This thesis critically examines the role of indigeneity in urban policies and planning in a context of constitutional changes that have taken place in Bolivia and Ecuador in the recent decade. It departs from previous academic and policy research which mainly studied indigenous rights in rural areas and focused on urban indigenous peoples as outlawed, excluded, or insurgent subjects. Instead, it conceptualises the translation of indigenous rights into urban policies as a complex process in which a multiplicity of social actors – including government officials and urban indigenous groups – are involved. Drawing on the practice-centric literature on urban policy and planning, it recognises that the work of government officials is influenced by multiple factors such as constitutional texts as well as their personal views, interest group demands, and the wider structural and political environment surrounding them. Government attempts to translate indigenous rights are contrasted to urban indigenous peoples’ own understandings of indigeneity and associated interests and demands. In addition, this thesis uses an asset accumulation framework as well as the concept of tactics to identify how urban indigenous peoples address and negotiate their interests and demands and try to influence decision-making processes from the bottom-up. The thesis relies on La Paz (Bolivia) and Quito (Ecuador) as ‘illustrative cases’ to study the role of indigeneity in urban policies. As both La Paz and Quito represent capital cities, it was possible to approach government officials operating at multiple scales – international, national and local – as well as ordinary urban indigenous residents. Methodologically, the thesis employs a qualitative, case study comparison and draws on information derived from semi-structured interviews, document analysis, participant observation and participatory focus groups conducted during eleven months of fieldwork. In terms of comparison, this thesis makes use of a variation-finding approach. By explaining variations between the cases through focusing on the unique processes and factors that shaped the translation of indigenous rights within each city, it intends to offer a more nuanced and context-responsive approach for studying urban indigeneity and addressing indigenous rights in cities. A central finding of this thesis is that the incorporation of indigeneity into urban policies and indigenous people’s own practices to fulfil their specific demands were characterised by a set of conflicting realities: First, for government officials the translation of indigenous rights into urban policies sometimes clashed with other priorities – such as addressing universal rights and interests of non-indigenous pressure groups – or with their own views of the city as a ‘white’, ‘western’, and ‘modern’ places. Second, urban indigenous peoples articulated multiple and contradictory identities. They mainly did this by voicing specific demands for land – an important asset which they associated with the preservation of a communal and traditional lifestyle but also with aspirations to lead a modern and capitalist life in the city. Third, the findings reveal that indigenous peoples – particularly their community leaders – had to enter in negotiations with governments to access different assets such as land, housing, or education. In these processes leaders manoeuvred between different worlds. They had to conform to political agendas and – particularly in the case of Bolivia – to official spatialized understandings of identity and rights which often conflicted with their own sense of being indigenous in the city.

La presente investigación analiza el papel del segundo proceso por sodomía del doctor Manuel Barros de San Millán (1532- ¿?), presidente de la Audiencia de Quito a finales del siglo XVI. Su controvertida carrera en Indias permitirá entender cómo las enemistades acumuladas, entre 1560 y 1590, jugaron un papel determinante en esta acusación. A pesar de tener una primera acusación en 1578, se entiende como determinante la segunda debido a su impacto político. Además, se examina el discurso contra prácticas sexuales prohibidas por la Iglesia y el Estado, como la sodomía, y la respuesta social a estos actos. Asimismo, se estudia cómo repercute el nefando crimen en el las relaciones clientelares de la España del siglo XVI. De manera que, el segundo proceso por sodomía contra el Doctor Barros tuvo un objetivo político, eliminarlo de la carrera en Indias.

[ES] Esta tesis doctoral tiene por objetivo general expandir la escultura quiteña (de la ciudad de Quito), normalmente supeditada a convencionalismos sociales ampliamente difundidos y al conservadurismo académico local, ambos mayormente centrados en la noción de monumento. Para ello se ha desarrollado un proceso investigativo y creativo en bucle, definido en los objetivos específicos programados, a partir de los fundamentos teóricos, históricos, técnicos y tecnológicos de la escultura cinética, incluyendo la mención de sus principales practicantes, extranjeros y locales; así como de los conceptos de mediación, juego y público, y los recursos relacionados a estos, aplicados y aplicables a la escultura. De allí se ha establecido un método creativo para el diseño de las obras cinéticas propuestas. Método que se alimenta tanto del campo específico del arte como de otras disciplinas estudiadas; y que posibilita la creación de obras escultóricas cinéticas en acero estructural, sistematizando y documentando su proceso creativo. Finalmente, se ha evaluado la interactividad generada entre las esculturas realizadas y el público de las mismas. Con todo ello, cual objetivo superior, esta investigación-creación aspira a contribuir al campo del arte local proporcionando nuevas perspectivas y prácticas escultóricas mediante la inserción, cual intervención social en la esfera académica quiteña, de la escultura cinética corporal y semánticamente interactiva. / [CA] Aquesta tesi doctoral té per objectiu general expandir l'escultura quiteña, normalment supeditada a convencionalismes socials ámpliament difosos i al conservadorisme acadèmic local, tots dos majorment centrats en la noció de monument. Per a això s'ha desenvolupat un proce's d'investigació i creatiu en bucle, definit en els objectius específics programats, a partir dels fonaments teòrics, històrics, tècnics i tecnològics de l'escultura cinètica, incloent-hi l'esment dels seus principals practicants, estrangers i locals; així com dels conceptes de mediació, joc i públic, i els recursos relacionats a aquests, aplicats i aplicables a l'escultura. D'alli' s'ha establert un métode creatiu per al disseny de les obres cinètiques proposades. Mètode que s'alimenta tant del camp específic de l'art com d'altres disciplines estudiades; i que possibilita la creació d'obres escultòriques cine¿tiques en acer estructural, sistematitzant i documentant el seu procés creatiu. Finalment, s'ha avaluat la interactivitat generada entre les escultures realitzades i el públic d'aquestes. Amb tot això, com a propòsit superior, aquesta recerca-creació aspira a contribuir al camp de l'art local proporcionant noves perspectives i pràctiques escultòriques mitjancant la inserció, com intervenció social en l'esfera acadèmica quiteña, de l'escultura cinètica corporal i semànticament interactiva. / [EN] The general objective of this doctoral thesis is to expand the sculpture in Quito, normally conditioned by widely diffused social conventions and local academic conservatism, both mostly centered on the notion of monument. For this, a looping investigative and creative process has been developed, defined in the specific programmed objectives, based on the theoretical, historical, technical and technological foundations of kinetic sculpture, including the mention of its main practitioners, foreign and local; as well as the concepts of mediation, game and public, and the resources related to these, applied and applicable to sculpture. From there, a creative method has been established for the design of the proposed kinetic artworks. Method that feeds both on the specific field of art and on other studied disciplines; and that enables the creation of kinetic sculptural works in structural steel, systematizing and documenting their creative process. Finally, the interactivity generated between the sculptures and their public has been evaluated. With all this, as a higher objective, this research-creation aspires to contribute to the field of local art by providing new perspectives and sculptural practices through the insertion, as a social intervention in the Quito academic sphere, of kinetic and semantically interactive corporal sculpture. / García Moreno, MF. (2023). Escultura cinética en acero estructural. El movimiento como agente mediador entre obra de arte y espectador. Caso Quito-Ecuador [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192893

[ES] Oswaldo de la Torre Villacreses nació en Machachi en 1926 y murió en Quito en 2012. Durante su vida, De la Torre abordó la profesión de arquitecto desde diversas facetas, y fue uno de los arquitectos que formó parte de la tercera promoción de la Escuela de Arquitectura de Quito. Esta tesis examina la práctica proyectual de Oswaldo De la Torre intentando indagar en las claves de su oficio como arquitecto constructor. La parte inicial del documento aborda la labor de investigación realizada, así como su metodología que consiste principalmente en el uso de fuentes primarias recogidas del archivo particular del arquitecto De la Torre. Esta labor se complementa con entrevistas realizadas a familiares y colegas que le acompañaron o fueron testigos de su hacer. También se hace un recorrido por el contexto arquitectónico en el que ejerció De la Torre, exponiendo acontecimientos que sucedieron en Quito, particularmente durante la década de los años sesenta, y que permiten conocer las condiciones de su práctica profesional. Este periodo fue un momento clave tanto por la introducción de un nuevo lenguaje como por la utilización de materiales como el hormigón, el acero y el vidrio. A continuación, se hace una reflexión sobre su manera de proyectar y construir edificios, apoyándose en la tectónica entendida como el resultado de las cualidades espaciales que se desprenden de la estructura y la construcción. También se contextualiza su obra poniéndola en relación con el trabajo de sus coetáneos y contemporáneos, detectando posibles influencias. En este estudio se ha decidido profundizar sobre la construcción de los proyectos que hizo en la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, donde diseñó las facultades de Ingeniería Mecánica (1965), Laboratorio de Hidráulica (1965), y el edificio Administrativo y Teatro Politécnico (1965). En los tres edificios, se analiza el criterio de su implantación, la forma, y sobre todo se profundiza en la parte constructiva, dirigiendo la mirada a la estructura, los detalles y ensambles que permiten aproximarse a entender el oficio constructivo de De la Torre. / [CA] Oswaldo de la Torre Villacreses va néixer a Machachi el 1926 i va morir a Quito el 2012. Durant la seva vida, De la Torre va abordar la professió d'arquitecte des de diverses facetes, i va ser un dels arquitectes que va formar part de la tercera promoció de l'Escola de Arquitectura de Quito. Aquesta tesi examina la pràctica projectual d'Oswaldo De la Torre intentant indagar a les claus del seu ofici com a arquitecte constructor. La part inicial del document aborda la tasca de recerca realitzada, així com la metodologia que consisteix principalment en l'ús de fonts primàries recollides de l'arxiu particular de l'arquitecte De la Torre. Aquesta tasca es complementa amb entrevistes realitzades a familiars i col·legues que el van acompanyar o van ser testimonis de fer-ho. També es fa un recorregut pel context arquitectònic en què va exercir De la Torre, exposant esdeveniments que van succeir a Quito, particularment durant la dècada dels anys seixanta, i que permeten conèixer les condicions de la seva pràctica professional. Aquest període va ser un moment clau tant per la introducció d"un nou llenguatge com per la utilització de materials com el formigó, l"acer i el vidre. A continuació, es fa una reflexió sobre la seva manera de projectar i construir edificis, recolzant-se en la tectònica entesa com a resultat de les qualitats espacials que es desprenen de l'estructura i la construcció. També es contextualitza la seva obra posant-la en relació amb el treball dels seus coetanis i contemporanis, detectant-hi possibles influències. En aquest estudi s'ha decidit aprofundir la construcció dels projectes que va fer a l'Escola Politècnica Nacional, on va dissenyar les facultats d'Enginyeria Mecànica (1965), Laboratori d'Hidràulica (1965), i l'edifici Administratiu i Teatre Politècnic (1965). Als tres edificis, s'analitza el criteri de la seva implantació, la forma, i sobretot s'aprofundeix en la part constructiva, dirigint la mirada a l'estructura, els detalls i els assemblatges que permeten aproximar-se a entendre l'ofici constructiu de De la Torre. / [EN] Oswaldo de la Torre Villacreses was born in Machachi in 1926 and died in Quito in 2012. During his life, De la Torre approached the architectural profession from various facets, and was one of the architects who formed part of the third graduating class of the Quito School of Architecture. This thesis examines Oswaldo De la Torre's design practice in an attempt to investigate the keys to his profession as an architect and builder. The initial part of the document covers the research work carried out, as well as its methodology, which consists mainly of the use of primary sources collected from the private archives of the architect De la Torre. This work is complemented by interviews with family members and colleagues who accompanied him or witnessed his work. It also takes a look at the architectural context in which De la Torre practised, describing events that took place in Quito, particularly during the 1960s, and which provide an insight into the conditions of his professional practice. This period was a key moment both for the introduction of a new language and for the use of materials such as concrete, steel and glass. This is followed by a reflection on his way of designing and constructing buildings, based on tectonics, understood as the result of the spatial qualities arising from structure and construction. It also contextualises his work by relating it to the work of his contemporaries and peers, detecting possible influences. In this study, it has been decided to study in depth the construction of the projects he did at the National Polytechnic School, where he designed the faculties of Mechanical Engineering (1965), the Hydraulics Laboratory (1965), and the Administrative Building and Polytechnic Theatre (1965). In the three buildings, we analyse the criteria for their implantation, the form, and above all, we delve into the constructive part, looking at the structure, the details and assemblies that allow us to understand De la Torre's constructive craft. / Bonilla Montenegro, XH. (2024). Oswaldo De La Torre Villacreses: la construcción de un oficio [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206133

This thesis focuses on Secretos entre el Alma y Dios, the autobiography or vida of Catalina de Jesús María Herrera (1717-1795), a nun who belonged to the Dominican Convent of Santa Catalina in Quito, Ecuador. Catalina wrote in a direct and engaging style of her monastic life and spirituality. Her text allows us to better understand the society in which she lived and particularly her relationship with her confessor, fray Tomás del Rosario Corrales, to whom she writes her autobiography. Her numerous visions are classified here as divine, evil and death visions. They draw from traditional hagiographic accounts and provide evidence of how Saint Teresa of Ávila’s Libro de la Vida was read in a colonial context. A close-textual reading of Catalina’s vida, sheds light on her claims to have reached God as the expression of a female voice long suppressed in this patriarchal society. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 macari_mc_me_ia.pdf: 499714 bytes, checksum: c82e094059ab1877163b6c0fb3d79de4 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo estudar procedimentos pedagógicos de treinamento corporal de atores. Para isso, o processo artístico e pedagógico da diretora, atriz e professora da Escola de Arte Dramática EAD-USP, Cristiane Paoli Quito, serviu de guia e condutor desta pesquisa. Os sujeitos observados foram os alunos do terceiro ano da Escola de Arte Dramática, Turma 59/EAD-USP. O período estudado foi de agosto a dezembro de 2009. Foram observados e analisados os procedimentos pedagógicos de construção da dramaturgia corporal, utilizadas por essa diretora na montagem da peça teatral O Gato Malhado e a Andorinha Sinhá, adaptada ao teatro pelo dramaturgo e professor da Escola de Arte Dramática (USP), Rogério Toscano, com a colaboração de todo o elenco de atores/estudantes da turma 59/EAD-USP. A montagem da peça, O Gato Malhado e a Andorinha Sinhá, fez parte da aula de Estudos e Práticas de Montagem e foi dirigida por Cristiane Paoli Quito. Mesmo tendo observado e analisado a montagem teatral como um todo, concentrei-me em um foco principal: descrever e analisar o processo pedagógico de construção da dramaturgia corporal na montagem da peça O Gato Malhado e a Andorinha Sinhá de modo a compreender como Cristiane Paoli Quito trabalha, pedagogicamente, a construção da dramaturgia corporal com alunos/atores na criação de um espetáculo. Sendo assim, o trabalho pedagógico de construção das ações físicas com os atores da turma 59 EAD/USP teve maior importância nesta pesquisa, se comparada a outros elementos que envolvem uma montagem teatral (texto, direção, luz, cenário, música, figurino etc.). O trabalho da coreógrafa e bailarina Tarina Quelho também foi analisado, uma vez em que essa fez a parte da preparação corporal dos alunos/atores, através da técnica do BMC... / The main aim of this study is to understand pedagogical procedures of the bodily training of actors. For this, the artistic and pedagogical process of Cristiane Paoli Quito director, actress and teacher at the School of Dramatic Art EAD-USP served as a guide. The third year students of the School of Dramatic Art, Group 59 EAD-USP were the subjects observed. The study took place between August and December 2009. The procedures utilised by this director while putting together the play The Swallow and the Tom Cat : A Love Story were observed and analysed. This literary work by Jorge Amado was adapted to the stage by Rogerio Toscano, teacher and dramatist at the School of Dramatic Art EAD-USP, with the collaboration of the whole cast of actors / students of Group 59. The putting together of the play The Swallow and the Tom Cat: A Love Story was part of a class called Estudos e Praticas de Montagem (Studies and Practices of plays) and was directed by Cristiane Paoli Quito. Even having observed the putting together of the whole play, the study main focus is: describe and analyse the pedagogic construction of the physical dramatisation of the play. This study can be summed up with one main question: how is it that Cristiane Paoli Quito work, pedagogically with the construction of the physical drama with students/actors in the creation of the play? In this way the pedagogical work of the construction of the physical actions of the actors of Group 59 EAD/USP was the most important thing in the study, if compared to the other elements which are involved in putting together a play (text, lights, scenery, music and costumes). The work of the choreographer and ballerina Tarina Quelho was also analysed, as she prepared the students/actors using a technique called BMC (mind body centring). Rogerio Toscano took part as a dramatist, helping Group 59 in reinterpretation of Jorge Amado's original text. He is also extensively quoted in this dissertation

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaGBP.pdf: 1032728 bytes, checksum: 535260d4afcd2c2deeacab5b5006e73c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The obtaining of the oligosaccharides from chitosanase, has showed interest of the pharmaceutical area in the last years due their countless functional properties. Although, the great challenge founded out is how to keep a constant and efficient production. The alternative proposed by this present work was to study the viability to develop an integrated technology, with reduced costs. The strategy used was the obtaining of the oligomers through enzymatic hydrolysis using chitosanolitic enzymes obtained straight from the fermented broth, eliminating this way the phases involved in the enzymes purification. The two chitosanases producing strains chosen for the work, Paenibacillus chitinolyticus and Paenibacillus ehimensis, were evaluated according to the behavior in the culture medium with simple sugar and in relation to the pH medium variations. The culture medium for the chitosanases induction and production was developed through addition of soluble chitosan as carbon source. The soluble chitosan was obtained using hydrochloric acid solution 0.1 M and afterwards neutralization with NaOH 10 M. The enzymatic complexes were obtained from induction process in culture medium with 0.2% of soluble chitosan. The enzymes production was verified soon after the consumption of the simple sugars by the microorganisms and the maximum chitosanolitic activity obtained in the fermented broth by Paenibacillus chitinolyticus was 249 U.L-1 and by Paenibacillus ehimensis was 495U.L-1. These two enzymatic complexes showed stability when stored at 20?C for about 91 days. The enzymes in the fermented broth by Paenibacillus chitinolyticus, when exposed at temperature of 55?C and pH 6.0, where the activity is maximum, showed 50% lost of activity after 3 hours Meanwhile, for the complex produced by Paenibacillus ehimensis, after 6 days of exposure, it was detected 100% of the activity. The chito-oligosaccharides obtained by the hydrolysis of a 1% chitosan solution, using the enzymatic complex produced by Paenibacillus chitinolyticus showed larger quantity after 9 hours hydrolysis and using the complex produced by Paenibacillus ehimensis after 20 minutes was observed the chito-ligosacharides with polymerization degree between 3 and 6 units. Evaluating these results, it was verified that the production of chitosan-oligosaccharides is possible, using a simultaneous process / A obten??o de oligossacar?deos, a partir da quitosana, tem despertado interesse da ?rea farmac?utica nos ?ltimos anos devido as suas in?meras propriedades funcionais. Por?m, o grande desafio encontrado ? manter uma produ??o constante e eficiente. A alternativa proposta por este trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade de desenvolver uma tecnologia integrada e de baixo custo. A estrat?gia utilizada foi a obten??o dos olig?meros por meio de hidr?lise enzim?tica utilizando enzimas quitosanol?ticas obtidas diretamente do caldo fermentado, eliminando dessa forma as etapas envolvidas na purifica??o de enzimas. As duas cepas produtoras de quitosanases selecionadas para o trabalho, Paenibacillus chitinolyticus e Paenibacillus ehimensis, foram avaliadas quanto ao comportamento em meio de cultivo contendo a??cares simples e em rela??o as varia??es de pH do meio. O meio de cultivo para a indu??o e produ??o das quitosanases foi desenvolvido atrav?s da adi??o de quitosana sol?vel como fonte de carbono. A quitosana sol?vel foi obtida utilizando solu??o de ?cido clor?drico 0,1 M e posterior neutraliza??o com NaOH 10 M. Os complexos enzim?ticos foram obtidos a partir de processos de indu??o em meio de cultivo contendo 0,2% de quitosana sol?vel. A produ??o das enzimas foi observado logo ap?s o t?rmino do consumo dos a??cares simples pelos microrganismos e a m?xima atividade quitosanol?tica obtida no caldo fermentado pelo Paenibacillus chitinolyticus foi de 249 U.L-1 e pelo Paenibacillus ehimensis foi de 495 U.L-1. Esses dois complexos enzim?ticos apresentaram estabilidade quando armazenadas a -20?C por at? 91 dias. As enzimas presentes no caldo fermentado pelo Paenibacillus chitinolyticus, quando expostas ? temperatura de 55?C e pH 6,0, onde a atividade ? m?xima, apresentaram perda de 50% da atividade ap?s 3 horas. Enquanto que, para o complexo produzido pelo Paenibacillus ehimensis, ap?s 6 dias de exposi??o, 100% da atividade foi detectada. Os quito-oligossacar?deos obtidos a partir da hidr?lise de uma solu??o de 1% de quitosana, utilizando o complexo enzim?tico produzido pelo Paenibacillus chitinolyticus, apresentaram-se em maior quantidade ap?s 9 horas de hidr?lise e utilizando o complexo produzido pelo Paenibacillus ehimensis, ap?s 20 minutos pode-se observar os quito-oligossacar?deos com grau de polimeriza??o entre 3 e 6 unidades. Avaliando esses resultados, foi verificado que ? poss?vel a produ??o de quito-oligossacar?deos utilizando um processo simult?neo

El pintor quiteño, Miguel de Santiago (ca. 1630-1706), siendo especialista en series pictóricas, emprendió un estudio anatómico artístico para representar a las imágenes religiosas con un elevado nivel de realismo. Es así que pintó una serie de ocho pinturas conmemorando la tradición de las Siete Palabras de Cristo. El carácter vanguardista de esta serie elaborada en la Audiencia de Quito a mediados del siglo XVII, hizo que se las asocie con una leyenda. Actualmente una de estas obras se encuentra en el Museo de los Descalzos del Rímac en la ciudad de Lima, y constituye el objeto de estudio para la presente tesis. Así que se emprendió una labor investigativa dentro de archivos, bibliotecas, museos, entre otras estancias del Ecuador y Perú, con el fin de identificar la procedencia, atribución, contexto y motivos de elaboración, conexión y variantes de la leyenda, finalmente se analiza sus funciones y significados a lo largo de toda su existencia. / The quitenian painter Miguel de Santiago (ca. 1630-1706) had being a specialist in pictorical series. He started an artistic and anatomic study in order to represent religius images with a high realism level. Thus he painted a serie with eight paintings depicting Christ’s Seven words on the cross. The avangardist pictorical serie made in the Audiencia de Quito in the mid seventeenth century, was associated with a legend. Currently one of these paintings is in the Descalzo´s Museum in Rímac district at Lima city. Therefore this painting is the subjet to study in this thesis. The researching had taken place in archives, libraries, museums and other locations in Ecuador and Peru. In order to indetify the provenance, atribution, context and reasons for the creation, legend’s relations and variants. Finally a survey of functions and meanings throughouth the painting’s existence. / Tesis

This study critically examines the (UHI) effect in urban and suburban neighbourhoods of Quito, Ecuador, over a 19-year period, focusing on the interplay between atmospheric pollution and urban/ suburban temperature. Utilizing Empirical Dynamic Modeling(EDM) and Convergent Cross-Mapping (CCM), this study dives into the nonlinear dynamics of environmental factors, a method that traditional linear models fail to address effectively.The results unveil a consistent and strong positive correlation across various neighbourhoods, with temperature fluctuations indicating a typical UHI effect. This is most noticeable in urbanized areas where the temperature is significantly higher due to dense infrastructure and reduced greenery, a pattern that diminishes as one moves towards the outskirts. Specifically, pollutants like PM2.5 exhibit a non-uniform positive correlation, suggesting their collective increase or decrease across different regions, whereas CO shows a very slight and inconsistent inverse relationship across locations. The causal analysis further substantiates a significant interaction between PM2.5 concentrations and temperature, with the data revealing a reciprocal predictive capacity between these variables. The CCM analysis, through its graphical representation of predictive skills, confirms the causal effect of PM2.5 on urban temperature, marking an essential contribution to understanding the UHI effect and its implications for urban environmental dynamics. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the UHI phenomenon, highlighting the intricate relationship between urbanization, atmospheric pollution, and climate. The findings emphasize the necessity for urban planning and policy to consider these complex interactions to mitigate the effects of climate change on urban environments.

[ES] La región de América Latina ha tenido un fuerte crecimiento poblacional en las últimas décadas con una concentración a la par en núcleos urbanos, generando ciudades de gran tamaño. Junto a esos procesos demográficos, se ha generado la necesidad de construir sistemas de transporte público, y en las grandes ciudades latinoamericanas han surgido sistemas de metro, que en ocasiones surgen de inversión estrictamente de fondos públicos y en otros casos de una participación mixta con concesiones donde existe inversión pública pero también de las empresas privadas ante una época que ha generado una oleada de construcción de sistemas de metro en la región. La presente tesis realiza un estudio del estado del arte con un análisis de los modelos de gestión y administración de los sistemas de metro, partiendo desde el estudio de los actores y participantes en cada una de las macro etapas de los proyectos de desarrollo de un sistema de metro, avanzando en las relaciones de los niveles de gobierno con capacidad de inversión y gestión, grados de libertad al momento de diseñar un sistema de metro y experiencia para administrar el proyecto, alternativas de financiamiento para los proyectos de metro, riesgos asociados y mecanismos de mitigación de los mismos, y de manera especial los modelos de contratación y concesiones de metros. La investigación continúa con una revisión de los sistemas de metro existentes en América Latina, con un estudio descriptivo de las características físicas y de servicio de cada operación, así como los parámetros de demandas y económicas. Mediante una comparación con metros en otras regiones del mundo se logra una determinación de los elementos singulares que caracterizan a los metros de América Latina. El penúltimo capítulo de la investigación estudia los casos de concesiones en la región tanto de éxito como de fracaso, con un análisis de cuáles son los factores críticos en unos y otros casos. Y en base a ello se cierra la tesis con un último capítulo que genera una propuesta de un caso práctico para desarrollar una concesión con los aprendizajes adquiridos, para el mediano y largo plazo del sistema del Metro de Quito. / [CA] La regió d'Amèrica Llatina ha tingut un fort creixement poblacional en les últimes dècades amb una concentració a l'una en nuclis urbans, generant ciutats de gran grandària. Al costat d'aqueixos processos demogràfics, s'ha generat la necessitat de construir sistemes de transport públic, i en les grans ciutats llatinoamericanes han sorgit sistemes de metre, que a vegades sorgeixen d'inversió estrictament de fons públics i en altres casos d'una participació mixta amb concessions on existeix inversió pública però també de les empreses privades davant una època que ha generat una onada de construcció de sistemes de metre a la regió. La present tesi realitza un estudi de l'estat de l'art amb una anàlisi dels models de gestió i administració dels sistemes de metre, partint des de l'estudi dels actors i participants en cadascuna de les macro etapes dels projectes de desenvolupament d'un sistema de metre, avançant en les relacions dels nivells de govern amb capacitat d'inversió i gestió, graus de llibertat al moment de dissenyar un sistema de metre i experiència per a administrar el projecte, alternatives de finançament per als projectes de metre, riscos associats i mecanismes de mitigació d'aquests, i de manera especial els models de contractació i concessions de metres. La investigació continua amb una revisió dels sistemes de metre existents a Amèrica Llatina, amb un estudi descriptiu de les característiques físiques i de servei de cada operació, així com els paràmetres de demandes i econòmiques. Mitjançant una comparació amb metres en altres regions del món s'aconsegueix una determinació dels elements singulars que caracteritzen als metres d'Amèrica Llatina. El penúltim capítol de la investigació estudia els casos de concessions a la regió tant d'èxit com de fracàs, amb una anàlisi de quins són els factors crítics en uns i altres casos. I sobre la base d'això es tanca la tesi amb un últim capítol que genera una proposta d'un cas pràctic per a desenvolupar una concessió amb els aprenentatges adquirits, per al mitjà i llarg termini del sistema del Metre de Quito. / [EN] The Latin American region has had a strong population growth in recent decades with a concentration in urban centers, generating very populous cities. Together with these demographic processes, the need to build public transportation systems has arisen, and metro systems have emerged in large Latin American cities, which sometimes arise from investment strictly from public funds and in other cases from a mixed participation with concessions, where public investment is shared with that of private companies, at a time when a wave of construction of metro systems has been generated in the region. This thesis carries out a study of the state of the art with an analysis of the management models of the metro systems, starting from the study of the actors and participants in each of the macro stages of the development projects of a system of metro, advancing in the relations of levels of government with investment and management capacity, degrees of freedom when designing a metro system and experience to manage the project, financing alternatives for metro projects, associated risks and mechanisms of mitigating them, and especially the contracting models of metro concessions. The research continues with a review of the existing metro systems in Latin America, with a descriptive study of the physical and service characteristics of each operation, as well as the demand and economic parameters. Through a comparison with metro systems in other regions of the world, a determination of the unique elements that characterize Latin American metros is achieved. / Bastidas Zelaya, EA. (2023). Aportaciones a la definición del equilibrio concesional en líneas de ferrocarriles metropolitanos urbanos: estudio de concesiones en América Latina [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194337