No início do século XIX, com a Revolução Industrial, o aço passou a ser um material competitivo e utilizado na construção de pontes que, até então, eram de pedra ou madeira. Assim, surgiram as primeiras pontes ferroviárias vencendo grandes vãos, ou seja, estruturas metálicas tracionadas submetidas a milhões de ciclos de carga, condições ideais para a fadiga de alto ciclo. Muitas destas estruturas ainda estão em tráfego, com mais de 100 anos de serviço e submetidas a carregamentos crescentes. Dado este cenário, este trabalho objetiva caracterizar as pontes metálicas ferroviárias, determinando os materiais empregados, tipos estruturais adotados e cargas utilizadas. Além disso, através de uma revisão da teoria de fadiga em aços e dos procedimentos recomendados pelas principais normas de estruturas metálicas, realiza-se um estudo de caso real de uma ponte que apresentou falha por fadiga em suas longarinas. Para tal, modela-se numericamente a estrutura e realiza-se análise experimental da mesma, através de medições in situ, para a calibração do modelo. Após, aplica-se as metodologias apresentadas nas normas e na teoria, a fim de efetuar-se a verificação à fadiga desta estrutura determinando a vida residual de seus elementos. / In the beginning of century XIX, with the Industrial Revolution, the steel started to be a competitive and used material in the construction of bridges that, until then, were of rock or wood. Thus, first great railroad bridges being successful vain, or either, tensile steel structures submitted the millions of load cycles had appeared, ideal conditions for the fatigue of high cycle. Many of these structures still are in traffic, with more than 100 years of service and submitted increasing loads. Get this scene, this objective work to characterize the railroad steel bridges, determining the used materials, structural types adopted and used loads. Moreover, through a revision of the theory of fatigue in steel and of the procedures recommended for the main codes of steel structures, is become a study of real case of a bridge that presented damage for fatigue in its stringers. For such, becomes a numerical model of the structure and experimental analysis of the same one, through measurements in situ, for the calibration of the model. After, one applies the methodologies presented in the codes and the theory, in order to effect it verification to the fatigue of this structure determining the residual life of its elements.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fah_me_assis_parcial.pdf: 108191 bytes, checksum: 56c0dc2769c7f89db56c9548c2800ba3 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-30T11:22:08Z: silva_fah_me_assis_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-30T11:23:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000697961_20170810.pdf: 96926 bytes, checksum: 30abdee24bd10f95024a7e60f8d59455 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-08-11T12:08:26Z: 000697961_20170810.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-08-11T12:09:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000697961.pdf: 519857 bytes, checksum: 905cf90577b45a9479d2c809cf276415 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho analisa os discursos de engenharia relativos à colonização do Estado de São Paulo, entre os anos de 1890 e 1910. Para tanto, foram utilizadas publicações da área, tais como a Revista de Engenharia do Mackenzie College e a Revista Polytechnica, publicação da Escola Politécnica de São Paulo. O século XIX pode ser entendido como um período no qual ideias provenientes de um contexto externo, particularmente a Europa, atingiram um alto grau de difusão entre a elite brasileira em todos os âmbitos, influenciando o desenvolvimento e a valorização do saber técnico e da engenharia. Dessa maneira, buscou-se verificar, por meio da bibliografia e das fontes, a possível convergência entre o que era difundido e proposto nas escolas de engenharia e a realização de tais propostas. Analisou-se o discurso modernizante que permeou a atividade desses profissionais, e a possível convergência entre as idealizações para os profissionais da área e o perfil do engenheiro ferroviário. Além disso, foram estudadas as principais instituições de ensino do Estado de São Paulo e as principais influências e áreas de atuação dos engenheiros encarregados de promover o progresso do país e os interesses do Estado / This paper analyzes the discourse of engineering on colonization of São Paulo State, between 1890 and 1910. For this purpose, we used publications in the field, the Revista de Engenharia of Mackenzie College and the Revista Polytechnica, published by the Escola Politécnica de São Paulo. The nineteenth century can be understood as a period in which ideas from an external environment, particularly Europe, have achieved a high degree of diffusion between the Brazilian elite in all areas, influencing the development and enhancement of technical knowledge and engineering. Thus we attempted to verify through the bibliography and the sources, the possible convergence between what was proposed and circulated in the schools of engineering and the realization of such proposals. We analyzed the discourse of modernization that has pervaded the activity of these professionals, and the possible convergence between the idealization for professionals of area and the profile of the railway engineer. In addition we studied were the main educational institutions of the State of São Paulo and the main influences and areas of expertise of the engineers in charge of promoting the country's progress and state interests

No início do século XIX, com a Revolução Industrial, o aço passou a ser um material competitivo e utilizado na construção de pontes que, até então, eram de pedra ou madeira. Assim, surgiram as primeiras pontes ferroviárias vencendo grandes vãos, ou seja, estruturas metálicas tracionadas submetidas a milhões de ciclos de carga, condições ideais para a fadiga de alto ciclo. Muitas destas estruturas ainda estão em tráfego, com mais de 100 anos de serviço e submetidas a carregamentos crescentes. Dado este cenário, este trabalho objetiva caracterizar as pontes metálicas ferroviárias, determinando os materiais empregados, tipos estruturais adotados e cargas utilizadas. Além disso, através de uma revisão da teoria de fadiga em aços e dos procedimentos recomendados pelas principais normas de estruturas metálicas, realiza-se um estudo de caso real de uma ponte que apresentou falha por fadiga em suas longarinas. Para tal, modela-se numericamente a estrutura e realiza-se análise experimental da mesma, através de medições in situ, para a calibração do modelo. Após, aplica-se as metodologias apresentadas nas normas e na teoria, a fim de efetuar-se a verificação à fadiga desta estrutura determinando a vida residual de seus elementos. / In the beginning of century XIX, with the Industrial Revolution, the steel started to be a competitive and used material in the construction of bridges that, until then, were of rock or wood. Thus, first great railroad bridges being successful vain, or either, tensile steel structures submitted the millions of load cycles had appeared, ideal conditions for the fatigue of high cycle. Many of these structures still are in traffic, with more than 100 years of service and submitted increasing loads. Get this scene, this objective work to characterize the railroad steel bridges, determining the used materials, structural types adopted and used loads. Moreover, through a revision of the theory of fatigue in steel and of the procedures recommended for the main codes of steel structures, is become a study of real case of a bridge that presented damage for fatigue in its stringers. For such, becomes a numerical model of the structure and experimental analysis of the same one, through measurements in situ, for the calibration of the model. After, one applies the methodologies presented in the codes and the theory, in order to effect it verification to the fatigue of this structure determining the residual life of its elements.

Orientador: Eduardo Romero de Oliveira / Banca: Célia Reis Camargo / Banca: Nilson Ghirardello / Resumo: O presente trabalho analisa os discursos de engenharia relativos à colonização do Estado de São Paulo, entre os anos de 1890 e 1910. Para tanto, foram utilizadas publicações da área, tais como a Revista de Engenharia do Mackenzie College e a Revista Polytechnica, publicação da Escola Politécnica de São Paulo. O século XIX pode ser entendido como um período no qual ideias provenientes de um contexto externo, particularmente a Europa, atingiram um alto grau de difusão entre a elite brasileira em todos os âmbitos, influenciando o desenvolvimento e a valorização do saber técnico e da engenharia. Dessa maneira, buscou-se verificar, por meio da bibliografia e das fontes, a possível convergência entre o que era difundido e proposto nas escolas de engenharia e a realização de tais propostas. Analisou-se o discurso modernizante que permeou a atividade desses profissionais, e a possível convergência entre as idealizações para os profissionais da área e o perfil do engenheiro ferroviário. Além disso, foram estudadas as principais instituições de ensino do Estado de São Paulo e as principais influências e áreas de atuação dos engenheiros encarregados de promover o progresso do país e os interesses do Estado / Abstract: This paper analyzes the discourse of engineering on colonization of São Paulo State, between 1890 and 1910. For this purpose, we used publications in the field, the Revista de Engenharia of Mackenzie College and the Revista Polytechnica, published by the Escola Politécnica de São Paulo. The nineteenth century can be understood as a period in which ideas from an external environment, particularly Europe, have achieved a high degree of diffusion between the Brazilian elite in all areas, influencing the development and enhancement of technical knowledge and engineering. Thus we attempted to verify through the bibliography and the sources, the possible convergence between what was proposed and circulated in the schools of engineering and the realization of such proposals. We analyzed the discourse of modernization that has pervaded the activity of these professionals, and the possible convergence between the idealization for professionals of area and the profile of the railway engineer. In addition we studied were the main educational institutions of the State of São Paulo and the main influences and areas of expertise of the engineers in charge of promoting the country's progress and state interests / Mestre

The world is shrinking with the help of different available travel options. But does it shrink our daily routine? What does location of travel nodes such as bus station or train station, giving for consequences in people’s daily life? And where are function of the society in relation to this travel stations? This study aims to analyze and investigate railway stations in a specific part of the northern Sweden. The research questions are to investigate their function and relation to the society and people in the area. And, to investigate if there are any correlation between where people live and where functions in the society are placed. The study has been performed with qualitative analyzes of the railway station in question and a quantitative approach for the correlation of people and function in the society. The presented data in the thesis has been collected from Statistics Sweden and analyzed in computer program. Analyses of the railway stations has showed that they are planed and built to gathering more than one way of traveling. They have been constructed to work for both busses, bicycle, train, cars and pedestrians. Analysis of people and function in the society has showed that there are some geographical relations between them.

Esta dissertação pretende contribuir para ordenação de informações acerca das estações ferroviárias paulistas, ressaltando a importância da ferrovia e da arquitetura produzida no contexto sócio-econômico-cultural do fértil período experimentado por São Paulo e pelo Brasil, durante a segunda metade do século 19 até os anos de 1940, quando o declínio dos negócios ferroviários, processo iniciado décadas antes, torna-se de fato evidente. A sistematização de alguns dados auxilia a compreensão do tema no campo da história da arquitetura e do urbanismo, e também do patrimônio cultural, permitindo ensaios de leitura das estações ferroviárias paulistas quanto a aspectos urbanísticos, especificidade e ineditismo de programa, vínculos com a arquitetura erudita, potencial simbólico dos edifícios e o conteúdo revelado pelo patrimônio construído e ainda existente no território do estado. / This dissertation intends to contribute to organize information about Paulistas railway stations, emphasizing the significance of the railway and the architecture produced in the social-economic-cultural context of the progressive period experienced by São Paulo and Brazil, from the second half of the 19th century until the 1940\'s, when the decline of railway system, a process that started decades before, becomes clear. The systematization of some basic facts helps to understand the subject in the architecture and the urbanism\'s scope and also of the cultural heritage, and to allow essays on the Paulistas railway stations related to the urbanistic aspects, and program\'s novelty, ties with the investigations of the formal architecture, symbolic potencial of the buildings and the contents revealed by the built heritage yet existent in the state of São Paulo.

No início do século XIX, com a Revolução Industrial, o aço passou a ser um material competitivo e utilizado na construção de pontes que, até então, eram de pedra ou madeira. Assim, surgiram as primeiras pontes ferroviárias vencendo grandes vãos, ou seja, estruturas metálicas tracionadas submetidas a milhões de ciclos de carga, condições ideais para a fadiga de alto ciclo. Muitas destas estruturas ainda estão em tráfego, com mais de 100 anos de serviço e submetidas a carregamentos crescentes. Dado este cenário, este trabalho objetiva caracterizar as pontes metálicas ferroviárias, determinando os materiais empregados, tipos estruturais adotados e cargas utilizadas. Além disso, através de uma revisão da teoria de fadiga em aços e dos procedimentos recomendados pelas principais normas de estruturas metálicas, realiza-se um estudo de caso real de uma ponte que apresentou falha por fadiga em suas longarinas. Para tal, modela-se numericamente a estrutura e realiza-se análise experimental da mesma, através de medições in situ, para a calibração do modelo. Após, aplica-se as metodologias apresentadas nas normas e na teoria, a fim de efetuar-se a verificação à fadiga desta estrutura determinando a vida residual de seus elementos. / In the beginning of century XIX, with the Industrial Revolution, the steel started to be a competitive and used material in the construction of bridges that, until then, were of rock or wood. Thus, first great railroad bridges being successful vain, or either, tensile steel structures submitted the millions of load cycles had appeared, ideal conditions for the fatigue of high cycle. Many of these structures still are in traffic, with more than 100 years of service and submitted increasing loads. Get this scene, this objective work to characterize the railroad steel bridges, determining the used materials, structural types adopted and used loads. Moreover, through a revision of the theory of fatigue in steel and of the procedures recommended for the main codes of steel structures, is become a study of real case of a bridge that presented damage for fatigue in its stringers. For such, becomes a numerical model of the structure and experimental analysis of the same one, through measurements in situ, for the calibration of the model. After, one applies the methodologies presented in the codes and the theory, in order to effect it verification to the fatigue of this structure determining the residual life of its elements.

O transporte ferroviário é uma das mais eficientes formas para escoamento da safra brasileira de granéis agrícolas. Apesar disso, a malha ferroviária nacional, bem como a sua frota de veículos, não tem sido expandida no mesmo ritmo que a produção de grãos, impondo restrições de capacidade de transporte cada vez mais fortes nesse modal. Nesse contexto, é necessário que a ferrovia torne-se mais eficiente, de forma a suprir o seu crescimento deficitário com aumento de produtividade. Esse trabalho lança mão de uma abordagem mista simulação-otimização para realizar a análise de possíveis estratégias operacionais para um sistema de transporte ferroviário operando em ciclo fechado, abordagem que se mostrou bastante adequada à representação de sistemas ferroviários do tipo considerado neste trabalho. É apresentado um modelo de simulação estocástica implementado em linguagem de programação dentro do qual foram testadas diversas regras de decisão baseadas em figuras de mérito diversas, algumas das quais apresentando resultados bastante promissores para testes práticos. / Railway transportation is one of the most efficient means used to carry the Brazilian grain production to export ports. However, grain production has grown at a faster rate than the railway infrastructure, leading to several operational restrictions for this transportation mode. Therefore it is expected from the railway operators an increase in their efficiency to supplement their lack of capacity. This research presents a discussion of some strategies that could be used for a grain rail transportation system operating in a closed loop, which was modeled as an simulation-optimization type of model, which revealed itself a very suitable approach when modeling this type of transportation system. This dissertation describes the simulation model developed to characterize the system, the prioritization rules that were incorporated into the model, as well as some very promising results.

This thesis focuses on Litchurch, the railway suburb of Derby, the headquarters of the Midland Railway Company and its workforce, during the period 1840-1900, It examines the consequences of factory paternalism and company loyalty for the construction of 'community', exploring the connections between work, family, and wider social and political life. It begins by looking at Derby as a county town where an early alliance between Whigs and Liberals resulted in the political dominance of the town by a group of Liberal-radical textile manufacturers as a form of extended factory village. There is then a discussion of railway paternalism which investigates the many differences between the family firm and the corporate railway company. The relationship between the railways and the state is examined, through the twin theorization of the railway within the state-intrinsic to national integrity and as a state in microcosm- a form of space management derived from military and civil government. The role of Derby as headquarters of the M.R.is then considered: its decision making and service function; the technological mix of productive techniques; and the distinctive relationship between public and private space. A model of company loyalty based on the experience of the physical and organizational space of the railway company is developed through the notions of the career and the appropriation to the self of organisational space, the 'bailiwick'. The spatial and social structure of Litchurch is examined and its marriage and residence patterns. In the discussion of social institutions, churches, recreation and self-help, the tensions are explored between vertical integration and horizontal stratification which are intrinsic to corporate culture. The extent and limits of collective action in terms of local and national consciousness are then considered. A model of community is then proposed, founded on the routine practices of everyday life, which recognises the multiplicity of motivations and experiences subsumed within the symbolic affirmations of collective solidarity. It concludes with an examination of the antagonism between the county town of Derby, with its history and expectations of paternal intervention, and the corporate Midland Railway 1 which was economically, socially and politically independent of local systems.

Abstract Almost all the Finnish buildings were log constructed up to the beginning of the 20th century. Among these buildings one can see the finest expressions of Finnish wood architecture. Unfortunately, the tradition of the original and fascinating Finnish log architecture was broken in the beginning of the 20th century. At the same time a lot of knowledge and skills connected to log constructing were lost. In order to be able to continue the tradition of log architecture, more research work needs to be done. The rules that log constructions set to the architecture are still poorly known. Finnish State Railways was the most notable public builder in Finland in the end of the 1900s and constructed more than 4000 log buildings between years 1860–1950. Very high quality demands were set on the railway buildings and all the builders were highly experienced professionals. When studying traditional, professionally built log constructions, the railway stations are unique research subjects. In this thesis the log frames, structures and joints of 30 railway stations were documented. The main aim with the research was to find out how log structures affect the architectural form of the railway stations. As the results of the research it can be stated that in the architecture of the railway stations there are several factors which depend on log structures and which have had a powerful influence on the architectural form of railway stations and, thus, have created an identifiable building type for log stations. Due to the log and cross logging techniques, the most natural form of a log frame is a rectangular box, the height of which is the same everywhere and in which the openings obey certain rules. The rectangular box shape is so dominating in the railway stations that, on the basis of the log frame only, it is very difficult to place them to a certain architectural era or to categorize them according to a certain architectural style. The architectural originality has been created by different kinds of roof shapes, parting of the windows, sidings, decorations, porches and lean-to roofs. According to the data gathered from the railway stations, the architectural form of a log frame must be submitted to the rules of the log structure. Thus, the materialistic characteristics, the cross logging technique and the strength of the log structures are the factors that determine the ground plan, the masses and the openings of log buildings. Log as a construction material creates natural, small and simple buildings with undisturbed and balanced openings. The development work to be done on the basis of the rules of log structures can most naturally take place amongst handicraftsmen. The development of traditional log building still needs more research on historical building types, log joints and on the technical functioning of the log structures. / Tiivistelmä 1900-luvun alkuun saakka lähes kaikki maamme rakennukset olivat hirsirunkoisia. Näiden rakennusten joukosta löytyvät puuarkkitehtuurimme merkittävimmät saavutukset. Omintakeisen ja kiehtovan suomalaisen hirsiarkkitehtuurin perinne katkesi 1900-luvun alkupuolella. Samalla kadotettiin suuri joukko hirsirakentamiseen liittyvää tietoa ja taitoa. Perinnettä jatkavan hirsiarkkitehtuurin kehittymisen esteenä on tiedon puute. Emme tarkalleen tiedä, mitä sääntöjä perinteistä arkkitehtuuria ohjannut hirsirakenne asettaa arkkitehtoniselle muodonannolle. Valtion rautatiet oli maamme merkittävin julkinen rakentaja 1800-luvun loppupuolella ja rakensi vuosien 1860–1950 aikana yli 4 000 hirsirakennusta. Rakennuksille oli asetettu korkeat laatuvaatimukset, ja niiden rakentajina toimivat kokeneet ammattilaiset. Asemarakennukset ovat ainutlaatuinen kohde tutkittaessa perinteistä ammattimaista hirsirakentamista. Tutkimuksessa dokumentoitiin 30 asemarakennuksen hirsirunko, -rakenteet ja -liitokset. Dokumentointiaineiston pohjalta selvitettiin, miten hirsirakenteet ovat säädelleet asemarakennusten arkkitehtonista muodonantoa. Tutkimuksen tuloksena pystytään osoittamaan, että asemarakennuksissa on joukko hirsirakenteista johtuvia tekijöitä, jotka ovat merkittävästi vaikuttaneet rakennusten arkkitehtoniseen muodonantoon ja luoneet oman tunnistettavan hirsirunkoisten asemien rakennustyypin. Hirrestä ja lamasalvostekniikasta johtuvien tekijöiden vaikutuksesta hirsirungon luonnollinen muoto on tasakorkea suorakulmainen laatikko, jonka aukottamiseen on olemassa tiettyjä sääntöjä. Asemarakennuksissa on hirsirungon pelkistetty laatikkomuoto niin hallitseva, että rakennuksia on pelkän hirsirungon perusteella erittäin vaikeaa ajoittaa eri aikakausille tai luokittaa tiettyihin arkkitehtonisiin tyylikausiin. Rakennusten arkkitehtoninen yksilöllisyys on toteutettu vesikaton muodoilla, ikkunoiden jakopuitteilla, ulkoverhouksen struktuurilla, koristeaiheilla sekä keveillä kuisteilla ja katoksilla. Asemarakennuksista saadun tiedon mukaan hirsirungon muoto tulee alistaa hirsirakenteen ehtojen mukaiseksi. Täten rakennuksen pohjakaavaa, massoittelua ja aukotusta säätelevät hirren materiaaliominaisuudet, käytetty liitostekniikka ja hirsirakenteen lujuus. Hirrestä syntyy luonnollisesti pieniä, yksinkertaisia rakennuksia, joiden aukotus on rauhallista. Hirsirakenteen ehtojen pohjalta tapahtuva kehitystyö on luontevinta käsinveistotuotantotavan piirissä. Perinnettä jatkavan hirsiarkkitehtuurin kehittyminen vaatii vielä lisää tutkimusta historiallisista rakennustyypeistä, hirsiliitoksista ja hirsirakenteen teknisestä toiminnasta.