituent la première description des mécanismes moléculaires sous tendant la résistance des brassicacées à Xcc et pourront servir de bases pour la mise en place de programmes rationnels d'amélioration variétale chez les Brassicacées cultivés. / Black rot disease of Brassicaceae is caused by the colonization of plant vasculature by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). This worldwide-distributed bacterium causes serious losses in brassica crops and also infects Arabidopsis. Despite of the economic importance of this disease, genetics and molecular bases of resistance to Xcc and vascular resistance in general is poorly understood. This topic was thus selected as my thesis project. Genetic approaches in Arabidopsis identified three genes (ZAR1, PBL2, RKS1) required for resistance to Xcc and the recognition of the Xcc type III effector XopAC. These three genes code for a canonical resistance protein of the NLR family and two kinases of the RLCK family, respectively. In collaboration with the group of J-M Zhou (Beijing), we uncovered the molecular mechanism of XopAC recognition: a preformed ZAR1-RKS1 resistance complex specifically recognizes PBL2 uridylylated by XopAC and triggers resistance to Xcc. In contrast to existing knowledge, the recognition specificity of the resistance complex is not conferred by the NLR but by the adaptor kinase RKS1. These results are the first description of the molecular mechanisms underlying Brassicaceae resistance to Xcc and pave the avenue for the rationale breeding of resistance in Brassica crops.

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as políticas públicas de universalização do atendimento de eletricidade, por meio de sistemas fotovoltaicos, em algumas comunidades isoladas e propor procedimentos de aprimoramento. A pesquisa de campo foi baseada em dados qualitativos através de estudo de caso. O trabalho deu-se em três comunidades tradicionais de Ilhabela-SP, onde cem domicílios receberam sistemas capazes de fornecer 30 kWh mensais - SIGFI 30 -, em 2012. cujo financiamento foi pelo Programa Luz para Todos. Foram identificados aspectos facilitadores e barreiras para a adoção dos sistemas fotovoltaicos nessas comunidades. São apresentadas proposições para aprimoramento. O trabalho conclui que nas comunidades de Ilhabela não foi ainda garantida a consecução plena dos objetivos da política pública de poder suprir as necessidades básicas de iluminação, comunicação e refrigeração, notadamente, porque não havia geladeiras; os sistemas fotovoltaicos e a luz elétrica foram muito bem recebidos e foi constatada melhoria da qualidade de vida. / This thesis aims at analyzing public policy of electricity service universalization, by means of photovoltaic systems, in some isolated communities, as well as suggesting improvement procedures. The field research was based on qualitative data collected through case study. The work was performed in three traditional communities in Ilhabela-SP, where a hundred of households received systems capable of supplying monthly 30 kWh SIGFI 30 -, in 2012 which was financed by Light for All Program. Facilitator aspects and barriers for the adoption of the photovoltaic systems in these communities were identified. Suggestions for improvement have been presented. As a result, it is possible to conclude that a plain achievement of the public policy aimed at supplying the basic needs for illumination, communication and refrigeration in those Ilhabela communities, hasnt yet been guaranteed due to the absence of refrigerator. Photovoltaic systems and electricity were well accepted ant it was observed an improvement of quality of life.

As renewable energy plays an increasingly important role in the power system, the addition of PV systems to the distribution network has become a major trend in the current power system development. However, if a PV system with excessive capacity is added to the distribution network, voltage problems may occur in the system. Hence, it is important to determine the capacity of the PV system that can be added at the distribution system. The thesis aims to identify the major factors that affect the PV hosting capacity of distribution systems. The thesis studies various scenarios for the IEEE-123 test network PV system and evaluates the PV hosting capacity of the distribution system based on simulation tools including Matlab and Opendss software.

The cost reductions and the environmental benefits aligned with global concerns about climate change have made solar photovoltaic technology the most installed source of energy in the power sector worldwide. Brazil has the largest know reserves of silicon in the world. Therefore, there is a huge potential for developing a national technology for purifying and manufacturing silicon wafers within an increasingly competitive and efficient photovoltaic industry. The IPEN initiative of investigating the production of metallic silicon and metallurgical route purification required a characterization of samples in different stages of production from quartz to wafer and understanding the characterization methods for silicon wafers taking into account the main defect mechanisms such as light-induced degradation. Metalic silicon is produced in IPEN via magnesiothermal reduction through acid leaching to form a metallurgical grade silicon with relatively low impurities. One more acid leaching step resulted in a specific ultra-metallurgical grade silicon. The same acid leaching was processed in a commercially available Brazilian-made metallurgical grade silicon produced via carbothermal reduction. All samples impurities was measured by ICP-OES. The result is a material with ultra-metallurgical grade silicon content with excess of B and P. While wafer characterization was studied, an extensive investigation was taken on LeTID, which causes remain unknown, at Institute for Energy Technology, Norway. Neighboring high performance mc-Si p-type wafers were tested in different firing process conditions. The effects was investigated in terms of defects activation and a corresponding lifetime degradation and recovery at illuminated annealing. A sample with almost fully suppressed LeTID is shown. A new method have been proposed to separate Boron Oxygen-Light Induced Degradation effects of LeTID, enabling to measure even where it was thought to be fully suppressed. New models for LeTID defect formation and suppression are proposed. Both silicon purification and light-induced degradation characterization in mc-Si studies shows a wide range of research on new production routes that may require tailored processes of crystallization and solar cell manufacturing such as gettering and firing. / As reduções de custos e benefícios ambientais alinhadas às preocupações globais com as mudanças climáticas tornaram a tecnologia solar fotovoltaica a fonte de energia mais instalada no setor de energia do mundo. O Brasil possui as maiores reservas conhecidas de silício. Portanto, existe um enorme potencial para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia nacional para purificação e fabricação de wafers de silício dentre a indústria fotovoltaica cada vez mais competitiva e eficiente. A iniciativa do IPEN de investigar a produção de silício metálico e a purificação de rotas metalúrgicas exigiu a caracterização de amostras em diferentes estágios de produção, do quartzo ao wafer e a compreensão dos métodos de caracterização dos wafers de silício, levando em consideração os principais mecanismos de defeitos, como a degradação induzida pela luz. O silício metálico é produzido no IPEN através da redução magnesiotérmica através da lixiviação ácida para formar um silício de grau metalúrgico com impurezas relativamente baixas. Mais uma etapa de lixiviação ácida resultou em um silício de grau ultra-metalúrgico específico. A mesma lixiviação foi feita em um silício de grau metalúrgico fabricado no Brasil, disponível comercialmente, produzido por redução carbotérmica. Todas as amostras foram medidas por ICP-OES. O resultado é um material com teores de silício de grau ultra-metalúrgico e excesso de B e P. Enquanto a caracterização do wafer foi estudada, uma extensa investigação foi realizada sobre o LeTID, que tem causas desconhecidas, no Institute for Energy Technology, Noruega. Os wafers vizinhos de mc-Si do tipo-p de alto desempenho foram testados em diferentes condições do processo de firing. Os efeitos foram investigados em termos de ativação de defeitos e uma correspondente degradação e recuperação no lifetime sob recozimento iluminado. Uma amostra com LeTID quase totalmente suprimido é mostrada. Um novo método foi proposto para separar os efeitos de Degradação Induzida por Luz relacionados ao Oxigênio e Boro do LeTID, permitindo até medir onde se pensava que estivesse totalmente suprimido. Novos modelos para formação e supressão de defeitos LeTID são propostos. Tanto a purificação de silício quanto a caracterização de degradação induzida pela luz nos estudos de mc-Si mostram uma ampla gama de pesquisas sobre novas rotas de produção que podem exigir processos personalizados de cristalização e fabricação de células solares, como gettering e firing.

雖然台灣在太陽能PV科技製造業上位居於領先位置，也採取了FIT來推廣太陽能PV及其他再生能源，但是市場的吸收（以及新計畫的完成）至今仍是進展緩慢；因此再生能源在台灣明顯且矛盾的狀況成了本論文的研究動機 為了理解為什麼有這種狀況，本論文採用了兩個廣泛的觀點： （一）市場障礙觀點：這個觀點提供了一個簡明的總結；在經濟學上國內太陽能PV的安裝，特別是家用投資者在FIT計劃下考慮電網連接。 （二）市場轉型觀點：這個觀點確定了影響並降低台灣再生能源市場的因素或是參與者（政府機關或其他相關團體的人員）。 本論文最後一個章節中提出了可能有助於提高台灣太陽能PV或是其他再生能源的接受度的實用步驟及政策措施。 本研究結果指向複雜且費時的申請手續，反覆修改的相關法令，及設定太低的FIT為至今台灣太陽能PV市場開發成功有限的主要原因。低電價、政府與台電間所發展出的相互依賴狀況以及極力避免破壞現況的密集產業為造成這些狀況的難題。 為了解決這些缺陷，本論文建議立即將FIT上修（至少每千瓦新台幣12.6元）並恢復補貼中小型投資者的資本。削除行政與程序上的障礙是促進在地太陽能PV市場和建立信心的整體方案上非常重要的的一環。論文中的最後一章節提到一個發展框架，並且描述了 一些針對於更棘手並減緩台灣的多元化能源供應問題的可能解決方案。 / The motivation for this research stems from an obvious contradiction in Taiwan’s approach to renewable energy – that while Taiwan remains a leading manufacturer of solar photovoltaics (PV) technology, and has adopted a feed-in-tariff (FIT) to promote solar PV and other renewable energies, market uptake (and completion of new projects) has so far been slow. In order to understand why, this thesis adopts two broad-based perspectives first identified by the International Energy Agency (IEA): (i) the Market Barriers Perspective provides a concise summary of the economics of domestic solar PV installation in Taiwan, specifically for the small scale (residential) investor contemplating grid connection under the FIT scheme; (ii) the Market Transformation Perspective identifies those factors (or actors) contributing to inertia in the renewable energy market in Taiwan. A final section in this thesis is given over to describing practical steps and policy approaches which may help boost solar PV (and other renewable) capacity in Taiwan. The results of this research point to a complicated and time-consuming applications process, repeated changes to relevant legislation, and a FIT which is set too low, as the primary reasons for the limited success to date in developing Taiwan’s small-scale (distributed) solar PV market. These difficulties are compounded by low electricity prices and a mutual dependency that has developed between the government, Taiwan Power, and large energy-intensive industries to avoid any upset to the status quo. In order to address these problem areas this thesis recommends immediately revising the FIT upwards (to at least NT$12.6 per kWh) in conjunction with the reinstatement of capital subsidies for small to medium investors. Removing administrative and procedural barriers is likewise deemed essential to fostering growth in the local solar PV market and establishing confidence in overall program. A Developmental Framework in the final section of this thesis describes some potential solutions to the more intractable problems slowing the diversification of Taiwan’s energy supply.