The purpose of this research is to examine the reliability of posteroanterior (PA) left knee radiographs for positive identification using comparative radiography. PA radiographs of the knee were selected for their clinical significance in diagnosing knee osteoarthritis (OA), the most common skeletal pathology today, and their likely appearance in the antemortem record of a medicolegal death investigation. Therefore, this research examines the reliability of using a clinically relevant type of radiograph, PA left knee radiographs, for positive identification. All radiographs used in this research were downloaded from the Osteoarthritis Imitative (OAI), a public database, and compiled into a virtual survey which asked participants to identify matches between radiographs collected at various time periods throughout the OAI study. Images were collected from the 12, 48, 72, and 96-month collection periods of the OAI for 89 individuals and divided into three series. Each of the three series has different amounts of time between image acquisition, with three years (Series 1), five years (Series 2), and seven years (Series3), and were created by comparing images from the 12-month collection period to images from 48, 72, and 96-month collection period, respectively. Radiographs were edited into single side-by-side images for ease of comparison and were included in a Qualtrics XM survey that was distributed to those with and without comparative radiography experience. A total of 66 participants were asked to answer several demographic questions as well as nine radiographic comparisons questions. Each of the radiographic comparisons, comprised of OAI images of living individuals, asked if a specified antemortem “A” image and was a match or no match to a series of “postmortem” images. Accuracies, sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated for the survey respondents (n=66), series, and respondent demographics. The overall results (accuracy=94.2%, sensitivity=54.7%, specificity=97.5%, PPV=65.6%, and NPV=96.2%) indicated that respondents performed only moderately well in matching correct radiographs. However, the performance of the participants in the overall survey and in all three series was statistically significantly lower (α<0.05) for those with no comparative radiography experience and those with little-to-no forensic casework experience. The performance of all participants became progressively lower with each series, with Series 1 demonstrating the best performance and Series 3 demonstrating the worst performance among participants. Decreasing levels of performance suggests that bony changes associated with OA and the osseous and radiographic features used in making matches (e.g., morphology of the femur and tibia, joint space width) preclude radiographic matching of the knee over around three years between antemortem and postmortem image acquisitions. Therefore, the results of this research demonstrate that radiographic comparison using OA left PA knee radiographs is not recommended after more than five years between antemortem and postmortem images, due to the degraded performance of trained survey respondents. / 2024-05-02T00:00:00Z

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No / X-radiography of textile objects reveals hidden features as well as unexpected components and materials. This non-destructive technique throws light on construction, manufacturing techniques, use, wear, repair, patterns of decay and dating. X-radiography improves artefact documentation and interpretation as well as guiding conservation approaches by enhancing understanding. This book explores techniques for X-raying textiles. It describes approaches to image interpretation and explains how, through digitisation and digital image manipulation, maximum information can be realised. Case studies include archaeological, ecclesiastical and ethnographic textiles, items of dress and accessories, upholstery, quilts, embroideries, dolls and toys. Museum professionals will find this stimulating book an essential guide for developing their own practice or commissioning textile X-radiographs.

No / Many accident and emergency clinicians regard the radiographic image as an extension of the clinical examination, as a provisional diagnosis, based on clinical signs and symptoms, can be confirmed or refuted by inspection of X-rays. However, the value of radiography in this context is not determined by the actual presence of trauma or pathology on the radiograph, but is dependent on the ability of a clinician to identify any trauma or pathology present. Traditionally, the responsibility for interpreting radiographic images within the accident and emergency environment in the United Kingdom (UK) has been with medical clinicians. However, expansion of the nursing role has begun to change the boundaries of professional practice and now many nurses are both requesting and interpreting trauma radiographs. To ascertain the ability of accident and emergency doctors and nurses to interpret trauma radiographs, and identify whether there is a consistent standard of interpretive accuracy that could be used as a measure of competence. Methods: A literature review was conducted using the Cochrane Library, Medline and CINAHL databases and the keywords radiographic interpretation, radiographic reporting, accident and emergency and emergency/nurse practitioner. Findings: The ability of accident and nursing doctors and nurses to interpret trauma radiographs accurately varies markedly, and no identified published study has established an appropriate level of accuracy that should be achieved in order to demonstrate satisfactory competence in the interpretation of radiographic images. Conclusions: Determining a measure of interpretive accuracy that can be used to assess ability to interpret radiographic trauma images is fraught with difficulties. Consequently, nurses may attempt to prove their skills by directly comparing their abilities to those of their medical colleagues. However, as a result of marked variation in the ability of senior house officers to interpret trauma radiographs, a similar ability does not automatically imply that a satisfactory level of ability has been achieved.

Every year, about 1 million patients worldwide and 16000 patients in Sweden undergo total hip arthroplasty (THA). This surgical intervention is considered a successful, safe and cost-effective procedure to regain pain-free mobility and restore hip joint function in patients suffering from severe hip joint disease or trauma. Besides relieving the pain, restoration of biomechanical forces around the hip with appropriate femoral offset (FO), leg length and proper component position and orientation are important goals. The radiographic preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of these parameters require good validity, interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility. It remains controversial as to how much postoperative leg length discrepancy (LLD) and FO change are acceptable. Generally, lengthening of the operated leg ≥ 10mm and FO reduction of the operated hip &gt; 5mm should be avoided by using preoperative radiological templating and intraoperative measurement methods. There is no consensus on the association between LLD and FO and outcome after THA. The aims of this thesis were to: 1. To determine the influence of non-corrected LLD after THA on patients’ reported hip function and quality of life (QoL). 2. To study the association of global FO changes after THA with patients’ reported hip function, QoL and abductor muscle strength. 3. To evaluate the concurrent validity of the Sundsvall method of measuring postoperative global FO by comparing it to a standard method and to evaluate the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of measurement of postoperative global FO, LLD and acetabular cup inclination and anteversion. 4. To analyse the postoperative radiographs of THA patients with leg lengthening and FO reduction to determine whether the problem is located in the stem, cup or both. Study I: A prospective cohort study of 174 patients with unilateral osteoarthritis (OA), comparing patients with lengthening ≥ 10mm, restoration (between 9 mm lengthening and 5 mm shortening) or shortening &gt; 5 mm of the operated leg after THA. Follow up was 12–15 months. We found that a LLD of up to 20 mm did not influence the functional outcome (WOMAC) or QoL (EQ-5D). However, the lengthening group showed less improvement in WOMAC and more use of a shoe lift. Study II: A prospective cohort study of 222 patients with unilateral hip OA, comparing patients with decreased global FO (&gt; 5 mm reduction), restored FO (within 5 mm restoration), and increased FO (&gt; 5 mm increment) after THA. Follow up was was 12–15 months. The unadjusted results showed that the decreased FO group had a worse WOMAC index, less abductor muscle strength, and more use of walking aids. When these results were adjusted for possible confounding factors, only global FO reduction was statistically significantly associated with reduced abductor muscle strength. The incidence of residual hip pain and analgesics use was similar in the 3 groups. Study III: A prospective cohort study of 90 patients with primary unilateral OA treated with THA. Global FO using the Sundsvall method, global FO (standard method), LLD, acetabular cup inclination and anteversion were measured on postoperative radiographs. The interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility were tested using three independent observers. We found that the Sundsvall method is as reliable as the standard method and the evaluated radiographic measurement methods have the required validity and reliability to be used in clinical practice. Study IV: A prospective cohort study of 174 patients with unilateral primary OA treated with THA. LLD and global FO were measured on postoperative radiographs. Patients with lengthening of the operated leg ≥ 10mm (n=41) and patients with reduction of global FO &gt; 5mm (n=58) were further studied to investigate the amount of lengthening and global FO reduction that took place in the stem and in the cup compared with the contralateral side. The interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility were tested using two independent observers. We found that post-THA lengthening of the operated leg ≥ 10mm was mainly caused by improper placement of the femoral stem, whereas a decrease of global FO &gt; 5 was caused by improper placement of both acetabular and femoral components. The radiological measurement methods used showed substantial to excellent interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility and are therefore clinically useful. The main conclusions of this thesis are: LLD up to 20 mm and reduced global FO more than 5 mm did not influence the functional outcome or quality of life at 12–15 months postoperatively. Lengthening ≥ 10mm was associated with increased use of a shoe lift. A reduction of global FO more than 5 mm compared to the contralateral hip was associated with weaker hip abductor muscles and more use of walking aids. Therefore both should be avoided. The radiographic measurement methods of LLD, global FO, cup inclination and anteversion have the required validity and reliability to be used in clinical practice. Lengthening of the operated leg is mainly caused by improper femoral stem positioning while global FO reduction results from improper positioning of both acetabular and femoral components. Surgeons should be aware of these operative pitfalls in order to minimize component malpositioning. / Varje år opereras ungefär 1 miljon patienter runt om i världen och 16000 patienter i Sverige med en total höftledsprotes (THA). Operation med höftledsprotes anses vara enav de mest framgångsrika, säkra och kostnadseffektiva kirurgiska åtgärderna med syfte att för att återställa livskvalité. Målet är att smärtlindra och återställa rörligheten i dendestruerade höftleden vid artros, reumatisk destruktion eller men efter exempelvis Perthes sjukdom. Vid operation med THA är det viktigt att återställa de biomekaniskakrafterna runt höftleden med en adekvat så kallad femoral offset (FO), postoperativ benlängdsskillnad (BLS) och ett tillfredsställande komponentläge. Den preoperativaplaneringen och den postoperativa bedömning av dessa parametrar kräver god tillförlitlighet, det vill säga validitet och reproducerbarhet både mellan olika bedömareoch vid upprepade mätningar av samma bedömare. Det är fortfarande inte klarlagt hur mycket postoperativ förändring i FO och BLS som är acceptabla. I dagsläget är detacceptabelt om den postoperativa benförlängningen understiger 1 cm och förändringen i FO är under 5 mm. Det finns ingen konsensus huruvida det föreligger ett sambandmellan BLS, FO och den patientrapporterade höftfunktionen och livskvalitén efter THA. Syftet med denna avhandling var: 1. Att studera effekten av icke-korrigerad BLS efter THA på den patientrapporterade höftfunktionen och livskvalitén. 2. Att studera effekten av förändringen i FO efter THA på den patientrapporterade höftfunktion, livskvalitén och muskelstyrka i abduktion. 3. Att utvärdera validitet och reliabilitet av en så kallad global FO genom att jämföra den med den gällande standard metoden samt studera tillförlitlighet av de radiologiskamätningar av postoperativa BLS, FO, cup inklination och anteversion efter THA. 4. Att radiologiskt undersöka i vilken av komponenterna (stam eller cup) somförändringen i FO och BLS verkar vara förlagd. Studie I: En prospektiv kohortstudie med 174 patienter som behandlats med THA för en primär unilateral koxartros. Patienterna delades in i tre grupper; de som fått en BLSförlängning över 10mm, återställning (mellan 9mm förlängning och 5mm förkortning) eller förkortning &gt;5mm av det opererande benet efter THA. Uppföljning gjordes 12-15månader postoperativt. Vi fann att BLS upp till 20mm påverkade inte höftfunktion (WOMAC) och livskvalité (EQ-5D), men den förlängda gruppen visade en mindreförbättring i WOMAC och rapporterade en mer frekvent användning av skoinlägg. Studie II: En prospektiv kohortstudie med 222 patienter som behandlats med THA för en primär unilateral koxartros. Patienterna delades in i tre grupper; de patienter medförminskad FO (&gt; 5mm minskning), återställd FO (inom 5mm) eller ökad FO (&gt;5mm ökning). Uppföljning genomfördes efter 1 år med WOMAC, styrkemätning av höftensabduktorer och en frågeformulär. En minskad FO var associerade med en minskad styrka i höftens abduktorer. Det var ingen skillnad mellan grupperna gällandekvarstående höftsmärta och användning av analgetika. Studie III: En prospektiv kohortstudie med 90 patienter som behandlats med THA på grund av primär unilateral koxartros. På de postoperativa röntgenbilderna uppmättesglobala FO (Sundsvalls metodologi), globala FO (standard metod), BLS, cup inklination och anteversion. Reliabilitet och reproducerbarhet bedömdes mellan treoberoende observatörer. Vi fann att global FO (enligt Sundsvalls metodologi) är lika tillförlitlig som den nuvarande standardmetoden och de utvärderade radiologiskamätmetoderna har hög validitet och reliabilitet och kan således användas i klinisk praxis. Studie IV: En prospektiv kohortstudie med 174 patienter som behandlats med en THA för en primär unilateral koxartros. På de postoperativa röntgenbilderna uppmättes BLSoch globala FO. Patienter med förlängning ≥ 10mm (n=41) och patienter med minskning av globala FO &gt;5mm (n=58) studerades for att mäta förlängning ochglobala FO minskning som sitter i stammen eller i cup jämfört med kontralaterala sidan. Reliabilitet och reproducerbarhet bedömdes av två oberoende observatörer. Vifann att en BLS över 10mm sitter framför allt i stamkomponenten i lårbenet medan en minskning i FO över 5 mm sitter i båda stam och cup. De radiologiska mätmetodernahar hög reliabilitet och reproducerbarhet och kan således användas i klinisk praxis. De viktigaste slutsatserna i denna avhandling är: 1. BLS med en förlängning upp till 20 mm och en minskning av globala FO mer än 5 mm påverkar inte patientrapporterad höftfunktion eller livskvalitet 1 år postoperativt. 2. BLS med en förlängning mer än 9 mm var associerad med mer användning av skoinlägg. En minskad FO med mer än 5 mm jämfört med den icke opererade höftenvar associerad med en sämre muskelstyrka i abduktion och ökat användning av gånghjälpmedel. 3. De radiologiska mätmetoderna av BLS, FO, acetabulära komponentens inklination och anteversion har hög validitet och reliabilitet, vilket kan användas i klinisk praxis. 4. En förlängning av det opererade benet orsakas främst av en positioneringen av stamkomponenten i lårbenet medan förlust av FO beror på otillfredsställande placeringav både stam och den acetabulära komponenten. Kirurger bör vara medveten om dessa operativa fallgropar för att optimera det kirurgiska resultatet.

Anlass dieser Studie war die Erfassung und Beurteilung radiologischer Genauigkeit in Thoraxübersichtsaufnahmen bei der Diagnostik von ARDS und Pneumonie. Dazu wurden von 84 Patienten (35 mit ARDS, 46 Patienten mit zusätzlicher Pneumonie) drei aufeinander folgende Aufnahmen befundet und hinsichtlich verschiedener radiomorphologischer Merkmale qualitativ, quantitativ und statistisch analysiert. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß es für eine sichere Befundung von Röntgenthoraces keine statistisches Korrelat gibt (p > 0.6). Die Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit für falsch positive und falsch negative Ergebnisse lag bei 78% und entsprach dabei den Angaben in der Literatur. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen zudem die Feststellung, daß auch Serienaufnahmen nicht zur Verbesserung der diagnostischen Sicherheit führen, die Wertigkeit von Röntgenthoraxaufnahmen beim ARDS daher nur im Rahmen einer allgemeinen Verlaufsbeurteilung zu sehen ist. / In addition to general clinical factors involved in the course of ARDS, the aspect of pneumonia superimposed on ARDS, its incidence, the predisposing factors and the underlying sources of infection were to be analysed and the reasons for the different radiological interpretation of this disease reported in literature and practice were to be established. Three consecutive radiographic chest views of 84 patients (35 with ARDS, 49 with ARDS and primary or secondary pneumonia) which were optically and statistically comparable as regards their radiological features were reviewed and evaluated comparatively by discriminance analysis. The study showed that no statistical correlate exists (p > 0.6) for a reliable interpretation of adiographic chest views with regard to ARDS and/or ARDS with additional pneumonia. Furthermore, the results underline the fact that even a series of films obtained within a 24-hour interval cannot help to improve the diagnostic safety and that, consequently, radiographic chest views are of value only for a general assessment of the course of ARDS, whether with or without accompanying pneumonia.

Li, Xiang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-184). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendix also in Chinese.

Orientador: Mário Jefferson Quirino Louzada / Banca: Ricardo Velludo Gomes Soutello / Banca: Gilberto Aparecido Coclete / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram avaliados 19 cães, que deram entrada nos Hospitais Veterinários de Andradina com fraturas de ossos longos e de quatro que foram osteotomisados no Hospital Veterinário de Araçatuba, sem levar em consideração a raça, idade, sexo e tamanho dos animais acometidos de fratura, apenas o local da lesão, esta em ossos longos. As fraturas foram radiografadas em um primeiro momento, os animais encaminhados ou não á cirurgia, como tramite normal dentro da rotina de um Hospital. Este trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar que os programas computacionais "ODR" e ImageJ, são ferramentas que podem auxiliar no diagnóstico, fornecendo dados quantitativos e qualitativos do reparo ósseo, favorecendo o diagnóstico na avaliação da fratura, como também, acompanhar o processo de reparo ósseo. As radiografias feitas após cirurgia e de acompanhamento, foram digitalizadas por um scanner, e avaliadas com o programa computacional "ImageJ". Os resultados obtidos foram analisados e comparados a laudos radiográficos visuais, demonstrando ser exeqüível e viável, de baixo custo, fornecendo dados quantitativos do diagnóstico e acompanhamento do reparo ósseo / Abstract: This study evaluated 19 dogs, which were received in Hospitals Veterinarians Andradina with long bone fractures and four were osteotomisados at the Veterinary Hospital of Araçatuba, without regard to race, age, sex and size of animals suffering from fracture, only the location of the lesion, the long bones. The fractures were radiographed at first, the animals sent to surgery or not, as tramite normal routine within a hospital. This study aimed to demonstrate that computer programs "ODR" and "ImageJ", are tools that can aid in diagnosis, providing quantitative and qualitative data of bone repair, favoring the diagnosis in the evaluation of the fracture, but also monitor the repair process bone. The radiographs made after surgery and follow-up (when possible), were scanned by a scanner and evaluated with the computer programs "ImageJ". The results were analyzed and compared the radiographic findings visually demonstrated to be feasible and viable, low cost, providing quantitative data of diagnosis and monitoring of bone healing / Mestre

A osteoporose é uma epidemia mundial, exprime altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, resultando também em altos custos sociais. O exame de densitometria óssea por dupla emissão de raios-X (DXA) é o exame padrão ouro para o diagnóstico da doença, porém a baixa disponibilidade de equipamentos e o alto custo dificultam o acesso ao exame, principalmente nos países pobres e nos emergentes. Desta forma absorciometria radiografica da falange (AR) se destaca pois tem baixa dose de radiação, é mais simples utilizando apenas uma radiografia de mão e um software. A radiografia panorâmica é amplamente utilizada na rotina do atendimento odontológico no mundo todo, e tem sido estudada para a avaliação de pacientes com baixa densidade mineral óssea (DMO). O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a qualidade óssea mandibular, por meio dos índices radiomorfométricos em radiografia panorâmica, com a qualidade óssea das falanges da mão não dominante, por meio da AR. A amostra constituiu-se por 167 pacientes (128 mulheres e 39 homens) com média de idade de 52.09 (± 11.5) divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o exame AR: Mulheres Normais (MN) com 92; Mulheres Doentes (MD) com 36; Homens Normais (HN) com 25; e Homens Doentes (HD) com 14.9. Os resultados demonstraram que houve correlação (p<0.00037) entre a classificação de Klemetti com a AR. A análise de variância de IM, IG, IFM, IFP apresentaram diferenças significativas (p <0.05) entre os grupos comparados. A área encontranda sob a curva ROC foi de 0.74 (SE = 97.4%, ES= 78%) para IM, 0.79 (SE = 94, ES= 54%) para IG, 0.77 (SE =94.8%, ES= 64%) para IFM, 0.76 (SE= 93,1%, ES= 62%) para IFP, 0.71(SE =96.5%, ES 86%) para DF. Concluiu-se que a análise dos índices radiomorfométricos apresentaram acurácia moderadamente precisa para a detecção da alteração na qualidade óssea mandibular de acordo com a AR. / Osteoporosis is a worldwide epidemic, expressed high rates of morbidity and mortality, also resulting in high social costs. Bone densitometry by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is gold standard for the diagnosis of disease, but the low availability of equipment and high costs make it difficult to take, especially in poor and emerging countries. Thus absorptiometry radiographically phalanx (AR) stands out because has low radiation dose, it is simpler using only one hand X-ray and software. Panoramic radiography is widely used in routine dental care worldwide, and has been studied for the evaluation of patients with low bone mineral density (BMD).The aim of this study was to correlate the mandibular bone quality through radiomorphometric indices in panoramic radiograph with bone quality of the non-dominant hand phalanges, through AR. The sample consisted of 167 patients (128 women and 39 men) with a mean age of 52.09 (± 11.5) divided into four groups according to the AR test: Healthy Women (MN) 92; Diseased Women (MD) 36; Men healthy (HN) 25 and Diseased Men (HD) with 14.9. The results showed correlation (p <0.00037) between the Klemetti with RA. Variance analysis IM, IG, MFIs, IFP shown significant differences (p <0.05) between the two groups. Area under the ROC curve was 0.74 (SE = 97.4%, ES = 78%) for MI, 0.79 (SE = 94, ES = 54%) for IG, 0.77 (SE = 94.8%, ES = 64%) for MFIs, 0.76 (SE = 93.1%, ES = 62%) for IFP, 0.71 (SE = 96.5%, ES 86%) for DF. It was concluded that the analysis of radiomorphometric indices showed moderate accuracy for detecting the change in mandibular bone quality according to AR.

The usage of deep learning algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks within the field of medical imaging has grown in popularity over the past few years. In particular, these types of algorithms have been used to detect abnormalities in chest x-rays, one of the most commonly performed type of radiographic examination. To try and improve the workflow of radiologists, this thesis investigated the possibility of using convolutional neural networks to create a lung triage to sort a bulk of chest x-ray images based on a degree of disease, where sick lungs should be prioritized before healthy lungs. The results from using a binary relevance approach to train multiple classifiers for different observations commonly found in chest x-rays shows that several models fail to learn how to classify x-ray images, most likely due to insufficient and/or imbalanced data. Using a binary relevance approach to create a triage is feasible but inflexible due to having to handle multiple models simultaneously. In future work it would therefore be interesting to further investigate other approaches, such as a single binary classification model or a multi-label classification model.