The diploma objectives are to describe software quality model defined in ISO/IEC 9126, to describe the basic concepts of quality assurance and software testing, to identify possible errors when writing tests, introduce designs patterns for writing tests. Further describe the architecture of applications built on the Java EE platform, to introduce frameworks for testing various parts of the applications built on the Java EE platform, to illustrate the creation of unit tests using test doubles for these applications, to evaluate the importance of unit tests for quality assurance software.

The subject of this thesis is testing and quality assurance during software development. The theoretical part explains the meaning of software quality and then describes the metrics used to evaluate software quality. The following part explains the differences between software quality assurance in agile and traditional software development methodologies, including criteria on how to compare the methodologies. Throughout the thesis, there are briefly summarized basic concepts which then include the differences between stat-ic/dynamic testing and manual/automatic testing, as well as a role of quality assurance en-gineer in software development. The practical section extends to an existing software development methodology for small software projects (MMSP) in its testing area. New testing activities, artifacts, and roles are introduced in order to align with real requirements for software testing. They will also function in the methodology when used in the testing area for development of more robust applications in bigger teams. Test management tools and test automation tools are described and followed with recommendations for methodol-ogy usage for only a selected few.

Orientador: Miguel Juan Bacic / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:12:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vannucci_JoaoCarlosPiedade_M.pdf: 266701 bytes, checksum: 10ee6b7ec000accb8cfc088a830a6efc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: As normas ISO 9000, constituindo o guia mais adequado para estabelecer, manter e documentar um Sistema de Qualidade formalizado em empresas de países economicamente expressivos, têm sido o tema de vários estudos e artigos em revistas especializadas. Acredita-se que parte do seu sucesso se deva ao fato de o Sistema da Qualidade ser passível de certificação por um organismo independente. Tal certificação pode indicar que a firma adota um mínimo de controle em seus processos produtivos, podendo gerar bens e serviços. Porém, fica uma questão controversa: a certificação traz ganhos para as empresas certificadas? Este trabalho procura estabelecer uma ligação entre a certificação e a performance empresarial, investigando as pequenas indústrias químicas paulistas que se certificaram nas normas ISO 9000. Dados financeiros públicos de empresas certificadas e não certificadas foram usados para testar a hipótese. Os resultados aqui obtidos podem auxiliar as empresas e os estudiosos do assunto, na sua decisão sobre as vantagens ou desvantagens da certificação / Abstract: ISO 9000 procedures, the most popular indicator to establish, upkeep and document a quality system at almost any company worldwide, have been discussed in many studies and articles in related magazines. Part of its success may be due to the fact that the quality system procedure can be certified by an independent organization. ISO 9000 would show that those certified companies have a certain control over their productive process, and may offer high quality goods and services. However, there still remains a controversy: does ISO 9000 actually bring profits to those certified companies? This essay is to establish a connection between the Certificate itself and certified companies¿ results, focusing on small chemical industries in the state of São Paulo that have adopted ISO 9000 procedures. Public financial data from both certified and non-certified companies were used to verify the hypothesis. The results obtained here may help related researchers and companies, on their decision about whether or not the Certificate brings more advantages / Mestrado / Gestão da Qualidade Total / Mestre Profissional em Engenharia Mecanica

This study aimed to evaluate the conformity of care practice of nursing staff in handling the central vascular catheter. This is a descriptive, prospective, observational study in the Intensive Care Unit of a reference hospital in the state of Sergipe. Data collection occurred from January to March 2016, in three shifts, from direct and structured observation of procedures involving the manipulation of central vascular catheter. The sample was not probabilistic, intentional and consisted of three procedures watching opportunities performed by nursing staff administering medication, changing needleless components and dressing change. For data analysis we calculated the overall compliance rates and specific from the recommended process indicators by ANVISA, subject to a stated Positivity Index (PI) equal to or greater than 80%, which corresponds to safe care. They were also made associations between variables (professional category, shift and sex) and the three observed procedures (medication administration, exchange equipo and dressing change) from the chi-square test and Fisher exact test, adopting a level of 5% significance. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe and nursing professionals signed the consent form consenting to observe its practices. 912 observations were made care involving the manipulation of the central venous catheter 378 (41.4%) observations of drug administrations, 267 (29.3%) of staff changes and 267 (29.3%) of dressings . 72 professionals were observed, most female 54 (72%). Of the total of professionals 55 (76%) were nursing technicians and 17 (24%) were nurses, distributed between the morning shift, 16 (22%), in the afternoon, 13 (18%) and night, 43 (60 %). The desired overall compliance has not been achieved in the three procedures observed, indicating a classified assistance as unwanted. As regards the administration of drugs, 3 (33%) observed actions reached specific line desired by the study, exchanging mans, 2 (25%) and dressing change, 8 (72%) shares have greater than or equal accordance 80%. Actions involving hand hygiene before aseptic procedure had lower specific compliance rate in the three procedures. When the variables associated work shift and sex of the nursing professional to assessed procedures, the night shift and the male nurses had most actions accordingly. There was no difference between the professional categories Nurse and Technician Nursing. It was evident that the conformity of the observed procedures are less than expected, demonstrating the importance of evaluation of work processes to improve care. The findings contribute to the development of educational strategies to ensure improved care practices, correcting the vulnerabilities found in the study. / O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a conformidade da prática assistencial da equipe de enfermagem no manuseio do cateter vascular central. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, prospectivo, observacional realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um Hospital referência do estado de Sergipe. A coleta de dados ocorreu de janeiro a março de 2016, nos três turnos de trabalho, a partir da observação direta e estruturada dos procedimentos envolvendo a manipulação do cateter vascular central. A amostra foi não probabilística, do tipo intencional e constituiu-se das oportunidades de observação de três procedimentos executados pela equipe de enfermagem: administração de medicamentos, troca de equipo e troca de curativo. Para análise dos dados foram calculadas as taxas de conformidade geral e específica, a partir dos indicadores de processo recomendados pela ANVISA, sendo estabelecido um Índice de Positividade (IP) igual ou maior que 80%, que corresponde a uma assistência segura. Foram realizadas também associações entre as variáveis (categoria profissional, turno e sexo) e os três procedimentos observados (administração de medicamentos, troca de equipo e troca de curativo) a partir do teste de Qui- Quadrado e Exato de Fisher, adotando um nível de significância de 5%. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe e os profissionais de enfermagem assinaram o TCLE, consentindo a observação de suas práticas assistenciais. Foram realizadas 912 observações do cuidado, envolvendo a manipulação do cateter vascular central, 378 (41,4%) observações de administrações de medicamentos, 267 (29,3%) de trocas de equipe e 267 (29,3%) de troca de curativos. Foram observados 72 profissionais, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino 54 (72%). Do total de profissionais 55 (76%) eram Técnicos de Enfermagem e 17 (24%) eram Enfermeiros, distribuídos entre os turnos da manhã, 16 (22%), da tarde, 13 (18%) e da noite, 43 (60%). A conformidade geral almejada não foi alcançada nos três procedimentos observados, evidenciando uma assistência classificada como indesejada. No que se refere à administração de medicamentos, 3 (33%) ações observadas alcançaram conformidade específica almejada pelo estudo, a troca de equipo, 2(25%) e a troca de curativo, 8 (72%) ações apresentaram conformidade maior ou igual a 80%. As ações envolvendo a higienização das mãos antes do procedimento asséptico apresentaram menor taxa de conformidade específica nos três procedimentos. Quando associadas as variáveis turno de trabalho e sexo do profissional de enfermagem aos procedimentos avaliados, o turno da noite e os profissionais de enfermagem do sexo masculino apresentaram maioria das ações em conformidade. Não houve diferença entre as categorias profissionais Enfermeiro e Técnico de Enfermagem. Evidenciou-se que as conformidades dos procedimentos observados se encontram aquém do esperado, demonstrando a importância da avaliação dos processos de trabalho para a melhoria do cuidado. Os dados encontrados contribuirão para a elaboração de estratégias educativas capazes de assegurar a melhoria das práticas assistenciais, corrigindo as vulnerabilidades encontradas no estudo.

During the industrialization of the 19th century the negative health effects of vitamin D was discovered as children in the cities developed osteomalacia or more commonly known as rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol during sun-exposure and enhances intestinal phosphor and calcium absorption thus enhancing the bone remodeling process. Now, in the 21st century, Vitamin D is still relevant as positive health effects have been recognized and with it an increased number of samples and a demand for accurate analyzing. Vitamin D is commonly believed to be sensitive to ultraviolet radiation in serum and blood samples and therefore have traditionally been kept protected from light exposure from the time of sampling until the finished analyze. However recent studies have proven 25- hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) to be stable in both whole blood and serum. As previous studies have been primarily conducted in research laboratories with the aim to study vitamin D under specific research-laboratory conditions the aim of this study was to study the stability of 25[OH]D in serum and whole blood within both primary care- and hospital laboratories under normal and exaggerated conditions with the purpose to evaluate possible pre-analytical issues with everyday handling processes. The assay used was high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLCMS/MS, and the sought analytes 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25[OH]D2 and 25[OH]D3. The results showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D is stable in serum for 24 hours at room temperature whilst exposed to light both ultraviolet and fluorescent. The analyte is also stable for up to four freeze-thaw cycles rendering the process of light-protection and samples frozen immediately after centrifugation superfluous. The results also ensure reliable results even if samples are accidently left on benchtops or saved refrozen to be reanalyzed at a later date. / Under den industriella revolutionen på 1800 talet upptäcktes de negativa hälsoeffekterna av vitamin D-brist då barnen i städerna utvecklade rakit (osteomalaci) eller engelska sjukan som sjukdomen också kallas på grund av brist på sol och D-vitamin. Vitamin D produceras i huden från 7-dehydrokolesterol vid solexponering och ökar upptaget av fosfor och kalcium i tarmen som i sin tur förbättrar återuppbyggnaden av skelettet. Vitamin D är fortfarande aktuell även nu i vår tid men då för dess nyupptäckta hälsofrämjande egenskaper som till exempel förebyggandet av coloncancer. Detta medför även en ökning av antalet analyser och kräver därmed en adekvat analysmetod. Traditionellt har det antagits att vitamin D är ljuskänsligt i alla former därför har blod och serum ljusskyddats, från provtagningstillfället fram tills dess att analysen är utförd. Dock har nya studier visat att 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) är mycket stabilt bundet till vitamindbindande protein i både serum och helblod. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera om 25[OH]D i serum och helblod behöver ljusskddas genom att studera stabiliteten hos 25[OH]D i både serum och helblod under normala primärvårdslaboratorie- och sjukhuslaboratorieförhållanden samt under extrema förhållanden för att utvärdera eventuella preanalytiska problem eller fel relaterade till den vardagliga hanteringen av vitamin D prover. Proverna analyserades med högupplösande vätskekromatografi-tandem masspektrometri, HPLC-MS/MS, och de sökta analyterna var 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25[OH]D2 och 25[OH]D3. Resultat från studien visade att 25-hydroxyvitamin D är stabilt i serum i 24 timmar i rumstemperatur med ljusexponering från både ultraviolett och fluorescerande ljus. 25-hydroxyvitamin D är även stabil i serum upp till fyra frys- och tiningscykler. Detta gör att provhanteringen kan förenklas genom att dessa prover inte behöver ljusskyddas samt att serumet ej behöver frysas in direkt efter centrifugering. Resultatet säkerställer även tillförlitliga resultat om prover lämnas framme på bänken av misstag eller om prover behöver sparas och frysas om för att analyseras vid senare tillfälle.

La thèse est une recherche action ; l'action s'articule autour d'une plateforme de télémédecine, évaluée en matière de processus et de résultats dans des publications scientifiques et en matière éthique dans le présent manuscrit. La plateforme de télé-expertise a été crée sur le modèle développé par le collegium telemedicus (https://collegiumtelemedicus.org) et implantée sur les terrains d'intervention de Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), organisation non gouvernementale humanitaire. Le système donne accès à un réseau de spécialistes capables de répondre sous quelques heures aux demandes d'avis spécialisés des soignants en situation d'isolement géographique et / ou dans des zones à faibles ressources. Plus de 4000 cas ont été traités à travers la plateforme confirmant le besoin et l'intérêt du service par les soignants présents sur le terrain. Les évaluations scientifiques montrent que le système est fiable et performant. La majorité des utilisateurs juge le service utile et adapté aux besoins du terrain avec un effet positif sur la prise en charge des patients. L'accès à un spécialiste réduit en outre le sentiment d'isolement des praticiens en leur permettant une gestion collégiale des cas et participe à son éducation dans des domaines spécialisés. Un certains nombre de limites existent toutefois, comme les difficultés de suivi des patients ou l'absence de retour adressé à l'expert impliqué sur l'évolution du cas après son avis. L'action est née sous la double impulsion d'un constat d'une perte de chance en l'absence d'accès aux spécialistes et de l'injustice d'accès aux soins spécialisés en situation d'isolement géographique et dans des zones à faibles ressources. Bien que le droit international plaide pour le meilleur soin pour tous, il le conditionne aux ressources disponibles des populations concernées, signant par là même le constat de son impuissance à faire appliquer le droit qu'il proclame. L'action mise en œuvre grâce au soutien opérationnel de MSF (connaissance du terrain, recrutement des spécialistes volontaires...) apporte une réponse concrète et immédiate à cette injustice. L'évaluation rigoureuse du système relève d'une démarche éthique qui vise à s'assurer d'une utilisation efficiente des ressources dans un contexte où leur allocation est un enjeu éthique majeur. L'analyse a permis d'établir dans quelle mesure l'action respecte les principes éthiques de bienfaisance et de non-malfaisance et comment le principe d'autonomie se trouve renforcé par l'accès aux avis spécialisés en améliorant les « capabilités » individuelles. Enfin, l'action interroge nos pratiques de pays à haut revenus, notamment la place et l'organisation de la médecine spécialisée. Les solutions développées dans les zones à faibles revenus constituent des modèles efficaces et économes, susceptibles de faire évoluer la façon de penser la santé et le modèle de soin dans les pays à haut revenus. / The thesis is an action research; the action is based on a telemedicine platform, evaluated in terms of process and results in scientific publications and ethics issues raised in this manuscript. The tele-expertise platform was created on the model developed by the collegium telemedicus (https://collegiumtelemedicus.org) and implemented on the intervention fields of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), a humanitarian non-governmental organization. The system provides access to a network of specialists able to respond within a few hours to requests for expert advice to healthcare providers in situations of geographic isolation and / or in low-resource settings. More than 4000 cases were processed through the platform, confirming the need for and interest in the service by healthcare providers working in difficult environments. The scientific assessments show that the system is reliable and efficient. The majority of users judge the service to be useful and well adapted to the needs in the field with a positive impact on patient management and outcomes. Access to specialists also reduces the sense of isolation of practitioners, allowing them collegial case management and assisting in their education in specialized areas. However, a certain number of limitations exist, such as monitoring patient follow-up or lack of feedback sent to the expert involved on the evolution of the case following the provision of expert advice. The action is born from the loss of opportunity caused by the absence of access to specialists, and the injustice represented by restricted access to specialized care in a situation of geographic isolation or in low-resource settings. International law advocates the best possible care for all, but acknowledges that it depends on the available resources of the targeted populations.Thus international law acknowledges its inability to apply the law that it proclaims. The action was implemented thanks to the operational support of MSF (field experience, volunteer specialists recruitment ...). It provides a concrete and immediate response to the injustice of restricted access to expertise from the field. Rigorous evaluation of the system comes within an ethical approach designed to ensure an efficient use of resources in a context where their allocation is a major ethical issue. The analysis helped to establish the extent to which the action respects the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, and how the principle of autonomy is reinforced by access to expert advice by improving the "capabilities" of the individual. Finally, the action questions existing high-income country practices, including the establishment and organization of specialized medicine. The solutions developed in low-resources areas are effective and efficient models, likely to change the way of thinking about health and care model in high income countries.

Stora investeringar kommer ske inom den svenska infrastrukturen de närmaste åren vilket skapar möjligheter för entreprenadföretag att expandera. För att generera god lönsamhet för företaget är effektiva processer önskvärt. Det kan uppnås genom att tillgängliga resurser nyttjas på bästa sätt samtidigt som slöseriet i processen är minimalt. Studien fokuserar på egenkontroller av anläggningsbranschen och vägprojekt eftersom det idag är ett relativt outforskat område. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka kvalitetsäkringsprocessen för vägentreprenader med fokus på entreprenörens egenkontroll. Detta för att ge insikt om processen för att identifiera utmaningar och slöseri. I studien utreds fallföretagets egenkontrollsprocess för vägprojekt. Studien är explorativ för att samla kunskap inom ett specifikt område. Forskningsansatsen är av induktiv karaktär eftersom studien utgår från observationer i verkligheten och försöker utforma en teori om hur slöseriet i egenkontrollsprocessen kan hanteras och minimeras. Litteraturstudie tillämpas för att ge ökad förståelse för området samt ge teoretisk grund för analysen. Datainsamlingsmetoderna som nyttjats för studien är intervjuer och sekundärdata från fallföretagets intranät. Studien klarlägger att entreprenörens skyldigheter av egenkontroll beror på vilka krav beställaren ställer på kvalitetssäkring. En vanligt förekommande utmaning för entreprenören är att kraven är fördelade i ett stort antal dokument, vilket gör det svårt att lokalisera och samla alla krav. Kraven innefattar exempelvis kontrollernas intervall, kontrollmetod och dokumentation. Studien visar att slöseri i form av väntan, överarbetning eller bristande bearbetning, onödiga arbetsmoment, defekter samt outnyttjad potential hos anställda förekommer i planerings- och produktionsskedet av egenkontrollsprocessen för vägentreprenader. Orsakerna till slöseriet bedöms vara av både extern och intern karaktär. God planering är en viktig nyckel för att arbeta smartare och förenkla processen vilket leder till frigörelse av resurser som kan nyttjas till andra arbetsuppgifter. En viktig påföljd av god planering är att kvalitetssäkringen är strukturerad och tydligt planerad innan produktionen startar på projektet, vilket bör bidra till att alla på arbetsplatsen vet hur det arbetet ska ske. Åtgärdsförslaget till fallföretaget är uppdelat i fyra kategorier: öka flexibiliteten, öka transparensen för processen, förenkla och strukturera samt slutligen ökad erfarenhetsåterföring. Rekommendationen för fallföretaget är att prioritera planeringsfasen av egenkontrollerna för att skapa mallar och kontroller som gör nytta. Rekommendationen för branschen mer generellt är att myndigheter och institutioner aktivt ska arbeta för att minimera slöseriet i sina egna processer för att se till att de inte genererar slöseri som förekommer i alla projekt oavsett entreprenör. Vidare är rekommendationen att utreda hur egenkontroll kan tillämpas på ett effektivare sätt med hög tillförlitlighet, eller om det finns något alternativ till egenkontroll som är fördelaktigare. / Major investments will be made in the Swedish infrastructure in the next few years, which creates opportunities for construction companies to expand. To generate good profitability for the company, efficient processes are desirable. It can be achieved by making the best use of available resources while minimizing waste in the process. This study focuses on self-inspections of the construction industry and road projects since it today is a relatively unexplored area.    The purpose of the degree project is to investigate the quality assurance process for road projects with a focus on the contractor's self-inspection. This is to provide insight into the process to identifying challenges and waste. The study investigates the case company's self-inspection process for road projects. The study is exploratory to gather knowledge in a specific area. The research approach is of an inductive nature because the study is based on observations, trying to formulate a theory of how waste in the self-control process can be handled and minimized. The literature study provides an increased understanding of the area and a theoretical basis for the analysis. The data collection methods used for the study are interviews and secondary data from the case company's intranet. The study clarifies that the contractor's obligations of self-inspection depend on the customer's requirements of quality assurance. A common challenge for the contractor is that the requirements are distributed in a large number of documents, which makes it difficult to locate and collect all requirements. The requirements include, for example, the intervals of the inspections, inspection method and documentation. The study shows that waste in the form of waiting, extra-processing or lack of processing, unnecessary work steps, defects and unused potential in employees occurs in the planning and production phase of the self-inspection process for road projects. The causes of the waste are assessed to be of both external and internal nature. Good planning is an important key to working smarter and simplifying the process, which leads to the release of resources that can be used for other activities. An important consequence of good planning is that the quality assurance is structured and clearly planned before production starts, which should give everyone on the workplace information on how the work should be performed. The proposed actions for the case company are divided into four categories: increase flexibility, increase transparency of the process, simplify and structure and finally, increase possibilities for a lessons learned process. The recommendation for the case company is to prioritize the planning phase of the self-inspections to create templates and inspections that are useful. The recommendation for the industry more generally, is that authorities and institutions should actively work to minimize waste in their own processes to ensure that they do not generate waste that occurs in all projects regardless of contractor. Furthermore, the recommendation is to investigate how self-inspection can be applied in a more efficient way with higher reliability, or if there is an alternative to self-inspection that is more advantageous.

The thesis deals with the issue of the formulation of new requirements to the development of new product with regard to the development of carbon-free economy and product safety improvement. The first part of the thesis describes the state of art of science and technique in the field of process management and the life cycle of a machine tool with emphasis placed on the machine tool development. The second part of the thesis includes a research of legislative requirements concerning machine safety and environmental aspects of the design of the machine to be manufactured. The practical part focuses on an analysis of key processes of the company with emphasis placed on safety and environmental friendly design processes with suggestions concerning improvement of processes with implemented sub-processes necessary for the identification and verification of safety. The thesis describes method implementation of ecodesign processes, which are presented on processes of company and demonstrated on product of drill. The thesis has practical implications for the introduction of automated sub-process of the identification and verification of safety requirements and integration of product development process in realization of ecodesign to company’s products.

This thesis concerns automation of software and hardware testing using the robotic testing system called RQA. It aims to design an interface to produce test scenarios using the robotic testing system. Next it elaborates metrics measured during testing used for quality assurance of the system uder test. One of the topics covered is a visualization of test data and measurements for an easy overview of quality.

S vývojem informací, komunikací a technologií se moderní průmyslové řídicí systémy (ICS) potýkají čím dál více s otázkami automatického testováni pro zabezpečení stability a bezpečnosti systému. Z tohoto důvodu se testování stalo jednou z nejdůležitějších částí životního cyklu všech softwarů. V této diplomové práci budu zvažovat možnost využití stávajících zkušebních metod a nástrojů pro získání dostatečné jakosti a bezpečnosti softwaru v kontinuálních integračních systémech.