O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar e validar o Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) avaliando suas propriedades de medida. Este instrumento foi traduzido, traduzido de volta para o inglês, avaliado por comitê multidisciplinar e submetido a pré-teste, gerando o FHSQ-Br. O FHSQ-Br foi submetido a teste de campo em um grupo de estudo composto por 65 pacientes com Artrite Reumatóide (AR) para avaliar a confiabilidade teste-reteste, a consistência interna e a validade do construto. A validade do construto foi testada correlacionando os escores do instrumento com dados clínicos e laboratoriais usados para avaliar a AR. Este estudo demonstrou que o FHSQ-Br é um instrumento confiável, consistente e válido, útil na avaliação da saúde dos pés, sendo passível de adaptação para diferentes culturas / The purpose of this study was to conduct a cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) evaluating its measurement properties. All ten domains of the FHSQ were translated into Portuguese by two Brazilian translators creating Version 1. This version was back-translated by two native English-speaking teachers who made suggestions for Version 1, creating Version 2. A multidisciplinary committee was formed to test the instrument’s semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual equivalences. After being reformulated and approved by the committee, Version 3 was pre-tested on a group of patients from the Rheumatology Service of the Hospital das Clínicas. They answered this version and made suggestions for the better understanding of the instructions, questions and response option. The FHSQ-Br was then created. The translated and adapted version was submitted to field test on a study group composed of sixty-five Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients to evaluate test-retest reliability, internal consistency and construct validity. The construct validity of the FHSQ-Br was tested correlating the scores to clinical and laboratory parameters commonly used to assess RA (Health Assessment Questionnaire; Numbered Rating Scale for foot pain; foot X-rays; erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein). The cultural adaptation of the FHSQ was successfully accomplished, since patients suggested changes in only three items of the instrument during the pre-test phase. In the field test, the intra-class correlation coefficients showed high reliability for both intra- and inter-observer correlations. Internal consistency coefficients were statistically significant (p<0.05) for all domains. As for the evaluation of the construct validity, each domain revealed correlations with a specific group of parameters, according to what the domains were intended to measure. The FHSQ was cross-culturally adapted generating a reliable, consistent and valid instrument. This study has proven the FHSQ-Br to be a useful tool to evaluate foot health in systemic diseases and is easily adaptable to different cultures

Objetivos: 1) Estimar a prevalência do incômodo causado pelo ruído em trabalhadores de estabelecimentos comerciais no município de São Paulo. 2) Identificar o conhecimento e a opinião dos trabalhadores de estabelecimentos comerciais em relação ao ruído urbano 3) Identificar fatores sócio-demográficos associados ao incômodo, ao conhecimento e a opinião em relação ao ruído urbano. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 400 trabalhadores de estabelecimentos comerciais situados na zona central do município de São Paulo. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário que contemplava questões sobre dados sócio-ambientais, ruído e aspectos relacionados aos incômodos por ele causados. As entrevistas foram realizadas no próprio estabelecimento onde o trabalhador atuava, em horário comercial. Mediu-se também o nível de pressão sonora no posto de trabalho, em um estabelecimento de cada rua visitada. Resultados: Dos 400 participantes, 59% eram do sexo feminino. A idade dos indivíduos variou entre 18 e 89 anos, com a mediana de 31 anos. 60% tinham nível escolar médio completo ou incompleto, 46% eram do setor de moda e 44% exerciam a função de balconista. Espontaneamente o ruído aparece em quarto colocado em incômodos no município e em primeiro em incômodo no local de trabalho e na residência. Do total, 65,75% achavam o local de trabalho ruidoso e 62,5% se mostraram incomodados com ruído neste local. O ruído interferia na atividade laboral de 43% dos trabalhadores sendo que a principal falar ao telefone (54%). Os principais problemas causados ou agravados pelo ruído, na opinião dos trabalhadores foram: perda auditiva, (72%), estresse (29%), irritabilidade (9%), dor de cabeça (7%), nervosismo (3%) e alterações do sono (1%). A maioria dos entrevistados referiu ter boa audição (96%). O sexo masculino e o maior nível de escolaridade se mostraram associados ao fato do trabalhador referir que o local de trabalho era ruidoso. Conclusões: A prevalência de trabalhadores que trabalhavam em estabelecimentos comerciais no município de São Paulo que referiram incômodo relacionado ao ruído no local de trabalho foi estimada em 62,5%. Referiram que o local de trabalho era ruidoso 65,75% trabalhadores e, o ruído do tráfego no local de trabalho incomodou 62% trabalhadores. Com os resultados deste estudo pode-se inferir que os trabalhadores conheciam tanto o risco físico do ruído, quanto o incômodo que ele pode causar. Os trabalhadores relataram que o ruído poderia causar ou agravar alguns problemas de saúde, principalmente a perda auditiva, estresse e irritabilidade / Objectives: 1) To evaluate the annoyance caused by noise among workers of commercial establishments of the city o Sao Paulo. 2) To find out the knowledge and opinion of these workers about the urban noise. 3) To identify socio-demographic factors associated to the annoyance, the knowledge and the opinion of the workers of commercial establishments in the city of Sao Paulo about the urban noise. Methods: This is a cross sectional study with 400 workers of commercial establishments located at the central area of the city of Sao Paulo. It was used a questionnaire that included questions about socio-environmental, noise and aspects related to the annoyances caused by them. The interviews were carried on at the workers workplace, during working hours. It was also measured the noise level at the workstation in one establishment of every street visited. Results: Of the 400 participants, 59% were female. The age ranged from 18 and 89 years old, with a median of 31 years. 60% of them had complete or incomplete high school educational level, 46% worked with clothes, and 44% were clerks. Noise appears spontaneously in fourth place among the annoyances at the workplace and at home. Of the participants 65.75% considered the workplace noisy, and 62.5% declared the felt annoyed by the noise at this place. Noise interfered with the professional activities of 43% of the workers, being talking to the phone the main activity disrupted (54%). Main problems caused or worsened by noise, for the workers, were: hearing loss (72%), stress (29%), irritability (9%), headache (7%), nervousness (3%), and sleep disturbances (1%). Most of the interviewed workers consider themselves as having a good hearing (96%). Male gender and higher schooling level were associated to the fact the worker mentions the workplace is noisy. Conclusions: The prevalence of people working at commercial establishments in the city of Sao Paulo who mentioned annoyance related to noise at the workplace was estimated to be 62.5%. 65.75% of the workers mentioned that the workplace was noisy, and the traffic noise was disturbing for 62% of the workers. From the results of this study it can inferred that the workers knew the physical risks associated to noise and the annoyances it can cause. The workers mentioned that noise could cause or worsen some health problems, especially hearing loss, stress and irritability

Identificação precoce da ansiedade em função do tratamento odontológico é uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar o profissional no atendimento e contribuir para pesquisas, especialmente com crianças. Este estudo teve como objetivo testar a confiabilidade e validade da versão brasileira do Childrens Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). A amostra foi composta por 136 crianças, que são atendidas sob livre-demanda na clínica de Odontopediatria da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Bauru - SP, Brasil. Todas recrutadas aleatoriamente. A versão em português brasileiro do CFSS-DS foi respondida por crianças previamente ao atendimento odontológico. A escala foi testada quanto à consistência interna e confiabilidade teste-reteste. Para testar a validade do critério, o comportamento das crianças foi avaliado utilizando a escala de Frankl durante o atendimento odontológico, e os resultados foram comparados com os escores de CFSS-DS das crianças. A análise fatorial também foi utilizada. Os resultados evidenciaram que a versão brasileira do CFSS-DS mostrou alta confiabilidade, quanto à confiabilidade testereteste (ICC = 0,76, p <0,001) e consistência interna ( de Cronbach = 0,90). Demonstrou boa validade de critério, as crianças com comportamento negativo apresentaram pontuação no CFSS-DS significativamente maiores (t = 16,64, p <0,001). A análise fatorial identificou os seguintes fatores: \"medo de procedimentos habituais e anestesia\", \"medo de estranhos\" e \"medo de aspectos médicos gerais\". Após análise dos resultados pode-se inferir que a versão brasileira do CFSS-DS é uma medida confiável e válida para aferir ansiedade em função do tratamento odontológico em crianças brasileiras de língua portuguesa. Dentistas e pesquisadores de Odontopediatria podem usar esta versão validada do CFSS-DS para identificar o medo do tratamento odontológico em crianças brasileiras. / Early recognition of anxiety caused by dental treatment is a tool that could help the dentist during the treatment as well as contribute to research, especially when dealing with children. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Brazilian version of the Childrens Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSSDS). The sample was composed by 136 random children that attended the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic in the Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru SP, Brazil. The children answered the CFSS-DS Brazilian-Portuguese version previously to dental treatment. The Scale was tested according to its internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Frankl Scale was used to evaluate the childrens behavior during dental treatment in order to test the criteria validity. Results were compared to CFSS-DS score. Factorial analysis was used as well. According to the results, CFSS-DS Brazilian version presented high reliability, both in test-retest reliability (ICC = 0,76, p <0,001) and internal consistency ( de Cronbach = 0,90). Good criteria validity was also demonstrated, children with negative behavior presented significantly higher CFSSDS score (t = 16,64, p <0,001). Factorial analysis identified the following factors: fear of habitual procedures and anesthesia, fear of strangers and fear of general medical aspects. After results analysis, we can conclude that the CFSS-DS Brazilian- Portuguese version is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to measure anxiety caused by dental treatment in Brazilian children. Pediatric Dentists and researchers can use this validated CFSS-DS version to identify dental treatment fear in Brazilian Children.

A questionnaire based on Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences was developed and administered to forty-five second grade students in three different classrooms. Sections of the fifty-eight item questionnaire dealt with students' preferences for certain classroom activities, methods of learning, and modes of social interaction. Each student's responses were summarized to create an individual profile, indicating preference for linguistic, mathematical, and/ or spatial activity. In addition, students' preferences for receptive and/ or expressive methods of learning, and for working by themselves, with peers, or with adults were profiled.

The intent of this research was to examine variables that might influence the response rates to mailed questionnaires. The variables examined were the socioeconomic statuses of the subjects, the time of payment of a monetary incentive, and the amount of payment. Subjects were 375 residents of Cache County, Utah, selected from three levels of socioeconomic status. The subjects were selected on the basis of information they provided about their income and education levels during a telephone interview. Subjects within each level of socioeconomic status were further divided into four treatment groups and one control group. All groups were mailed the questionnaire. In addition, subjects in Group 1 were sent an enclosed $1, those in Group 2 received $2, those in Group 3 were promised $1 if they returned the completed questionnaire, those in Group 4 were similarly promised $2 if they returned a completed questionnaire, and subjects in Group 5 were neither paid nor promised any incentive. The questionnaire itself was developed with the help of Utah State University's Extension Services, who needed to survey the local population on issues pertaining to family and economic well-being. The response rate for the entire sample was 56.8%. Subjects from the high socioeconomic status group had the highest response rate, while subjects with the lowest socioeconomic status had the lowest response rate. Including the monetary incentive along with the questionnaire yielded a higher response rate than did promising an incentive for returning the questionnaire. Similarly, subjects receiving $2 had a higher response rate than those receiving $1. It was also found that the higher the socioeconomic status, the less the difference made by the time of payment of the incentive. When the cost effectiveness of the different treatments was analyzed it was found that at the higher levels of response rate, prepaying the incentive was a more efficient method, while promising the incentive proved cheaper at the lower levels of response rate.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methods currently available to measure the functional outcomes of physiotherapy treatment for low back problems. As a preliminary step, all extant questionnaires were located and evaluated against practical criteria to determine their likely utility in clinical practice. This process identified a large number of questionnaires, however, only six back-specific questionnaires fulfilled the practical criteria for clinical application. Four of these questionnaires were selected for further evaluation along with a generic health status assessment instrument, the SF-36 Health Survey. Current recommendations suggest that a low-back specific and a generic questionnaire are required for comprehensive assessment of the impact of low back problems. The four back-specific questionnaires selected were the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Waddell Disability Index. An evaluation of the literature on the clinimetric properties of these questionnaires revealed that little information was available for the Quebec and Waddell questionnaires and no information was available for any of the questionnaires for a clinical population of people with low back pain seeking physiotherapy treatment in an Australian setting. The primary aim of the research was identify which, if any, of the questionnaires should be recommended for measuring outcomes of physiotherapy treatment for low back pain. Consecutive ambulatory (non-admitted) patients presenting for physiotherapy treatment at three public hospital physiotherapy outpatient departments, three community health services, and four private practices were invited to enter the study. Patients were included if they were seeking treatment for a low back problem, were aged 18 or over, and could read and write English. Subjects completed the questionnaires on two occasions six-weeks apart. One hundred and forty subjects returned the first set of questionnaires, and 106 the second set. The mean age of the sample at pre-test was 51 (SD 17) and ranged from 18 to 89 years. Sixty-six percent were female, 41% were employed and 12% were receiving compensation for their back problem. Duration of the back complaint was more than six weeks for 56% of subjects, and 60% reported five or more previous episodes or continuous pain. Referred pain in the buttock thigh or leg was reported by 70% of subjects. The first aim was to compare the questionnaires for acceptability and comprehensibility. Data quality was high for all the questionnaires (less than 5% missing data). As expected, subjects found the more complex SF-36 Health Survey more difficult to complete than three of the low-back questionnaires. However, less than 10% of subjects found any of the questionnaires more than a little difficult to complete. The next aim was to explore the internal structure and inter-relationships of the low-back questionnaires and the three physical scales of the SF-36 Health Survey (Physical Functioning, Role-Physical and Bodily Pain). Analysis of item-item correlation, item-total correlation and Cronbach�s alpha confirmed that all scales were internally consistent. Factor analysis confirmed item homogeneity (unidimensionality) of all questionnaires except the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. The questionnaires were significantly intercorrelated, but correlations exceeded .70 only for the Oswestry, Quebec and Waddell questionnaires. The next aim of the research was to compare test-retest reliability of the questionnaires. The Oswestry, Quebec and SF-36 Physical Functioning scale had sufficient reliability and scale width for clinical application. Despite previous reports of high reliability, the Roland-Morris scale was significantly less reliable than several of the other questionnaires. This indicates the importance of establishing the measurement properties of a test in the population or setting in which it will be used. The Waddell Disability Index, and the SF-36 Role-Physical and Bodily Pain scales had insufficient scale width to be useful in clinical practice. More than 15% of respondents had an initial score on these scales that would not allow change to be detected with 90% confidence. The next aim of the research was to compare the responsiveness of the questionnaires. None of the questionnaires was consistently identified as more or less responsive than the others although two methods (effect size and Liang�s standardized response mean) suggested the SF-36 Bodily Pain scale was more responsive than some other questionnaires. A secondary aim of this section was to evaluate the validity of the many available responsiveness indices and a novel �reliable change� method. A �known groups� strategy was used to determine whether the responsiveness index could discriminate between the low-back relevant questionnaires and the SF-36 General Health scale, the scores of which did not change across the retest period. With the exception of the novel �reliable change� method the responsiveness indices were all found to be valid indicators of responsiveness. Guyatt�s Responsiveness Index, effect size and Liang�s standardized response mean discriminated at 95% confidence between the reference scale and all the low-back questionnaires. The standardized response mean, t-test, correlation and ROC methods discriminated between the reference scale and five or six of the seven other questionnaires. Guyatt�s index was recommended as the best of the criterion-based methods, and the effect size the best of the distribution-based methods. The three questionnaires identified as having sufficient reliability and scale width, the Oswestry, Quebec and SF-36 Physical Functioning scale, were next analysed for data fit to a Rasch model. All three questionnaires had good data fit and item function was not affected by time, age, gender or whether or not subjects reported avoiding bending. The final aim of this research was to identify by Rasch analysis items to supplement the SF-36 Physical Functioning scale. The new scale, named the Low-Back SF-36 Physical Functioning18, showed comparable reliability and responsiveness to the SF-36 Physical Functioning scale. Further research is required to establish the measurement properties of the Low-Back SF-36 Physical Functioning18 scale in an independent sample. However, it has the potential to improve the clinical measurement of function by providing clinicians with a single measurement tool for comprehensive assessment of patients with low back pain.

<p>Sjuksköterskor kommer i hälso- och sjukvårdsarbete i kontakt med framtida föräldrar och skulle, om de hade kunskap, kunna informera om faktorer som påverkar fertiliteten hos kvinnor och män. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad sjuksköterskestudenter kunde om kvinnans och mannens fertilitet innan sjuksköterskeutbildningens kurs om detta samt om kunskapen i fertilitet utvecklades under utbildningen. För att göra det fick en klass sjuksköterskestuderanden på en högskola i Mellansverige vid två tillfällen svara på en enkät som handlade om fertilitet. Det var 49 studeranden med en medelålder på 30,5 år som svarade på enkäten både före samt efter genomgången kurs där gynekologi ingick. Huvudresultatet visade att andelen som sades ha inhämtat sin kunskap om fertilitet från sjuksköterskeutbildningen ökade till 30 % från 4 %. Det fanns en skillnad i vissa sjuksköterskestuderandes svar mellan mättillfälle ett och två i vissa kunskapsfrågor, andelen som svarat med korrekt svarsalternativ på frågorna var däremot näst intill oförändrat. De flesta hade kännedom om när mannen och kvinnan var mest fertila vid båda mätningarna men överskattade längden på mannen och kvinnans fertila ålder.</p> / <p>Nurses´ working with heathcare comes in contact with future parents, and would, if they had the knowledge, be able to provide information on factors affecting fertility. The aim of this study was to examine what nursing students knew about men and women’s fertility before education in the subjekt, and if that knowledge developed during education. In order to examine this, a class of nursing student at a college in central Sweden responded on two separate occasions to a questionnaire about fertility. There were 49 students with an average age of 30.5 years answered the questionnaire both before and after the course, there one part was gynecology. The main result showed that the amount of respondents who said they had acquired the knowledge of fertility from the nursing education increased to 30 % from 4%. There was a difference in some nursing student's responses between occasion one and two in some of the knowledge questions. The proportion of respondents with correct answers, however, was almost unchanged. Most of the students were aware of when men and women are the most fertile on both occasions but overestimated the length of both sexes fertility age.<strong></strong></p>

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence discipline has on teaching at public schools. In chapter 2 of the literature study, the researcher focused on aspects that influence discipline at school. In chapter 3, she also looked at education law aspects that have a direct influence on education. Two structured questionnaires were used in the quantitative research. These questionnaires were distributed separately between educators and learners at nine schools of the Free State Department of Education's Fezile Dabi District. From the findings of this study, it is clear that discipline indeed has an enormous influence on teaching at public schools. The Constitution (1996) and Schools Act (84/1996) make the application of effective discipline at schools possible. / Thesis (M.Ed. (Education Law))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.

Faking is understood as a respondent’s active effort to distort his/her answers to create a positive image. Although the extensive existing literature, several questions are still unsolved. On one hand, virtually no attention has been paid to an issue considered by many authors as relevant, as is the impact of individual differences on faking. On the other hand, little has been done to examine the how highly undesirable personality measures, in our society, are impacted by faking. The present work aims to shed some light to these questions. On the one hand, an indirect aggression questionnaire has been adapted. New psychometric procedures to assess the moment increments due to faking at trait level, for the group and individual levels were developed. The procedure also allows assessing the impact of individual differences on those increments. Finally, the General Factor-Analytic Procedure was tested to contrast if controlling for social desirability on personality scores will efficiently control for faking. In addition, the impact of individual differences was assessed on the three main aggression traits: physical, verbal and indirect. / Se entiende por falseamiento el esfuerzo activo del que responde al cuestionario para distorsionar sus respuestas creando así imagen más favorable de sí mismo. A pesar de la amplia literatura existente, muchas cuestiones quedan aún sin resolver. Por un lado, prácticamente no se ha prestado atención a un aspecto señalado por varios autores como relevante, como es el efecto que las diferencias individuales tienen en el falseamiento. Por otro lado, poco se ha hecho para examinar como el falseamiento afecta a medidas de personalidad altamente indeseables en nuestra sociedad. El presente trabajo pretende arrojar algo de luz sobre estas cuestiones. Por un lado, se ha adaptado un cuestionario de agresividad indirecta. También se han desarrollado nuevos procesos psicométricos que permiten calcular los incrementos momentáneos a nivel de rasgo debidos al falseamiento, tanto para el grupo como para el individuo y también permiten calcular el impacto que las diferencias individuales tienen en estos incrementos. Finalmente se ha contrastado si el procedimiento analítico factorial general (General Factor-AnalyticProcedure), que controla el impacto de la deseabilidad sociales sobre las puntuaciones de personalidad, es eficazpara controlar falseamiento. Además, se ha medido el impacto de las diferencias individuales en los tres principales rasgos de agresividad: física, verbal e indirecta. / S’entén per falsejament el esforç actiu de qui respon a un qüestionari per a distorsionar les respostes creant així una imatge més favorable de si mateix. Malgrat l’amplia literatura existent, moltes qüestions queden encara per resoldre. Per una banda pràcticament no s’ha parat atenció a un aspecteassenyalat per varis autors com a rellevant, com es l’efecte que les diferències individuals tenen en el falsejament. Per altra banda, poc s’ha fet per examinar com el falsejament afecta a mesures de personalitat altament indesitjables en la nostra societat. El present treball pretén donar una mica de llum a aquestes qüestions. Per una banda, s’ha adaptat un qüestionari d’agressivitat indirecta. També s’han desenvolupat nous procediment psicomètrics que permeten calcular els increments momentanis a nivell de tret deguts al falsejament, tant per al grup com per al individu i també permeten calcular l’impacte que les diferencies individualstenen en aquests increments. Finalment s’ha contrastat si el procediment analític factorial general (General Factor-AnalyticProcedure), que controla l’impacte de la desitjabilitat social sobre les puntuacions de personalitat, es eficaç per a controlar falsejament. A més a més, s’ha mesurat l’impacte de les diferències individuals en els tres principals trets d’agressivitat: física, verbal i indirecta.

Sjuksköterskor kommer i hälso- och sjukvårdsarbete i kontakt med framtida föräldrar och skulle, om de hade kunskap, kunna informera om faktorer som påverkar fertiliteten hos kvinnor och män. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad sjuksköterskestudenter kunde om kvinnans och mannens fertilitet innan sjuksköterskeutbildningens kurs om detta samt om kunskapen i fertilitet utvecklades under utbildningen. För att göra det fick en klass sjuksköterskestuderanden på en högskola i Mellansverige vid två tillfällen svara på en enkät som handlade om fertilitet. Det var 49 studeranden med en medelålder på 30,5 år som svarade på enkäten både före samt efter genomgången kurs där gynekologi ingick. Huvudresultatet visade att andelen som sades ha inhämtat sin kunskap om fertilitet från sjuksköterskeutbildningen ökade till 30 % från 4 %. Det fanns en skillnad i vissa sjuksköterskestuderandes svar mellan mättillfälle ett och två i vissa kunskapsfrågor, andelen som svarat med korrekt svarsalternativ på frågorna var däremot näst intill oförändrat. De flesta hade kännedom om när mannen och kvinnan var mest fertila vid båda mätningarna men överskattade längden på mannen och kvinnans fertila ålder. / Nurses´ working with heathcare comes in contact with future parents, and would, if they had the knowledge, be able to provide information on factors affecting fertility. The aim of this study was to examine what nursing students knew about men and women’s fertility before education in the subjekt, and if that knowledge developed during education. In order to examine this, a class of nursing student at a college in central Sweden responded on two separate occasions to a questionnaire about fertility. There were 49 students with an average age of 30.5 years answered the questionnaire both before and after the course, there one part was gynecology. The main result showed that the amount of respondents who said they had acquired the knowledge of fertility from the nursing education increased to 30 % from 4%. There was a difference in some nursing student's responses between occasion one and two in some of the knowledge questions. The proportion of respondents with correct answers, however, was almost unchanged. Most of the students were aware of when men and women are the most fertile on both occasions but overestimated the length of both sexes fertility age.