Com o objetivo de estabelecer as possíveis correlações entre os ácidos orgânicos na precipitação e as alterações no uso do solo, amostras de água da chuva e aerossol foram coletadas nos Parques Estaduais de Intervales (PEI) e Morro do Diabo (PEMD), no Estado de São Paulo, cuja vegetação é formada por florestas pertencentes ao domínio Mata Atlântica. Entre julho de 2002 a julho de 2004 foram coletadas 232 amostras de água de chuva em PEI e 96 amostras em PEMD, determinando-se os teores de formato, acetato, metanosulfonato, piruvato, oxalato, maleato, valerato, citrato, butirato, tartarato, cloreto, nitrato, sulfato, sódio, amônio, potássio, cálcio e magnésio por cromatografia iônica (CI). Também foram determinadas as concentrações de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), carbono inorgânico dissolvido (CID) e o pH das amostras. Entre julho de 2002 a maio de 2003, amostras de aerossol inalável (PM10), subdividido nas frações fina (dp < 2,5 µm) e grossa (2,5 < dp < 10 µm), foram coletadas separadamente, totalizando 60 amostras para cada fração no PEMD e 90 amostras para cada fração no PEI, determinando-se as concentrações em massa por gravimetria e a composição química do material solúvel em água por CI. Eventos de chuva ácida ocorreram nos dois locais ao longo do período de amostragem. Os ácidos orgânicos contribuíram com até 16% da somatória iônica (µeq.L-1) no PEI e até 12% no PEMD, com predominância do ácido acético no PEI e com predominância de ácido fórmico no PEMD. A emissão direta da vegetação foi a principal fonte de ácidos orgânicos no PEI, uma vez que a razão entre o ácido fórmico e ácido acético < 1,0. No PEMD, a razão entre ácido fórmico e acético > 1,0 indicou como as principais fontes as reações secundárias de oxidação fotoquímicas no local e a emissão direta biogênica da vegetação. A contribuição dos ácidos orgânicos para a acidez da água da chuva foi de até 40% no PEI e até 30% no PEMD. Adicionalmente, as correlações significantes entre H+ e COD (p < 0,05) sugerem contribuições de compostos orgânicos para acidez da água da chuva. A influência de fontes regionais de queima de biomassa e das condições meteorológicas na composição química da atmosfera no PEMD é evidenciada pela concentração média de PM10 (22 ug.m-3); pela concentração de \"black carbon\" (40 ?g.m-3), superiores às verificadas no PEI, pela maior contribuição da fração fina do aerossol para a concentração de COD da fração solúvel em água. Por outro lado, no PEI, a fração grossa relacionada à compostos biogênicos, aerossol marinho e partículas de solo foi a maior contribuinte para o COD. Dos ácidos orgânicos detectados no aerossol solúvel em água, o ácido oxálico foi o mais abundante. / In order to establish the possible correlations among organic acids in the precipitation and land use changes, rain water and aerosol samples were collected in the State Parks of Intervales (PEI) and Morro do Diabo (PEMD), in the State of São Paulo. The vegetation there is formed by Mata Atlântica forests (Atlantic forest). Between July, 2002 and July, 2004, 232 samples of rainwater were collected in PEI and 96 samples in PEMD, for the analysis of formate, acetate, methanesulfonate, pyruvate, oxalate, malate, valerate, citrate, butyrate, tartarate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, magnesium for ionic chromatography (CI). The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (COD), dissolved inorganic carbon (CID) and pH of the samples were also determined. Between July, 2002 and May, 2003, samples of inhalable aerosol (PM10), subdivided in fine fraction (dp <2.5 µm) and coarse fraction (2.5 <dp <10 µm), were collected separately, in a total of 60 samples for each fraction in PEMD and 90 samples for each fraction in PEI, submitted to the analyses of concentration in mass through gravimeter and the chemical composition of the water soluble aerosol for CI. Events of acid rain were verified along the sampling period in both places and the organic acids contributed up to 16% of the ionic sum (µeq.L-1) in PEI and up to 12% in PEMD, with predominance of acetic acid in PEI and with predominance of formic acid in PEMD. The direct emission from vegetation was the main source of organic acids in PEI, once the ratio between the formic acid and acetic acid was <1.0 and that the effects of biomass burns are not verified. In PEMD, the ratio among formic and acetic acid >1.0 indicated the secondary reactions of photo-chemical oxidation ?in situ? and biogenic direct emission from the vegetation as the main source. The contribution of the organic acids for the acidity of the rainwater was up to 40% in PEI and up to 30% in PEMD. In addition to the strong correlations between H+ and COD (p <0.05) they suggest contributions of organic compositions for the acidity of the rainwater. The influence of regional sources of biomass burning and of the meteorological conditions in the chemical composition of the atmosphere in PEMD is also observed by the medium concentration of PM10 (22 µg.m-3) and concentration of \"black carbon\" (40 ?g.m-3), both higher than the ones observed in PEI, and for the highest contribution of fine fraction of aerosol for the concentration of COD analyzed from the water soluble fraction. In PEI, the coarse fraction related to biogenic compounds, marine aerosol and soil particles were the greatest responsible agents for COD. Oxalic acid was the most abundant organic acid detected.

Com o objetivo de estabelecer as possíveis correlações entre os ácidos orgânicos na precipitação e as alterações no uso do solo, amostras de água da chuva e aerossol foram coletadas nos Parques Estaduais de Intervales (PEI) e Morro do Diabo (PEMD), no Estado de São Paulo, cuja vegetação é formada por florestas pertencentes ao domínio Mata Atlântica. Entre julho de 2002 a julho de 2004 foram coletadas 232 amostras de água de chuva em PEI e 96 amostras em PEMD, determinando-se os teores de formato, acetato, metanosulfonato, piruvato, oxalato, maleato, valerato, citrato, butirato, tartarato, cloreto, nitrato, sulfato, sódio, amônio, potássio, cálcio e magnésio por cromatografia iônica (CI). Também foram determinadas as concentrações de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), carbono inorgânico dissolvido (CID) e o pH das amostras. Entre julho de 2002 a maio de 2003, amostras de aerossol inalável (PM10), subdividido nas frações fina (dp < 2,5 µm) e grossa (2,5 < dp < 10 µm), foram coletadas separadamente, totalizando 60 amostras para cada fração no PEMD e 90 amostras para cada fração no PEI, determinando-se as concentrações em massa por gravimetria e a composição química do material solúvel em água por CI. Eventos de chuva ácida ocorreram nos dois locais ao longo do período de amostragem. Os ácidos orgânicos contribuíram com até 16% da somatória iônica (µeq.L-1) no PEI e até 12% no PEMD, com predominância do ácido acético no PEI e com predominância de ácido fórmico no PEMD. A emissão direta da vegetação foi a principal fonte de ácidos orgânicos no PEI, uma vez que a razão entre o ácido fórmico e ácido acético < 1,0. No PEMD, a razão entre ácido fórmico e acético > 1,0 indicou como as principais fontes as reações secundárias de oxidação fotoquímicas no local e a emissão direta biogênica da vegetação. A contribuição dos ácidos orgânicos para a acidez da água da chuva foi de até 40% no PEI e até 30% no PEMD. Adicionalmente, as correlações significantes entre H+ e COD (p < 0,05) sugerem contribuições de compostos orgânicos para acidez da água da chuva. A influência de fontes regionais de queima de biomassa e das condições meteorológicas na composição química da atmosfera no PEMD é evidenciada pela concentração média de PM10 (22 ug.m-3); pela concentração de \"black carbon\" (40 ?g.m-3), superiores às verificadas no PEI, pela maior contribuição da fração fina do aerossol para a concentração de COD da fração solúvel em água. Por outro lado, no PEI, a fração grossa relacionada à compostos biogênicos, aerossol marinho e partículas de solo foi a maior contribuinte para o COD. Dos ácidos orgânicos detectados no aerossol solúvel em água, o ácido oxálico foi o mais abundante. / In order to establish the possible correlations among organic acids in the precipitation and land use changes, rain water and aerosol samples were collected in the State Parks of Intervales (PEI) and Morro do Diabo (PEMD), in the State of São Paulo. The vegetation there is formed by Mata Atlântica forests (Atlantic forest). Between July, 2002 and July, 2004, 232 samples of rainwater were collected in PEI and 96 samples in PEMD, for the analysis of formate, acetate, methanesulfonate, pyruvate, oxalate, malate, valerate, citrate, butyrate, tartarate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, magnesium for ionic chromatography (CI). The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (COD), dissolved inorganic carbon (CID) and pH of the samples were also determined. Between July, 2002 and May, 2003, samples of inhalable aerosol (PM10), subdivided in fine fraction (dp <2.5 µm) and coarse fraction (2.5 <dp <10 µm), were collected separately, in a total of 60 samples for each fraction in PEMD and 90 samples for each fraction in PEI, submitted to the analyses of concentration in mass through gravimeter and the chemical composition of the water soluble aerosol for CI. Events of acid rain were verified along the sampling period in both places and the organic acids contributed up to 16% of the ionic sum (µeq.L-1) in PEI and up to 12% in PEMD, with predominance of acetic acid in PEI and with predominance of formic acid in PEMD. The direct emission from vegetation was the main source of organic acids in PEI, once the ratio between the formic acid and acetic acid was <1.0 and that the effects of biomass burns are not verified. In PEMD, the ratio among formic and acetic acid >1.0 indicated the secondary reactions of photo-chemical oxidation ?in situ? and biogenic direct emission from the vegetation as the main source. The contribution of the organic acids for the acidity of the rainwater was up to 40% in PEI and up to 30% in PEMD. In addition to the strong correlations between H+ and COD (p <0.05) they suggest contributions of organic compositions for the acidity of the rainwater. The influence of regional sources of biomass burning and of the meteorological conditions in the chemical composition of the atmosphere in PEMD is also observed by the medium concentration of PM10 (22 µg.m-3) and concentration of \"black carbon\" (40 ?g.m-3), both higher than the ones observed in PEI, and for the highest contribution of fine fraction of aerosol for the concentration of COD analyzed from the water soluble fraction. In PEI, the coarse fraction related to biogenic compounds, marine aerosol and soil particles were the greatest responsible agents for COD. Oxalic acid was the most abundant organic acid detected.

Dricksvatten är vårt viktigaste livsmedel. I takt med klimatförändringarna kommer temperaturen öka och vädret bli mer extremt vilket gör vår tillgång till dricksvatten mer sårbar. Redan idag finns problem med dricksvattenförsörjningen i vissa delar av Sverige. Ett sätt att minska dricksvattenförbrukningen är att samla in regnvatten och använda det till processer med lägre kvalitetskrav än dricksvatten. Swedavia jobbar aktivt med att få mer miljövänliga flygplatser och som en del av detta minska dricksvattenförbrukningen. Detta projekt utreder möjligheten att samla upp regnvatten på takytor för att använda till processer som idag använder dricksvatten. Projektet är koncernövergripande och applicerbart på samtliga av Swedavias flygplatser även om arbetet utförs på Stockholm Arlanda Airport. I detta examensarbete har kvaliteten på vattnet från fem olika typer av tak studerats. Taken valdes bland annat utifrån tidigare utförda studier där föroreningsgraden på vattnet från olika sorters tak undersökts. Även faktorer som förekomst på flygplatserna spelade in. Provtagning utfördes vid två tillfällen där avrunnet regnvatten samlades in från de fem olika taken samt ett referensprov på rent regnvatten. Fem näringsämnen, löst organiskt material, suspenderat material och sex olika tungmetaller analyserades. Tre av taken gav så pass höga värden att de överskred satta gränsvärden. Det gröna taket gav höga halter fosfor och löst organiskt material. Taket med TRP-stål gav höga zinkhalter vilket tros bero på den zinkbeläggning som taket har. Taket med PVC-plastduk gav också höga zinkhalter vid en av provtagningarna, men inte lika höga som på TRP-ståltaket. Taken med FPO-plast, som är en mer miljövänlig plastduk, och taket med takpapp gav låga värden och överskred inte några satta gränsvärden. Referensprovet på regnvatten gav hög halt suspenderat material vid en av provtagningarna samt höga blyhalter som överskred gränsvärdena. Slutsatserna av detta projekt är att gröna tak, tak med TRP-stål och tak med PVC-plastduk riskerar att överskrida gränsvärden vilket gör att de lämpar sig sämre för uppsamling av regnvatten än de resterande taken. Resultatet baseras på de två provtagningar som utfördes vilket gör att fler provtagningar bör utföras för att kunna dra den definitiva slutsatsen att dessa tre typer av tak inte lämpar sig för detta ändamål. Taken med FPO-plast och takpapp överskrider inga gränsvärden och kan, utifrån de analyserade parametrarna, lämpa sig för uppsamling av regnvatten. Det är dock viktigt att poängtera att för att kunna återanvända vattnet och garantera att det håller en tillräckligt bra kvalitet behöver fler parametrar analyseras, något som inte kunde genomföras i detta projekt. / Drinking water is vital for our daily life. With climate change comes increasing temperatures and more extreme weather which can jeopardize our access to drinking water. One way to reduce our drinking water consumption is to collect rainwater and use it for processes which have lower quality demands than drinking water. Swedavia is constantly working on making their airports more environmentally friendly and as a part of this reducing the drinking water consumption. This project examines how water can be collected at Swedavia’s airports. The project results should be of intent to all of Swedavia’s airports even if the project is performed at Stockholm Arlanda Airport. In this project the water quality from five different types roofs has been studied. The different kind of roofs were chosen based on previous studies where pollutants in roof-harvested rainwater were studied. Other aspects such as location on the airports were also considered. Samplings were collected at two different occasions where water was collected from the different roofs. One sample of clean rainwater was collected as a reference. Five nutrients, dissolved organic matter, suspended matter and six heavy metals were analyzed. Three of the roofs gave water with high values that exceeded the quality limits. The samples from the green roof showed high levels of phosphorus and dissolved organic matter. The steel roof gave high levels of zink which may origin from its zink coating. The roof with PVC plastic also gave high levels of zink, but not as high as the steel roof. The roof with FPO plastic, a more environmentally friendly plastic, and the roof with roof paper gave low values and did not exceed any quality limits. The reference sample of clean rainwater gave high values of suspended matter at the second occasion and high values of lead that exceeded the quality limits. The conclusions of this project are that roof-harvested rainwater from green roofs, steel roofs and roofs with PVC plastic may exceed quality limits which makes them less suitable for collecting and re-use. The results are based on the two sampling occasions which means that sampling at more occations needs to be done to make definitive conclusions. The roofs with FPO plastic and roof paper do not exceed any quality limits and can therefore, according to the analyzed parameters, be suitable for collecting rainwater. It is important to note that to be able to reuse the water and guarantee that the quality of the water does not exceed any quality limits more parameters should be analyzed.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has seen a low level of uptake relative to similar settings such as Australia and Germany. The relatively low cost of municipal water in the UK limits the financial savings associated with RWH systems, especially in a domestic setting. Although financial benefits can be relatively low (in terms of reduced water bills), academic and practitioner studies have demonstrated the potential for RWH to significantly reduce potable water demands at typical UK houses. Hence, increased uptake of RWH has potential to contribute to mitigating droughts in water scarce regions. Stormwater management in the UK is receiving increasing attention at all levels; from grass-roots sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) such as downpipe disconnections and raingardens; through to implementation of urban realm attenuation schemes and continued development of guidance from UK policy makers. The public realm nature of most SuDS presents a need for partnership approaches to be fostered between infrastructure mangers and the general public. The application of RWH as a technology within the SuDS management train has been limited in the UK as policy makers have taken the view that RWH tanks may be full at the start of a design storm, and thus the potential for attenuation and peak discharge reduction has been largely ignored. However, in the last few years there has been a shift in emphasis; from RWH perceived purely as a water demand management technology to a focus on its wider benefits e.g. mitigating surface water flooding through improved stormwater management. RWH systems examined in this thesis are now available which offer multiple benefits to both end-users and water service providers. The application of RWH in a dual purpose configuration (to displace potable water demands and control stormwater discharges) has seen increasing interest during the development of this thesis. However, the successful design of RWH as a stormwater management tool requires a series of calculations to be completed. To date, practitioners have frequently relied upon low-resolution heuristic methods which lead to a small range of configurations being deployed, with minimal demonstrable stormwater control benefits. In this thesis, full details of novel and traditional RWH technologies were identified and described. Empirical data was collected, both in laboratory conditions and at field sites, to identify the real world operating characteristics of a range of RWH configurations. Additionally a new time series evaluation methodology was developed to enable RWH systems to be designed and analysed. This method quantifies water demand benefits and also focusses on stormwater management metrics (i.e. largest annual discharge and total discharge volume per year). The method was developed to enable a range of RWH configurations to be evaluated at a given site. In addition, a decision support tool (RainWET) was developed and tested which enabled the methods to be deployed in real world settings. The application of the RainWET software allowed a UK-wide, time series analysis of RWH configurations to be completed and the holistic benefits of a range of dual purpose RWH systems to be analysed and described. Evidence from the UK study suggests that a traditional RWH installation (3000l storage, 300l/day demand and 60m2 roof) installed at a house in a water scarce region (London, SAAR 597mm) was able to fully mitigate stormwater overflows over a 20 year analysis whilst providing a mean water saving of 31,255l/annum. An equivalent system located in the wettest region studied (Truro, SAAR 1099mm) saw mean reductions in the largest annual storm of 62% (range 35-86%) whilst satisfying a mean rainwater demand of 50,912l/annum. The study concluded that suitably designed dual purpose RWH systems offered better stormwater management benefits than those designed without a stormwater control device. In addition, the integration of smart RWH controls were shown to maximise stormwater control benefits with little or no reduction in a system’s ability to satisfy non-potable water demands.

El desarrollo de la presente tesis tiene como objetivo disminuir el déficit de la infraestructura educativa primaria, mediante el desarrollo de módulos autosustentables en el distrito de Asunción de la provincia y departamento de Cajamarca; la cual forma parte de los sectores rurales del Perú con una altitud superior a los 2200 msnm de la sierra peruana del departamento de Cajamarca. En la tesis propuesta se plantea el desarrollo de módulos educativos que se adapten a los requerimientos y a la geografía del lugar, adecuándose a las condiciones climáticas y a la difícil accesibilidad. Este proyecto está destinado a beneficiar a la población del Distrito de Asunción, dotándola de infraestructura educativa cuya principal característica será la de ofrecer espacios adecuados para el desarrollo de las actividades propias de su función mediante módulos de fácil instalación. Estos módulos tendrán una vida útil de 10 años aproximadamente y estarán equipados para aprovechar los recursos naturales de la zona (captación de agua pluvial y también energía solar) de tal manera que sean edificaciones amigables con el entorno; aprovechando e integrándose al medio ambiente. / The objective of this thesis is to reduce the deficit of the primary educational infrastructure, through the development of self-sustaining modules in the Asunción district of the province and department of Cajamarca; which is part of the rural sectors of Peru with an altitude higher than 2200 meters above sea level in the Peruvian highlands of the department of Cajamarca. The thesis proposes the development of educational modules that adapt to the requirements and geography of the place, adapting to climatic conditions and difficult accessibility. This project is intended to benefit the population of the Asunción District, providing with educational infrastructure whose main characteristic will be to offer adequate spaces for the development of the activities of its function through easy-to-install modules. These modules will have a useful life of approximately 10 years and will be equipped to take advantage of the natural resources of the area (rainwater collection and solar energy) so that they are buildings that are friendly to the environment; taking advantage and integrating into the environment. / Tesis

Soil degradation and low crop productivity negatively affect the food security of smallholder farmers in West Africa. Various agricultural techniques have been developed as components of food security interventions, but their effectiveness in addressing food insecurity in part depends upon farmers’ willingness to adopt these techniques. Likewise, adoption depends upon the effectiveness of these techniques in fulfilling farmers’ objectives. The institutional and biophysical environments mediate not only the effectiveness of the techniques, but also how farmers value a technique. This study examined the evidence for fertilizer microdosing as a form of agricultural intensification and the socio-economic conditions that influence its adoption among smallholder farmers. A census was conducted in one village in northwest Benin that had recently seen the introduction of fertilizer microdosing. Key household-level determinants of adoption identified in the literature—household resources, household demographics, and access to inputs— were included in the household surveys. Using partial budgeting analysis and yield data from demonstration plots, the relative profitability of fertilizer microdosing was calculated as a necessary condition of adoption. Drawing from farmers’ stories, the potential value of microdosing was contextualized within the larger social and institutional context. Based upon the village census, there was little adoption outside of the research project that introduced microdosing to the village. Households using microdosing (predominantly found within the research project) had, on average, higher socio-economic status, more cultivable land and larger labour forces. Profitability analysis indicated that microdosing was on average less profitable than the point-source application of the recommended dosage rate in Benin (the common alternative). However, farmers still expressed a desire to microdose, due to poorly functioning input markets, poor infrastructure, and lack of access to financial instruments, all of which limited the availability, access and utilization of inorganic fertilizer.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A captação de águas pluviais não constitui nova estratégia ou tecnologia. No entanto, recentemente tem sido proposta em regiões bem desenvolvidas ou em desenvolvimento (peri-urbanas) em resposta a grandes períodos de estiagens, aumento da demanda por água, maior conscientização pública das enchentes urbanas e sua gênese e, aumento do interesse em práticas de construções sustentáveis, que integram também o uso racional da água. As escolas constituem uma importante fundação da nação, e tem influência no desenvolvimento da sociedade e da sensibilização/ conscientização sobre as questões ambientais. Muitos dos usos da água nas escolas envolvem usos menos nobres da água. Neste contexto, nessa dissertação de mestrado além da análise de marcos legais nesse assunto, foi realizada pesquisa de opinião (entrevista e questionário) junto a atores que interferem no processo decisório da utilização das águas pluviais nas escolas para fins não potáveis. Foram observadas as condições físicas-construtivas das escolas do município do Rio de Janeiro, sobretudo na região da 7a. CRE, que abrange a região da Baixada de Jacarepaguá, área de expansão da cidade. Foi implementada uma unidade para coleta e caracterização da qualidade das águas pluviais, além da caracterização e estudo dos volumes de primeiro descarte (first flush). Os parâmetros de qualidade da água pH, T, OD, ORP, Tu, STD, Condutividade e Salinidade, foram observados com auxílio de sonda multiparâmetros e, através de análise laboratorial de acordo com o Standard Methods, os coliformes termotolerantes. No estudo de percepção foi verificada uma grande aceitação do aproveitamento de águas pluviais para fins não potáveis, embora diretores de escola tenham apresentado informações/percepção divergentes sobre consumo e contas de água das escolas, de sua coordenadoria. Na análise dos parâmetros de qualidade da água versus registros pluviométricos foi observada variabilidade nos eventos pluviométricos observados que limitaram a correlação entre os mesmos, e acabou limitando as conclusões dos estudos de volumes para primeira lavagem e descarte (first flush). Os resultados da pesquisa permitem recomendar a implementação de políticas públicas para aproveitamento de águas pluviais para fins não potáveis nas escolas, mas, com o devido apoio tecnológico. Recomenda-se o aperfeiçoamento e automatização do sistema de coleta de águas pluviais para os estudos de first-flush e otimização dos volumes de descarte. / Rainwater harvesting does not constitute a new strategy or technology. However, recently it has been proposed in well-developed regions or in development (peri-urban) in response to long periods of dryness, increased demand for water, greater public awareness of urban flooding and its genesis, and increased interest in sustainable construction practices, incorporating also the rational use of water. Schools are an important foundation of the nation and has influence in the development of society and awareness about environmental issues. Many of the uses of water in schools involve less noble uses of water. In this context, this dissertation in addition to the analysis of legal frameworks in this matter was held survey (interview and questionnaire) with actors who interfere in the decision-making process of the use of rainwater for non potable purposes in schools. Schools physical- constructive conditions were observed of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, especially in the region of the 7th CRE, which covers the region of Baixada de Jacarepaguá, area in expansion of the city. It was implemented a unit for collection and characterization of rainwater quality, plus the characterisation and study of volumes of first flush. The water quality parameters pH, T, DO, ORP, Tu, TDS, Conductivity and Salinity, were observed with the aid of multi-parameter probe and, through laboratory testing in accordance with the Standard Methods, the fecal coliforms. In the study of perception was verified a wide acceptance of the use of rainwater for drinking purposes, although school directors have submitted divergent perception/information about consumption and water bills of the schools in its coordination. In the analysis of water quality parameters versus rainfall records was observed a certain variability in the rainfall events observed that limited the correlation between them, and ended up limiting the conclusions of the studies of volumes for the first washing and disposal (first flush). The search results allowed to recommend the implementation of public policies for rainwater utilization for potable purposes in schools, but with a technological support. It is recommended the improvement and automation of the rainwater collection system for studies of first-flush and optimization of disposition volumes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 casarin_rd_me_botfca.pdf: 1894118 bytes, checksum: a79719f400dc5c1f108825800d1d028c (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A erosão provocada pela água no leito e nas margens das estradas rurais de terra está intimamente relacionada à má drenagem, sendo um dos principais fatores para sua degradação. Para que o sistema de drenagem seja feito de forma adequada é necessário o conhecimento da erodibilidade, capacidade de infiltração de água no solo e adoção de práticas mecânicas de elevação do greide e interceptação de águas através de dispositivos de captação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi desenvolver um sistema de contenção de águas pluviais em trecho de estrada rural encaixada no terreno, em solo do tipo Argissolo Distrófico Abrúptico de textura arenosa, com base em técnicas de abatimento de taludes, elevação do greide da estrada com abaulamento transversal e desviador do fluxo das águas, seguido de segmentos de terraços embutidos associados a bacias de captação. A área de estudo é em contorno a um trecho da estrada Rural PLA 06 localizada na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo com coordenadas geográficas no espigão: Latitude 22º 34’54”S e Longitude 49º 25’02”O e altitude 594 metros e, na parte baixa do trecho: Latitude 22º34‘53”S e longitude 49º24‘34”O e altitude 544 metros. 22º34‘53”S e longitude 49º24‘34”O e altitude 544 metros. As frações granulométricas... / The erosion caused by water in the roadbeds and at the margins of terrene roads in rural areas is closely related to poor drainage, one of the main factors to their degradation. For the drainage system is done in an appropriate manner, knowledge of the erosionability and of the ability of water infiltration into the soil is necessary as well as the adoption of practices of mechanical roadbed lifting and interception of water through reception devices. The goal of this research was to develop a system to contain rain water in a rural stretch of road seated on the ground in the soil type Abruptic Distrophic Argisol of sandy texture, based on techniques for abatement of embankments, raising the roadbeds across the road with bulging deflector and the flow of water, followed by segments of terraces built in association with the catchment basins. The study outline comprehends a stretch of the rural road PLA 06 located in the Central West of Sao Paulo State in the jetty with geographic coordinates: latitude 22 ° 34 '54” S and longitude 49 ° 25' 02”; the altitude is of 594 meters and, at the bottom of the extension: latitude 22 ° 34'53” S and longitude 49 ° 24'34”. The altitude in this stretch is 544 meters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3409.pdf: 2199737 bytes, checksum: 5aff5a67e09c1c1d2a25bf26142c6ea9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-23 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This study aimed to investigate the performance of an experimental rainwater treatment system for non-potable uses without the first-flush discharge, thus intending to control the quality of captured rainwater and to minimize the rainwater by-pass caused by the first-flush strategy. A full-scale direct filtration unit was operated and a solution of natural corn starch was used as the primary coagulant. The color, turbidity e coliform efficiencies of the unit was analyzed based on filtration loads and the net water production was estimated. The results indicated that the system was able to reduce the discharge of the first rain batch, although it was not fully adequate in terms of removal efficiency, suggesting that more studies are needed. The reduction of volume was equivalent to 1.7 mm in absolute terms (or 85%). The apparent color and turbidity removal was around 30 and 54% average, respectively. Additionally, the rainwater production cost for harvesting was R$ 0,99/m3 (or 90%) cheaper than the drinking water public source. / O presente trabalho objetivou investigar o desempenho de um sistema experimental de tratamento de água pluvial visando uso não potável, prescindindo o descarte da primeira chuva na expectativa de controlar a qualidade da água pluvial captada e minimizar o volume descartado. Para tal, utilizou-se uma estação de captação e tratamento de águas pluviais após passagem por telhado construída em escala real. Foram realizados ensaios de filtração direta com emprego de filtro de pressão e aplicação de solução de amido natural de milho como coagulante primário. Para avaliação do desempenho do sistema, foram analisadas a eficiência na remoção de impurezas ao longo das carreiras de filtração e a produção efetiva do sistema. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que com o emprego do sistema foi possível reduzir o descarte da primeira chuva, embora não tenha adequado plenamente as precipitações estudadas ao padrão de qualidade preconizado pela NBR 15527/07, sugerindo a necessidade da continuidade dos trabalhos. O tratamento investigado possibilitou redução no valor de descarte da primeira chuva equivalente a 1,7 L (ou 85%) por metro quadrado de área de captação. Em termos de residuais de cor aparente e turbidez, as reduções médias obtidas foram de 30 e 54%, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, comparando-se o custo de operação do sistema de tratamento empregado com a tarifa de água tratada cobrada pela concessionária local, obteve-se uma economia equivalente a, aproximadamente, R$ 0,99/m3 (ou 90%). Por fim, foram discutidas alternativas para melhoria do sistema experimental investigado.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6374.pdf: 3492837 bytes, checksum: 8f055db37f9dcba344e72aacee8ecfe5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / This master degree contains a literature review on the conservation of water, rainwater utilization, quality and water treatment, legislation and risk analysis. Was verified that rainwater utilization systems vary widely in type and would be important to be able to correlate the precipitated water, uses and models for each situation. And for this work was used the risk analysis focusing the preliminary hazard analysis. A bibliographic review carried out presented some guides and legislation that could complete quality control parameters for non-potable rainwater utilization, and determine the time to review these parameters to control the operation of the system. The study's preliminary analysis was used to study the greatest dangers in the use of rain-related water quality system, critical control points, the user risks, control measures and mitigation measures. For the case study was addressed the same preliminary hazard analysis for knowledge about the contamination of rainwater in relation to the control parameters and on their own knowledge of project development for rainwater utilization. Through the two analyzes a proposal of guidelines was performed for implantation of rainwater utilization system for the case study and there is a possibility of a real fitness for safe use. / O presente trabalho de mestrado contém uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a conservação da água, o aproveitamento pluvial, qualidade e tratamento da água, legislações e análise de risco. Foi constatado que os sistemas de aproveitamento pluvial variam bastante de tipologia e seria importante poder correlacionar a água precipitada com os usos e os modelos para cada situação. Assim, para o presente trabalho foi utilizada a análise de risco com enfoque na análise preliminar de perigos. Com os estudos dos trabalhos apresentados e todos os guias e legislações, foi possível concluir parâmetros de controle da qualidade para o aproveitamento pluvial não potável, e determinar um tempo para análise desses parâmetros para controle do funcionamento do sistema. O estudo da análise preliminar foi utilizado para estudar os maiores perigos dentro do sistema de aproveitamento pluvial relacionado à qualidade de água, os pontos críticos de controle, riscos ao usuário, as medidas de controle e as medidas mitigadoras. Para o estudo de caso, foi abordada a mesma análise preliminar de perigos para o conhecimento sobre a contaminação da água da chuva em relação aos parâmetros de controle e sobre o próprio conhecimento do desenvolvimento do projeto para o aproveitamento pluvial. Por meio das duas análises, foi realizada uma proposta de diretrizes para a implantação do sistema de aproveitamento pluvial para o estudo de caso e existe a possibilidade de uma adequação real para o uso seguro.