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Abstrakt   I den här uppsatsen i statsvetenskap studeras Rysslands president Vladimir Putins agerande under Krim-krisen. Den har som syfte att söka en rationell förklaring för dennes agerande med åtanke av att ytterst få västerländska bedömare förmådde förutse en rysk intervention på Krim. Samt att på ett bredare plan analysera svårigheterna med att förutse militära interventioner.  För att ge en sådan förklaring används en rally-round-the-flag modell som kompletterande perspektiv. Materialet till studien har funnits i huvudsak i massmediala källor där nyhetsartiklar som analyserar händelseförloppet och motiven bakom det har studerats. Detta har delvis gjorts genom en argumentationsanalys men även en mer teoretisk studie av rally-round-the-flag perspektivet har gjorts.   Utredningen visar bland annat att västerländska medier gör flera felbedömningar då de antar att Putin inte kommer att intervenera i Krim. Detta då de missbedömer den strategiska utgångspunkten samt att de inte ser Putin som en agent med egenintressen. Resultatet visar även att agerandet kan ses som rationellt förutsatt att hans egenintresse särskiljs från den ryska statens intressen. Detta då det är rimligt att tro att agerandet var av sådan art att det kunde stärka hans ställning på hemmaplan och därmed minimera risken att hans egen regim ifrågasattes. Slutligen visar studien på hur rally-round-the-flag effekten kan förklara varför vissa regimer medvetet uppsöker konflikter även om dessa inte nödvändigtvis är i nationens intresse.

This study examines the framing of Zelenskyj in Swedish news media in the lights of the 2022 rally effect. Thru qualitative text analysis on three of Sweden’s biggest newspapers the aim was to examine if the Ukrainian rally effect has had an impact on Swedish news media outlet. Furthermore, discuss the effects this might have on Swedish politics and foreign policy making. It does so by using framing theory to examine if Swedish news media have framed Zelenskyj in the same manner as the Ukrainian to see if there are discrepancies between the Ukrainian and Swedish framing. This to better understand if Swedish news frames are affected by external circumstances. The study concludes that there are some discrepancies between the Ukrainian public opinion and the Swedish news media outlet. This comes to light in the period 2020-2021 when the Ukrainian public start to lose faith in the president, the Swedish news media frame him as a successful leader that exceeds expectations. This leads to the conclusion that there is a depiction of the Ukrainian rally effect in Swedish news media outlet, but it was not as obvious as the framing before the war was in a positive manner.

In this modern age, interest in cars is waning and motorsport faces its biggest threat yet. Television numbers are down and its fan base is aging, leading us to wonder: Is there a way to bring back the excitement about motorsport and cars in general? Throughout history, numerous innovations have trickled down from the race track to production cars, thus there is a need to keep this culture alive. Especially in the new era of autonomous driving, we will require a competitive arena to challenge and improve this future technology. And with the rising climate challenges on our planet, motorsports, especially, needs to be a leader in green and efficient energy technology. During the research and concept development phase, the author investigated topics around the issue of motorsport. Research areas included: core values of motorsport fans, AI in offroad vehicles, future target groups Gen Z and Gen Alpha, alternative energies, and benchmark races like Rally Dakar and Roborace. After the broad research, the design ideation took place, starting with several package proposals and initial sketches. Based on those sketches, the author was able to guide the Maya mock-up modeling process where the final design direction was shaped. Peking to Paris Rally 2030: a new motorsport series, showcasing the combined strength of human and artificial intelligence under the harshest conditions on the planet. This technology offers new opportunities in racing. Given the advance of intelligent high-performance driving systems, an endurance rally can be even more extreme than it is today. Higher speeds, jumps, twists, and turns across the most diverse terrain will grant the spectator an extraordinary experience. With the use of VR and 3D video capturing drones, rally fans can follow their favorite team -up close and on demand from the start to finish line. The highperformance technology surrounded by the distinctive shape unifies rationality and emotionality into one cohesive design.

Este trabalho tem como tema de estudo a Resolução de Problemas no ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática na Educação Básica e insere-se no projeto Ensino de Matemática na Escola Elementar, no âmbito do programa Observatório da Educação (OBEDUC/CAPES), desenvolvido no IME-USP. Seu objetivo é investigar de que maneira as práticas de Resolução de Problemas podem ser implementadas na sala de aula e como essas práticas são vivenciadas pelos alunos. Para tanto, propôs-se desenvolver realizar e analisar uma experiência em Resolução de Problemas com alunos da 1a série do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública de São Paulo/SP, inspirada na competição internacional Rali Matemático. Em geral, durante a busca da solução de um problema em Matemática, as ideias precisam ser organizadas a partir da representação de objetos matemáticos e de relações entre eles. Com isso, entendendo que diferentes tipos de representações matemáticas são ferramentas úteis na atividade de resolução de problemas, buscamos analisar o papel de diversas representações semióticas nos processos de resolução dos alunos. A estratégia metodológica envolveu um estudo experimental de intervenção, organizado em três fases, cuja análise dos dados coletados foi de natureza qualitativa, à luz das pesquisas na área, bem como da teoria dos registros de representação semiótica de Raymond Duval. Os resultados mostraram que, mesmo sem obter respostas completas e corretas, grande parte dos grupos apresentou tentativas de representações dos tipos discutidos nas etapas iniciais do experimento, ou, ao menos, maneiras mais organizadas de tratar os dados e expor suas ideias. Conclui-se que a escolha do contexto do Rali Matemático foi validada, por ter facilitado a implementação das atividades baseadas na Resolução de Problemas, nas quais os alunos foram participantes ativos nos processos de resolução e reconheceram o importante papel das representações semióticas nesse tipo de situação. / The topic of this research is Problem Solving in teaching and learning Mathematics in primary education. It fits into the project Ensino de Matemática na Escola Elementar within the program Observatório da Educação (OBEDUC/CAPES), developed by IME-USP. The goal of this study is to investigate the way in which problem solving practices can be implemented in classroom and what are students experiences with them. For the purpose of this study, we propose to develop, realize and analyze a problem solving experience with 1st year students of a state-run secondary school in Sao Paulo/SP, based on international competition Mathematical Rally. In general, when solving a mathematical problem, ideas have to be organized from a representation of mathematical relations and objects. With this in mind, and understanding that different types of mathematical representations are useful tools in problem solving activities, this study investigates the role of different semiotic representations in students problem-solving processes. Therefore, the methodology used was involved a 3-phase experimental intervention study with qualitative data analysis based on research in this area, as well as on Raymond Duvals theory of semiotic representation registers. Even though the right answers were not found, the research points that most of groups tried to represent similarly of previous stage, or at least more organized ways to deal with data and expose their ideas. It can be concluded that the choice of \"Math Rally\" as context was validated as it facilitated the use of activities based on problem solving. The students actively participated of the solving process and understood the role of semiotic representations on similar kind of situations.

Thesis name: The pace of the game in the women's tennis singles at the US Open 2018. The purpose of thesis: The purpose of this thesis is finding the pace of the game in rally at the US Open 2018 in the women's tennis singles and comparing the pace of the game in rally after the first serve and after the second serve. Also we want to compare the pace of the opening and closing games, similarly we want to compare the pace of the game in rally in matches with the participation of the selected player. Method: The basic method, which has been used in this thesis, is the notational system analysis. The subject of this method was the indirect observing of video recordings 11 women's singles matches at the US Open 2018. The variables monitored were the replacement time and the number of beats in rally. There was a condition for the minimum number of strokes played in rally, which was four or more strokes between players. Based on the recorded data, the pace of the game was calculated by dividing the rally time and beats. Results: The average pace of the game is 1,48 ± 0,06 seconds. The average number of strokes in rally is 6,68 ± 0,9, the average rally time is 9,86 ± 1,35. The average pace of rally in the post-filing session was 0,11 seconds slower than the pace of rally in the second post. The...

Este trabalho tem como tema de estudo a Resolução de Problemas no ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática na Educação Básica e insere-se no projeto Ensino de Matemática na Escola Elementar, no âmbito do programa Observatório da Educação (OBEDUC/CAPES), desenvolvido no IME-USP. Seu objetivo é investigar de que maneira as práticas de Resolução de Problemas podem ser implementadas na sala de aula e como essas práticas são vivenciadas pelos alunos. Para tanto, propôs-se desenvolver realizar e analisar uma experiência em Resolução de Problemas com alunos da 1a série do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública de São Paulo/SP, inspirada na competição internacional Rali Matemático. Em geral, durante a busca da solução de um problema em Matemática, as ideias precisam ser organizadas a partir da representação de objetos matemáticos e de relações entre eles. Com isso, entendendo que diferentes tipos de representações matemáticas são ferramentas úteis na atividade de resolução de problemas, buscamos analisar o papel de diversas representações semióticas nos processos de resolução dos alunos. A estratégia metodológica envolveu um estudo experimental de intervenção, organizado em três fases, cuja análise dos dados coletados foi de natureza qualitativa, à luz das pesquisas na área, bem como da teoria dos registros de representação semiótica de Raymond Duval. Os resultados mostraram que, mesmo sem obter respostas completas e corretas, grande parte dos grupos apresentou tentativas de representações dos tipos discutidos nas etapas iniciais do experimento, ou, ao menos, maneiras mais organizadas de tratar os dados e expor suas ideias. Conclui-se que a escolha do contexto do Rali Matemático foi validada, por ter facilitado a implementação das atividades baseadas na Resolução de Problemas, nas quais os alunos foram participantes ativos nos processos de resolução e reconheceram o importante papel das representações semióticas nesse tipo de situação. / The topic of this research is Problem Solving in teaching and learning Mathematics in primary education. It fits into the project Ensino de Matemática na Escola Elementar within the program Observatório da Educação (OBEDUC/CAPES), developed by IME-USP. The goal of this study is to investigate the way in which problem solving practices can be implemented in classroom and what are students experiences with them. For the purpose of this study, we propose to develop, realize and analyze a problem solving experience with 1st year students of a state-run secondary school in Sao Paulo/SP, based on international competition Mathematical Rally. In general, when solving a mathematical problem, ideas have to be organized from a representation of mathematical relations and objects. With this in mind, and understanding that different types of mathematical representations are useful tools in problem solving activities, this study investigates the role of different semiotic representations in students problem-solving processes. Therefore, the methodology used was involved a 3-phase experimental intervention study with qualitative data analysis based on research in this area, as well as on Raymond Duvals theory of semiotic representation registers. Even though the right answers were not found, the research points that most of groups tried to represent similarly of previous stage, or at least more organized ways to deal with data and expose their ideas. It can be concluded that the choice of \"Math Rally\" as context was validated as it facilitated the use of activities based on problem solving. The students actively participated of the solving process and understood the role of semiotic representations on similar kind of situations.

Title: Tempo of tennis play at French Open 2017 Objectives: Goal of this thesis is to find out, what is the tempo of men's tennis play at French Open 2017, compare individual tempos at individual sets after first and second service and also compare tempo of tennis play during 1st and 2nd round to quarter and semifinal matches. Methods: Basic method of this work is indirect observation. From available video records of 10 tennis plays at French Open 2017 tournament we measured length of the rally, number of hits, length of the break and tempo of the play. Notation analysis was performed based on data gathered from this observation. Results: Average tempo of play is 1,34 seconds. Average rally length is 7,18 seconds and average number of hits for rally is 5,36. Time required to start another rally is 22,2 seconds. After second service, number of hits increase dramatically and break time between rallys is increased. Keywords: Tennis, French Open 2017, tempo of tennis play, time, rally, clay

The goal of this thesis is to create a conceptual design of a rally car in Ra5 (former R1) category. The thesis contains interpretation of regulations, overview of former cars in this category and requirements for such vehicle. The thesis describes choice of vehicle and description of modifications, including specific components. The thesis also describes construction of several designs of rollcage, which were mutually compared, and their homologation tests. The thesis also determines small series price of such vehicle.

This diploma thesis deals with the determination of risk in rally races and suggests methods to reduce them. The theoretical part is devoted to the legal definition of rally races and terms of rallye, risk and in addition there will be described and explained the methods used in the risk analysis. It also includes part devoted to the history of rally racing in the world and in Czech Republic. The analytical part includes time plan of rally race. Risk analysis methods mentioned in the theoretical part, are used in the analytical part. The aim is to propose measures that are actually able to reduce the risk in itself, or its impacts.