Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV13MA143.pdf: 1086033 bytes, checksum: 10abf46cb5297d5bc9563adb60e9d49b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-09 / The Fabraea Leaf Spot (ELS) is caused by the fungus Fabraea maculata (anamorph: Entomosporium mespili) and it is the main disease present in pear orchards in Brazil. The pathogen E. mespili infect more than 50 species of plants most from Rosaceae family like pear, quince and apple. The ELS lesions can be observed one week after beginning of infection and visible on both sides of the leaves as small reddish purple lesions. Later, the lesions becomes dark brown, and may have chlorotic halo. Leaves severely infected can show necrotic and yellow aspect and may drop prematurely causing early plant defoliation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ELS behavior on European pear cultivars (Rocha and Santa Maria) under quince rootstocks (EMA and Adams) in response of fungicides application under edaclimatic conditions of Santa Catarina upland, during the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 crop seasons. The combinations cultivars/rootstocks were Methyl tiophanate, Pyraclostrobin+Metiram, Tebuconazole, Trifloxystrobin, Mancozeb, Propineb and Chlorothalonil fungicides according to fungicide residual effect. The incidence and severity were quantified weekly from the first symptoms appearance in 100 randomly leaves distributed in four medium-height branches per plant on each eight replications per treatment. The incidence of the ELS was defined as the number of leaves with ELS symptoms divided by the total number of leaves evaluated. The ELS severity was assigned to an infection class based on the following scale: class 0: without lesions; Class 1: 1-5 lesions; class 2: 6 - 25 lesions; class 3: 26-50 lesions, Class 4: 51-75 lesions and class 5: more than 75 lesions. The disease progress curves were constructed and the epidemics were compared in both growing seasons evaluated, using four epidemiological measures: the beginning of symptom appearance (BSA), the time to reach the maximum disease incidence and severity (TRMDI and TRMDS), the maximum value of disease incidence and severity (Imax and Smax) and the area under the incidence and severity disease progress curve (AUDIPC and AUDSPC). All combinations of cultivars and rootstocks were susceptible to E. mespili.The fungicides Methyl tiophanate and Mancozeb showed high and significant efficiency of disease control in all combinations evaluated when BSA, Imax and AUDSPC was taken into account as differentiated variable in the edafoclimat conditions of Southern Brazil during the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 crop season / A entomosporiose causada pelo fungo Fabraea maculata (anamorfo: Entomosporium mespili) é a principal doença foliar na cultura da pereira presente no Brasil. O patógeno E. mespili causa infecções em mais de 50 espécies de plantas, sendo a maioria da família Rosaceae, como a pereira, o marmeleiro e a macieira. As lesões causadas pela entomosporiose podem ser observadas uma semana após o início da infecção. Inicialmente, as lesões são visíveis em ambas às faces das folhas, através de lesões pequenas, avermelhadas à púrpuras, que posteriormente tornam-se marrom-escuras, podendo apresentar halo clorótico. Nas folhas severamente infectadas apresentam aspecto necrótico, amarelecem e caem, causando a desfolha precoce em planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a intensidade da entomosporiose em combinações de cultivares copa de pereira europeia (Rocha e Santa Maria) sobre diferentes portaenxertos de marmeleiro (EMA e Adams) em resposta a aplicação de fungicidas durante os ciclos de crescimento 2011/2012 e 2012/2013 no Planalto Catarinense. As diferentes combinações cultivar/portaenxertos foram submetidas aos tratamentos 1: Controle; 2: Tiofanato metílico; 3: Piraclostrobina+Metiram; 4: Tebuconazole; 5: Trifloxistrobina; 6: Mancozeb; 7: Propineb e 8: Clorotalonil. As pulverizações foram iniciadas em 30/09 de cada ciclo agrícola. A incidência e a severidade foram avaliadas semanalmente após o início do aparecimento dos sintomas em 100 folhas aleatórias distribuídas em 4 ramos medianos por planta. A incidência foi calculada pela percentagem das folhas com pelo menos uma lesão em relação ao número total de folhas avaliadas e a severidade através de classes de infecção, sendo: classe 0: sem lesões; classe 1: 1-5 lesões; classe 2: 6-25 lesões; classe 3: 26-50 lesões; classe 4: 51-75 lesões e classe 5: mais de 75 lesões. Com os dados obtidos foram confeccionadas as curvas de progresso da doença e as epidemias comparadas em relação a: a) início do aparecimento dos sintomas (IAS); b) tempo para atingir a máxima incidência e severidade da doença (TAMID e TAMSD); c) valor máximo de incidência e severidade (Imax e Smax) e d) área abaixo da curva do progresso da incidência e da severidade da doença (AACPID e AACPSD). Todas as combinações de cultivares e portaenxertos foram suscetíveis a E. mespili. Em todas as combinações avaliadas, os fungicidas Tiofanato metílico e Mancozeb demonstraram maior eficiência de controle da doença sobre as variáveis IAS, Imax e AACPSD nas condições edafoclimáticas do Planalto Catarinense durante os ciclos de crescimento 2011/2012 e 2012/2013

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Clevison_Luiz_Giacobbo.pdf: 474996 bytes, checksum: 586f90f29fc5d4023559b48cfd345ae9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-03 / This study was developed with the objectives of evaluating different rootstocks grafted on european pear, cultivars Conference, William's Bon Chrétien and Packham's Triumph; the development of cv. Doyenné Du Comice under different hydric conditions; and the grafting compatibility of the cvs. Cascatense, Carrick and Seleta. In a total of four separated experiments, two of them were carried out in the Pisa University, in Italy, at the experimental orchard of the Facoltà di Agraria, during the 2003 growth season. The experiment 1 was done with the objective to evaluate different rootstocks cultivars for the culture of the pear tree, grafted with the cv. Conference. The aim of the second experiment was to evaluate the effect of the rootstock and different soil hydric conditions on the vegetate-productive behavior of pear tree. The remaining experiments were carried out in the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil, at the Agricultural Center of Palma. The experiment 3 aimed in verifying the compatibility degree among the rootstock of quince cv. EMC and the Cascatense, Carrick and Seleta cultivars. The experiments 4 evaluated, agronomical the effect of several quince rootstocks and Pyrus calleryana on the growth and development of pear trees. Regarding the vegetative development and productivity, it was verified that the clonal pear rootstocks were normally greater than quince rootstocks. In general, pear and quince rootstocks have provided a good fruit production. When grafted on Carrick e Seleta cultivars, the quince rootstock EMC induced a reduced plant xvi size and smaller production accumulated, besides promoted a larger productive efficiency and good initial compatibility. The most significant fruit enlargement was verified in the final period of fruit development and was greater in irrigated rootstocks. The irrigation also provided larger fluctuation of the plant trunk diameter. Quince rootstocks have presented more sensitivity to hydric stress than the rootstock of Pyrus spp. Plants grafted on irrigated quince presented the highest gaseous changes and estimated productivity. / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes porta-enxertos para pereiras tipo européias, cultivares Conference, William's Bon Chrétien e Packham s Triumph; diferentes condições hídricas para a cv. Doyenné Du Comice; compatibilidade de enxertia do marmeleiro EMC com as cvs. Cascatense, Carrick e Seleta. Foram realizados quatro experimentos, sendo dois na Università degli Studi di Pisa, Itália, no campo experimental da facoltà di Agrária, safra de 2003 e dois realizados na Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brasil, no Centro Agropecuário da Palma da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Capão do Leão/RS, período de 2002-2005. O experimento 1; realizado na Itália, constou de diferentes cultivares porta-enxertos com a cv. Conference. O experimento 2; também realizado na Itália, observou-se o comportamento vegeto-produtivo de pereira cv. Doyenné Du Comice sobre diferentes portaenxertos e regime hídrico. No Brasil objetivou-se no experimento 3: verificar o grau de compatibilidade entre o porta-enxerto de marmeleiro cv. EMC e as cvs. de pereira Cascatense, Carrick e Seleta e experimento 4; avaliar agronomicamente diferentes porta-enxertos de marmeleiro e Pyrus calleryana, no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de pereira. Verificou-se com relação ao desenvolvimento vegetativo que, os porta-enxertos originários de pereira (clonal) foram, em geral, superiores em relação aos marmeleiros e com xiv relação ao aspecto produtivo, observou-se que tanto porta-enxertos oriundos de pereira como de marmeleiro, possibilitam boa produção às plantas. O portaenxerto cv. EMC propiciou, além de, plantas mais baixas e menor produção acumulada, maior eficiência produtiva e boa compatibilidade inicial com as cvs. Carrick e Seleta. Na comparação entre os porta-enxertos de marmeleiro e pereira, relacionado a regime hídrico, verificou-se que houve maior crescimento de frutas no período final, nos porta-enxertos irrigados, os quais apresentaram ainda, maior flutuação do diâmetro do tronco. Plantas enxertadas sobre marmeleiro irrigado, apresentaram maiores trocas gasosas e produtividade estimada, porém porta-enxertos de marmeleiro apresentaram-se mais sensíveis a estresse hídrico do que porta-enxertos de Pyrus spp..

Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mealiness, a soft, dry textural disorder of ‘Forelle’ pear (Pyrus communis L.), is a problem for the South African fruit export industry. Soft, dry textural disorders seem to be related to changes in cell wall breakdown. The aim of this work was, therefore, to investigate the occurrence of mealiness‐associated changes in the cell wall and elucidate the mechanism by which mealiness occurs in ‘Forelle’ pear, as well as to characterise cell wall changes occurring during normal ripening. Mealy ‘Forelle’ tissues had significantly lower total galacturonic acids associated with the middle lamella (water‐ and CDTA‐soluble fractions). The water‐soluble pectin of mealy tissues was depolymerised at an earlier stage of ripening. The widespread disintegration of cell‐to‐cell adhesion in mealy cell walls only, suggests that the middle lamella and the plasmodesmata are more broken down. In mealy ‘Forelle’ tissues there was no indication of less broken down high molecular weight polyuronides in the CDTA fraction, normally associated with these dry, soft textures. The pectins from mealy tissues were more broken down and both mealy and non‐mealy tissue polyuronides depolymerised. Furthermore, there was a lack of light toluidine staining in the larger air spaces, which would indicate such water‐insoluble pectins. These data suggest that the formation of high molecular weight pectate gels is unlikely in mealy ‘Forelle’ pear. The slight increase in the galactose content in mealy tissues in CDTA‐ and Na2CO3‐soluble fractions and slight decrease in the 1 M KOH glycan fraction during later stages of ripening (6+11, 9+7, 9+11; weeks at ‐0.5°C plus days at 15°C) may indicate that galactose loosely interlinked into the glycan fraction broke down sooner for mealy tissues. This didn’t increase molecular size profiles in the CDTA fraction. Arabinose content was slightly higher in the 4 M KOH fraction and slightly lower in mealy tissues of water‐ and CDTA fractions. This did not influence the molecular weight of the glycans compared to those in the nonmealy tissues. ‘Forelle’ data therefore seem to be more congruent with a decrease in intercellular adhesion as the mechanism by which mealiness occurs, rather than the formation of high molecular weight pectins taking up the cellular fluid. ‘Forelle’ pear water‐soluble pectin content increases with increased ripening. High amounts of watersoluble pectin and low amounts of Na2CO3‐soluble pectin suggests that solubilisation of rhamnogalacturonan‐I pectins must have taken place during early ripening (at a fruit firmness of > 4.7 kg (7.9mm tip). Galactose and glucose in the pectin fraction dramatically decreased after fruit ripened to a firmness of 4.5 kg, whereafter they remained unchanged. This was also the period in which fruit softened the most and the biggest increase in pectin water‐solubility occurred. It is not known whether these events are coincidental, or linked causally. Rhamnose and arabinose extractability increased in the water fraction and xylose, fucose and mannose increased in glycan fractions with ripening. The biggest changes in polyuronide solubilisation and depolymerisation occurred in water‐ and CDTA fractions between storage and ripening durations of 3+7 (4.7 kg) and 6+4 (2.7 kg). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Melerigheid, ʼn sagte droë tekstuur afwyking van ‘Forelle’ pere (Pyrus communis L.), is ʼn probleem vir die Suid Afrikaanse vrugte uitvoerbedryf. Sagte, droë tekstuur afwykings blyk betrekking te hê op selwandafbraak veranderinge. Die doel van die studie was dus om die melerigheid‐geassosieerde veranderinge in die selwand te ondersoek, sowel as om vas te stel wat die meganisme betrokke is by melerigheid ontwikkeling in ‘Forelle’ pere. Die selwand veranderinge gedurende normale rypwording is ook gekarakteriseer. Melerige ‘Forelle’ weefsel het betekenisvol laer totale galakturoonsuur wat geassosieer is met die middellamella (water‐ en CDTA‐oplosbare fraksies). Die water‐oplosbare pektien van melerige weefsel was op ʼn vroeër stadium van rypwording gedepolimeriseer. Die wydverspreide disintegrasie van sel‐tot‐sel adhesie, slegs in melerige selwande, dui aan dat die middellamella en die plasmodesmata meer afgebreek is. Daar is geen indikasie van hoë molekulêre massa poliuroniedes in die CDTA fraksie van melerige ‘Forelle’ weefsel, wat gewoonlik geassosieer word met droë, sagte teksture nie. Die pektiene van melerige weefsel was meer afgebreek en melerige en nie‐melerige weefsel se poliurone was gedepolimeriseer. Daar was ook geen ligte toluïdien verkleuring in die groter intersellulêre lugruimtes nie, wat ʼn aanduiding sou wees van wateronoplosbare pektiene. Hierdie data dui dus aan dat die vorming van hoë molekulêre pektien jel in melerige ‘Forelle’ pere onwaarskynlik is. Die klein toename in galaktose inhoud in die CDTA‐ en Na2CO3‐ oplosbare fraksies en ʼn klein afname in 1 M KOH glikaan fraksie tydens latere rypheidstadiums (6+11, 9+7, 9+11; weke by ‐0.5°C plus dae by 15°C), kan beteken dat los verweefde galaktose in die glikaan fraksie vroeër afgebreek het in melerige weefsels. Die molekulêre grootte profiel is nie verander in die CDTA fraksie nie. Arabinose inhoud was bietjie hoër in die 4 M KOH fraksie en bietjie laer in melerige weefsel van die water‐ en CDTA fraksies. Die molekulêre massa van die glikane was klaarblyklik onbeïnvloed hierdeur. ‘Forelle’ data blyk dus meer saam te stem met die meganisme waar ʼn vermindering in intersellulêre adhesie ʼn rol speel in melerigheid, eerder as die meganisme waar hoë molekulêre pektien selvloeistowwe bind. ‘Forelle’ peer water‐oplosbare pektieninhoud neem toe met toenemende rypheid. Hoë vlakke wateroplosbare pektien en lae vlakke Na2CO3‐oplosbare pektien stel voor dat die oplossing van rhamnogalakturonan‐I pektiene gedurende vroeë rypwording moes plaasgevind het (by ʼn fermheid van > 4.7 kg (7.9mm punt). Galaktose en glukose in die pektienfraksie het drasties verminder nadat vrugte tot ʼn fermheid van 4.5 kg ryp geword het, waarna hul onveranderd gebly het. Dit was ook die periode waarin vrugte die meeste sag geword het en die grootste toename in poliuronied wateroplosbaarheid gevind is. Dit is nie bekend of die gebeure toevallig of oorsaaklik verbind is nie. Rhamnose en arabinose ekstraheerbaarheid het vermeerder in die water fraksies, en xylose, fukose en mannose het vermeerder in die glikaan fraksies gedurende rypwording. Die grootste verandering in oplosbaarheid en depolimerisasie het plaasgevind in die water‐ en CDTA fraksies tussen opberging en rypwordingsperiodes van 3+7 (4.7 kg) en 6+4 (2.7 kg).

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / Botrytis cinerea Pers. causa niveles importantes de pudrición, los que pueden superar el 10% en peras de exportación en Chile, principalmente en la variedad Packham’s Triumph. La enfermedad postcosecha más importante producida por B. cinerea en peras almacenadas en frío corresponde a la pudrición calicinal, cuyo control se realiza en floración, período en que el hongo produce infecciones latentes que se manifiestan en pudrición tras la madurez de la fruta. En años con primaveras húmedas se ha observado un aumento de la incidencia de la enfermedad, lo cual ha generado cuestionamientos acerca de los tratamientos de control e incertidumbre sobre la capacidad del patógeno de infectar los frutos durante su crecimiento. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron determinar la ocurrencia de infecciones en campo durante el período de crecimiento de frutos bajo condiciones artificiales de alta humedad con y sin inoculación del patógeno, y determinar el nivel de infección en precosecha para evaluar la efectividad de las medidas de control realizadas por los productores en dos huertos comerciales de la zona central de Chile. En uno de los huertos estudiados se determinó que las inoculaciones lograron generar infecciones en el período de crecimiento de frutos, lo que permite concluir que el patógeno efectivamente puede infectar peras cv. Packham’s Triumph durante el crecimiento de los frutos. Por otro lado, el patógeno fue recuperado desde la cavidad calicinal de fruta no inoculada en crecimiento en ambos huertos, observándose también pudrición calicinal en postcosecha, lo que sería consecuencia de la inefectividad de las aplicaciones de fungicidas realizadas en floración por los productores. Este trabajo establece una base para la realización de estudios en campo en pudrición calicinal de perales en Chile. / Botrytis cinerea Pers. causes significant levels of postharvest decay that may be over 10% in pear fruit in Chile, especially in the cultivar Packham's Triumph. Calyx-end rot is the most important postharvest disease caused by B. cinerea in stored pears, and its control is achieved in the flowering period, when the fungus produces latent infections that manifest in fruit decay after ripening. It has been observed that there is an increased incidence of the disease in years with humid and rainy conditions during spring and summer, which has raised questions about control treatments and pathogen's ability to infect fruit during its growth under these conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of infections in the orchard during fruit growth under artificial high humidity conditions with and without pathogen inoculation, and to determine the level of preharvest infection in order to evaluate the efficacy of control measures taken by the growers in two commercial orchards of central Chile. In one of the studied orchards, inoculations resulted in infections during fruit growth, leading to the conclusion that the pathogen can effectively infect Packham's Triumph pears during this period. Moreover, the pathogen was isolated from the calyx cavity of non-inoculated fruit during the growth period, and postharvest calyx-end decay was also observed, which would indicate the inefficacy of fungicide applications performed by the growers. This work provides basic information for further field studies on calyx-end rot of pears in Chile.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:46:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 canesin_rcfs_dr_ilha.pdf: 579336 bytes, checksum: d392aa8804a0dc947dbbf9cdadeecccb (MD5) / São utilizadas várias fontes de B e Zn nas adubações foliares como ácidos, sulfatos, óxidos inorgânicos e quelatos. Assim, a aplicação de fertilizantes via foliar vem sendo realizada com relativa freqüência, sendo que os resultados dessas aplicações são ainda controvertidos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de fertilizantes foliares com B e Zn sobre a nutrição, produção e qualidade dos frutos de pereira japonesa. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 2004 a 2007, no município de Ilha Solteira, localizado na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo-Brasil. Foram utilizadas plantas de pereira japonesa, cv. Okusankichi, enxertada em pyrus communis L., com três anos de idade, irrigadas por microaspersão e fontes nas doses de 110 g ha-1 de B e 250 g ha-1 de Zn em cada tratamento, sendo os tratamentos: T1. Apenas água; T2. Ácido bórico; T3. Sulfato de zinco; T4. T2 + T3; T5. Ácido bórico + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA; T6. Sulfato de zinco + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA; T7. T5 + T6; T8. Ácido bórico + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA + molibdato de sódio + enxofre + cloreto de cálcio; T9. Sulfato de zinco + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA + sulfato ferroso + sulfato de Mn + sulfato de Mg e T10. T8+T9. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e compararam-se as médias utilizando-se o teste de Tukey a 5%. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: 1. O produto comercial 8 (Ácido bórico + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA + molibdato de sódio + enxofre + cloreto de cálcio) foi mais eficiente no fornecimento de B às plantas; bem como, o produto comercial 6 (Sulfato de zinco + uréia + ácido cítrico + EDTA) foi mais eficiente no fornecimento de Zn à pereira japonesa; 2. Os aumentos... / The application leaf spray fertilization of boron and zinc has been often used; the results of these applications are misinterpreted yet. In this context, the objective of this research was to verify the effect of leaf spray fertilization of B and Zn on the nutrition, production and quality of fruits of Japanese pear tree. The experiment was conducted in the period from 2004 to 2007, in Ilha Solteira, northwestern Sao Paulo State – Brazil. It was used plants of Japanese pear tree, Okusankichi cultivar, grafted on pyrus communis L. rootstock as well as doses of 110 g ha-1 of B e 250 g ha-1 of Zn in each application according each treatment, which were: T1. Water; T2. Boric acid; T3. Zinc sulfate; T4. T2 + T3; T5. Boric acid + urea + citric acid + EDTA, T6. Zzinc sulfate + urea + citric acid + EDTA, T7. T5 + T6, T8. Bric acid + urea + citric acid + EDTA + sodium molibdate + sulfur + calcium chloride, T9. Zinc sulfate + urea + citric acid + EDTA + Fe sulfate + Mn sulfate + Mg sulfate and, T10. T8+T9. A randomized blocks design was used and the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5%. Based on the results we may conclude that: 1. The commercial product to treatment n.8 (boric acid + urea + citric acid + EDTA + sodium molibdate + sulfur + calcium chloride) was efficient to provide B to Japanese pear tree, as well as, that to treatment n. 6 (zinc sulfate + urea + citric acid + EDTA) was efficient to provide Zn to Japanese pear tree, 2. The increasing of the leaf contents of B and Zn were not sufficient to modify the components of production, 3. The commercial product to treatment n. 5 (boric acid + urea + citric acid + EDTA) promoted an elevation of total titratable acidity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Poliana_Francescatto.pdf: 2354601 bytes, checksum: f9edc628e12d95fd04503d6e3013ba1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-12 / Quince has been used as an alternative of rootstock for pear trees because of its dwarfing effect which allows better tree vigor control, fruiting precocity and yield influence. However, highlighting the issue of rootstock versus cultivar, some combinations show severe problems regarding graft incompatibility. The main characteristics seen by incompatible combinations are cell necrosis and vascular discontinuity at the graft interface, leading to a rupture of the union or a slow tree decline. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the influence of different quince and Pyrus calleryana on vegetative growth of pear trees through combination performance, scion x rootstock. The work was carried out at the Centro Agropecuário da Palma in Capão do Leão, RS, from March 2007 to March 2009. The assessed cultivars were Carrick, Packham s Triumph and Williams, and the rootstocks were: P. calleryana and the quinces Adams, Alaranjado, Alongado, BA29, Berreckzi, Champion, D Angers, D Vranja, De Patras, Du Lot, Inta267, MC, Meliforme, Pineapple, Portugal and Smyrna. Tree height, increment of tree height; canopy volume; rootstock, union and scion diameters; diameters increment of rootstock, union and scion; fresh pruning weight and specific leaf area. The rootstock P. calleryana showed superior vigor for the three cultivars whether compared with all evaluated quince rootstocks. Incompatibility between plants is not individually defined only by the overgrowth at the graft union. Both observation and comparison of the all tree characteristics due scion/rootstock combination is of fundamental importance to diagnose incompatibility. Tree height, canopy volume and fresh pruning weight are the representative variables of pear tree vigor. The cultivar Carrick showed reduced vigor (64% in relation to P. calleryana) and compatibility with the quince rootstocks (in descending order of vigor): ‗Inta267 , ‗D Vranja , ‗BA29 , ‗Champion , ‗Portugal , ‗Pineapple , ‗Adams , ‗MC , ‗Berreckzi and ‗Meliforme . ‗Alaranjado and ‗Du Lot were incompatible with this cultivar. The cultivar Packham s showed reduced vigor (46.5% in relation to P. calleryana) and compatibility with the quince rootstocks (in descending order of vigor): ‗Smyrna , ‗D Angers and ‗Alongado . ‗Adams was incompatible with this cultivar. The cultivar Williams showed reduced vigor (60.4% in relation to P. calleryana) and compatibility only with the quince rootstocks (in descending order of vigor): 'Champion , ‗Meliforme and 'Du Lot . ‗BA29 , 'Smyrna , ‗Berreckzi , 'D Vranja , ‗De Patras and ‗MC were incompatible with this cultivar. / O marmeleiro é usado como uma alternativa de porta-enxerto para pereiras por possuir efeito ananizante, permitindo melhor controle do vigor da planta, e por induzir precocidade na frutificação e produtividade. No entanto, considerando o assunto porta-enxerto versus cultivar, algumas combinações apresentam sérios problemas de incompatibilidade de enxertia. As principais características mostradas pelas combinações incompatíveis são necrose celular e descontinuidade vascular na interface do enxerto, a qual leva a uma ruptura da união ou um lento declínio da planta. Neste contexto o projeto teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes porta-enxertos de marmeleiros e Pyrus calleryana sobre o crescimento vegetativo de plantas de pereira através do comportamento da respectiva combinação copa x porta-enxerto. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro Agropecuário da Palma, Capão do Leão, RS, no período de março de 2007 a março de 2009. As cultivares testadas foram Carrick, Packham s Triumph e Williams, e os porta-enxertos: P. calleryana e os marmeleiros Adams, Alaranjado, Alongado, BA29, Berreckzi, Champion, D Angers, D Vranja, De Patras, Du Lot, Inta267, MC, Meliforme, Pineapple, Portugal e Smyrna. As variáveis avaliadas foram altura de planta; incremento de altura de planta; volume de copa; diâmetro de tronco do porta-enxerto, da cv. copa e do ponto de enxertia; incremento do diâmetro do tronco; massa verde de poda e área foliar específica. O porta-enxerto de pereira P. calleryana mostrou-se superior em vigor se comparado com todos os marmeleiros estudados para todas as cultivares. A incompatibilidade entre plantas não é definida, isoladamente, apenas pelo engrossamento na união de enxertia. A observação e comparação conjunta das características da planta, devido a combinação copa/porta-enxerto é de fundamental importância para diagnosticar incompatibilidade. Altura de planta, volume de copa e massa verde de poda foram as variáveis representativas de vigor de pereiras. A cultivar Carrick apresentou vigor reduzido (64% em relação a P. calleryana) e compatibilidade com os porta-enxertos de marmeleiros (em ordem decrescente de vigor): ‗Inta267 , ‗D Vranja , ‗BA29 , ‗Champion , ‗Portugal , ‗Pineapple , ‗Adams , ‗MC , ‗Berreckzi e ‗Meliforme . Os porta-enxertos ‗Alaranjado e ‗Du Lot foram incompatíveis com esta cultivar. A cultivar Packham s apresentou vigor reduzido (46,5% em relação a P. calleryana) e compatibilidade com os porta-enxertos de marmeleiros (em ordem decrescente de vigor): ‗Smyrna , ‗D Angers e ‗Alongado . O porta-enxerto ‗Adams foi incompatível com esta cultivar. A cultivar Williams apresentou vigor reduzido (60,4% em relação a P. calleryana) e compatibilidade apenas com os porta-enxertos de marmeleiros (em ordem decrescente de vigor): 'Champion , ‗Meliforme e 'Du Lot . Os porta-enxertos ‗BA29 , 'Smyrna , ‗Berreckzi , 'D Vranja , ‗De Patras e ‗MC foram incompatíveis com esta cultivar.

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Um die Erhaltung und Nutzung der beiden gefährdeten, hochwertigen Baumarten Pyrus pyraster und Sorbus torminalis zu fördern, wurden Methoden der in vitro Kultur und der Kryokonservierung evaluiert und optimiert. Kryokonservierung von Sorbus torminalis wird erstmalig beschrieben. Als Explantatquellen dienten Winterknospen, überwiegend von selektierten Bäumen aus Nachkommenschaftsprüfungen. Von den geprüften Faktoren Nährmedienzusammensetzung, Kulturgefäß, Schneidetechnik, Temperatur, Pikiertermin und physiologischer Zustand der Explantate erwies sich letzterer als entscheidend. Die Reiser mit den Winterknospen wurden in zwei aufeinander folgenden Jahren im November, Dezember, Januar, Februar und März geerntet und sowohl direkt als auch nach 2-monatiger Lagerung bei +5°C bearbeitet. Bei Pyrus führte Ernte im März zu den besten Ergebnissen der in vitro Kultur. Die besten Ergebnisse der Kryokonservierung wurden von Ernten im November bis Januar erzielt. Bei Sorbus differierten die Ergebnisse der in vitro Kultur zwischen den Jahren so stark, dass keine Aussage möglich war. Bei der Kryokonservierung waren die Erntetermine Dezember und Januar erfolgreich. Zur Kryokonservierung von in vitro Material wurden die Alginat-Einkapselung und die Droplet-Technik geprüft. Mit Pyrus wurden mit der Droplet-Technik Vitalitätsraten zwischen 7 und 13% erzielt, wenn eine bisher unveröffentlichte Kombination von Vorbehandlungen und PVS2-Vitrifizierung eingesetzt wurden. Die Kryokonservierung wirkte sich im Vergleich weder positiv noch negativ auf Wachstum und Entwicklung aus. Die Diskrepanz zwischen der Nutzung der tiefen Dormanz der Knospen und des damit verbundenen natürlichen Frostschutzes für die Kryokonservierung einerseits und der Vermeidung von tiefer Dormanz bei Etablierung von in vitro Kulturen wegen der damit verbundenen Wachstumshemmung andererseits wird diskutiert. / To facilitate conservation and utilization of the endangered valuable tree species Pyrus pyraster and Sorbus torminalis methods of in vitro culture and cryopreservation were evaluated and optimized. Cryopreservation of Sorbus torminalis is described for the first time. The explant sources were dormant winter buds, mainly from selected trees from progeny trials. The evaluation of media composition, culture vessel, cutting technique, date of pricking and physiological state proved the latter to be crucial. Twigs with winter buds were harvested in two subsequent years in November, December, January, February and March and were processed immediately and after two months of storage at +5°C. With Pyrus, the best results in in vitro culture were obtained after harvest in March while for cryopreservation harvest in November to January proved to be best. With Sorbus, the results in in vitro culture differed between the years and no conclusion could be drawn. Cryopreservation was successful after harvest in December and January. Encapsulation in alginate and the droplet-technique were evaluated for the cryopreservation of in vitro material. Vitality rates of 7 to 13% were achieved with Pyrus using the droplet-technique with a combination of pre-treatments and PVS2-vitrification not published so far. In comparison, cryopreservation was of neither positive nor negative influence on growth and development. The discrepancy between deep dormancy of buds being useful for cryopreservation because of its natural frost protection and the need to avoid it because it impedes in vitro culture is discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:42:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV14DA009.pdf: 2537608 bytes, checksum: 52becf46e22999496c3c26525a0865d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The culture of pear (Pyrus communis L.), has great potential for expansion in Southern Brazil due to climate and soil conditions. The lack of information regarding the (s) best (s) combination (s) of european pear cultivars scion and quince rootstocks as vegetative aspect and productive potential has limited the cultivation of pear in the country. In this contexto, the objetive was to evaluate the agronomic aspects of vegetative and productive cultivars scioneuropean pear (Pyrus communis. L) grafted on quince rootstocks (Cydonia oblonga. L) in médium systems, super and high planting densities, at conditions the conditions of the Santa Catarina plateau. The experiments were conducted in the área of company experimental Agrícola Fraiburgo S/A, located in Urupema, state of Santa catarina, during the cropping cycles 2011/12, 12/23 and 13/14. In Chapter I, we used three systems, characterized as average (2500 plants ha¯¹), high (5000 plants ha¯¹) and super (7500 plants ha¯¹) densities. In médium density system, the combinations evaluated among european pear cultivars and quince rootstocks were: Abbè Fetel/Adams Conference/Adams, Clapp s Favourite/EMA, Santa Maria/Adams, rocha/Adams, Packham s Triumph/Adams, Decana du Comice/Adams e Packam s Triumph/EMA. In high density planting combinations were evaluated: Conference/EMC, Clapp s Favourite/EMA, Rocha/EMC, Abbè Fetel/EMC, William s/EMC e Packham s/EMA. In the super density, evaluated the combinations: Rocha/Adams, Santa Maria/Adams, Packam s Triumph/EMC, Abbè Fetel/EMC, Abbè Fetel/Adams and Rocha/EMC. In Chapter II, we evaluated the compartibility of grafting, which consisted in the analysis of growth and vascular grafting connection in the following combinations: Abbè Fetel/Adams, Decana du Comice/Adams, Clapp s Favourite/EMA, Rocha/Adams, Packham s Triumph/EMA and Santa Maria/Adams density of 2500 plants ha¯¹ and Rocha/EMC, Abbè Fetel/EMC and William s/EMC density of 5000 plants ha¯¹. In chapter III, we evaluated the distribution of the root system of diferente combinations of european pear cultivars scion and quince rootstocks at planting density of 2500 plants ha¯¹ with the following combinations: Abbè Fetel/Adams, Clapp s Favourite/EMA, Santa Maria/Adams, Rocha/Adams, Decana du Comice/Adams and Packham s Triumph/EMA and density of 5000 plants ha¯¹: Conference/EMC, Clapp s Favourite/EMA, Rocha/EMC, Abbè Fetel/EMC, William s/EMC e Packham s Triumph/EMA. The combination Abbè Fetel/Adams is more vigorou, reporting low yield in médium super system and planting density. The combination Santa Maria grafted on quince Adams gives intermediate vegetative growth of plants and high producrtivity in médium system and super planting density. Combinations Clapp s Favourite/EMA and William s/EMC are incompatible with quince rootstocks of tested, it is possible to observe a clear discontinuity in the region of vascular graft union. Santa Maria and Rocha grafted on quince Adams exhibit a continous vascular union between cultivar and rootstock, with no symptoms of vascular disruption at any level. In planting density of 2500 plants ha¯¹, to jointly analyse the six combinations of european pear cultivars and quince rootstocks throught the spatial distribution of root length at depth, there was a higher concentration of roots in the first 40 cm of depth. Regarding the effective depth, it was observed that up to 40 cm depth concentrate 80% of the total root for all combinations of the average and six combinations evaluated, 83% of root geowth is located on the respective depth. Regarding the effective distance, it was observed that the distance at which are 80% of total root length was 80 cm for all combinations exceptd the Clapp s FAvourite/EMA, which the effective distance was 100 cm. Irt was observed that the average of the six combinations,86% of root growth in horizontal distance located up to 80 cm. Already at a density of 5000 plants ha¯¹ jointly analyzing the six combinations of euroepean pears cultivars and rootstocks quince, it was observed that the greatest concentration of the first roots 40 cm deep, about 90% of the distribution root. Regarding combinations evaluated, it was observed that cv. Packham s Triumph grafted on quince EMA provided greater root growth, and may infer that their combination, compared to the other, exploring a greater volume of soil in the planting density of 5000 plants ha¯¹ and is able to check out the shoot of plant vigor. Regarding the effective depth, it was observed that up to 30 cm deep focus 80% of total root length, evaluated for all combinations except the comnbination William s/EMC that got in this depth, only 60% of root volume. For this combination in particular, has been considered effective depth of 40 cm. As the density of 2500 plants ha¯¹ at a density of 5000 ha¯¹ plants, the major root length also concentrated in the largest amount of available nutrientes and water to the roots region, which should ensure a greater capacity of the plant cultivation of the soil, and thus greater absorption of water nutrients / A cultura da pereira (Pyrus communis. L), possui potencial de expansão em algumas regiões do sul do Brasil, devido às condições climáticas e de solo. A despeito disso, a carência de informações a respeito da(s) melhor(es) combinação(ões) entre cultivares copa de pereiras europeias e portaenxertos de marmeleiro quanto ao aspecto vegetativo e ao potencial produtivo tem limitado a produção de pera no país. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar agronomicamente os aspectos vegetativos e produtivos de cultivares copa de pereiras europeias (Pyrus communis. L) enxertadas sobre portaenxertos de marmeleiro (Cydonia oblonga. L) em sistemas de média, alta e super densidades de plantio, nas condições edafoclimáticas da região do planalto catarinense. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental da empresa Agrícola Fraiburgo S/A, localizada na cidade de Urupema, estado de Santa Catarina, durante os ciclos de cultivo 2011/12, 12/13 e 13/14. No capítulo I, utilizou-se três sistemas, caracterizados como média (2500 plantas ha-1), alta (5000 plantas ha-1) e super (7500 plantas ha-1) densidades de plantio. No sistema de média densidade, as combinações avaliadas entre cultivares de pereiras europeias e portaenxertos de marmeleiro foram: Abbè Fetel/Adams, Conference/Adams, Clapp´s Favourite/EMA, Santa Maria/Adams, Rocha/Adams, Packham´s Triumph/Adams, Decana du Comice/Adams e Packham´s Triumph/EMA. Na alta densidade de plantio, foram avaliadas as combinações: Conference/EMC, Clapp´s Favourite/EMA, Rocha/EMC, Abbè Fetel/EMC, William´s/EMC e Packham´s Triumph/EMA. Já na super densidade, avaliaram-se as combinações: Rocha/Adams, Santa Maria/Adams, Packham´s Triumph/EMC, Abbè Fetel/EMC, Abbè Fetel/Adams e Rocha/EMC. No capítulo II, avaliou-se a compatibilidade de enxertia, que consistiu na análise de crescimento e conexão vascular no ponto de enxertia das seguintes combinações: Abbè Fetel/Adams, Decana du Comice/Adams, Clapp´s Favourite/EMA, Rocha/Adams, Packham´s Triumph/EMA e Santa Maria/Adams na densidade de 2500 plantas ha-1 e Rocha/EMC, Abbè Fetel/EMC e William´s/EMC para a densidade de 5000 plantas ha-1. No capítulo III, avaliou-se a distribuição do sistema radicular das diferentes combinações de cultivares copa de pereiras europeias e portaenxertos de marmeleiro. Na densidade de plantio de 2500 plantas ha-1, utilizou-se as seguintes combinações: Abbè Fetel/Adams, Clapp´s Favourite/EMA, Santa Maria/Adams, Rocha/Adams, Decana du Comice/Adams e Packham´s Triumph/EMA enquanto que na densidade de 5000 plantas ha-1: Conference/EMC, Clapp´s Favourite/EMA, Rocha/EMC, Abbè Fetel/EMC, William´s/EMC e Packham´s Triumph/EMA. A combinação Abbè Fetel/Adams é mais vigorosa, reportando baixo rendimento em sistema de média e super densidade de plantio. A combinação Santa Maria enxertada sobre o marmeleiro Adams, confere crescimento vegetativo intermediário às plantas e alta produtividade em sistema de média e super densidade de plantio. As combinações Clapp´s Favourite/EMA e William´s/EMC são incompatíveis com os portaenxertos de marmeleiros testados, sendo possível observar uma clara descontinuidade vascular na região de união do enxerto. Santa Maria e Rocha enxertadas sobre o marmeleiro Adams, apresentam uma união vascular contínua entre cultivar e portaenxerto, não havendo sintomas de descontinuidade vascular em nenhum nível. Para a densidade de plantio de 2500 plantas ha-1, observou-se maior concentração de raízes nos primeiros 40 cm de profundidade. Em relação à profundidade efetiva, observou-se que até 40 cm de profundidade concentram-se 80% do comprimento total de raízes para todas as combinações e que na média das seis combinações avaliadas, 83% da concentração radicular localiza-se na respectiva profundidade. Em relação à distância efetiva, observou-se que a distância na qual se encontram 80% do comprimento total de raízes foi 80 cm para todas as combinações, com exceção da Clapp´s Favourite/EMA, a qual a distância efetiva foi 100 cm. Foi possível observar que na média das seis combinações, 86% da concentração radicular na distância horizontal localiza-se até 80 cm. Já na densidade de 5000 plantas ha-1, analisando conjuntamente as seis combinações de cultivares de pereiras europeias e portaenxertos de marmeleiro, observou-se que há maior concentração de raízes nos primeiros 40 cm de profundidade, cerca de 90 % de toda a distribuição do sistema radicular. Em relação às combinações avaliadas, observou-se que a cv. Packham´s Triumph enxertada sobre o marmeleiro EMA proporcionou maior crescimento de raízes, podendo inferir que a respectiva combinação, comparada às demais, explora um maior volume de solo na densidade de plantio de 5000 plantas ha-1. Em relação à profundidade efetiva, observou-se que até 30 cm de profundidade se concentram 80 % do comprimento total de raízes, para todas as combinações avaliadas, com exceção da combinação William´s/EMC que obteve na respectiva profundidade, apenas 60% de volume radicular. Para esta combinação, a profundidade considerada efetiva foi de 40 cm. Assim como na densidade de 2500 plantas ha-1, na densidade de 5000 plantas ha-1, o maior comprimento radicular também concentrou-se na região de maior quantidade de água e nutrientes disponíveis às raízes, o que deve assegurar à planta maior capacidade de exploração do solo e, por conseguinte, maior absorção de água e nutrientes