After a radiation dispersion device (RDD) event, there may be internally and/or externally contaminated victims. After the RDD event, victims may require immediate medical assistance prior to decontamination. The dose rates to which a healthcare provider is exposed due to the internal and external contamination of the victim were computed using Monte Carlo simulations and five anthropomorphic phantoms. The dose rates to which the victim is exposed due to his/her own external contamination were also computed. For the external contamination modeling, the contamination is assumed to be distributed over the entire exterior of the victimâ s body. The geometrical models of the human body were based on the MIRD stylized phantom. The specific isotopes considered were 60Co, 137Cs, 131I, 192Ir, and 241Am. The surface contamination was generated by creating a 2-mm thick layer adjacent to the outside of the skin of the victim and uniformly sampling the emissions of the radioactive sources throughout this volume. The attending healthcare provider was assumed to be standing 20 cm from mid-torso of the victim. The organ absorbed doses in both the contaminated individual and a healthcare professional were computed. The effective dose to the victim and the attending healthcare professional were computed using the tissue weighting factors in ICRP Publication 60. For example, the dose rate to a reference male healthcare provider from the victim six hours after the inhalation of one ALI by an adipose male victim will be 0.277 mSv/hr. In addition, the air kerma was computed at different distances from the surfaces of the victim phantom and ratios were generated for the air kerma and the effective dose due to the victim from the surface contamination on the victim.

Assaying internal contamination due to inhalation is a primary concern in developing emergency procedures related to Radioactive Dispersal Devices (RDD). One method of determining internal contamination makes use of a common medical instrument, a Thyroid Uptake System (TUS). The TUS used in this research has two collimators a thyroid uptake collimator and a bioassay collimator. Both collimators were considered and modeled in MCNP to be used in conjunction with six MIRD-type (Medical Internal Radiation Dose) phantoms. The collimators were placed in four positions on the phantoms the front right lung, the back right lung, the neck, and the thigh. Unit sources of Cs-137, Co-60, I-131, Ir-192, Am-241, and Sr/Y-90 were placed in the organs of the phantoms. MCNP particle tallies were performed over the detector crystal volume to determine the count-rate contributions from the unit source in each organ. Biokinetic modeling was performed using DCAL (Dose and Risk Calculation System) to generate coefficients to describe activity as a function of time in various organs. By folding the count-rate results with the organ concentrations, the detector response as a function of time after intake has been determined. This work was performed under funding provided by the Radiation Studies Branch of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The safety and security of a radiological facility shares a common objective which is to ensure the protection of the population and the environment from an undue radiological hazard. Adapting and extending risk assessment to security applications has been limited because of the adaptive nature of the sub-state actors and the lack of historical data of terrorist attacks on radiological facilities. Currently, no broad risk index exists for radiological facilities, such as healthcare centers and universities. This study develops a quantitative risk-based methodology that radiological facilities can employ to conduct self-assessments and gain better understanding of the threat they face. The computation of the Potential Facility Risk Index (PFRI) is based on the triplet definition (threat, vulnerability, and consequences) of risk. The threat component of the PFRI is devised as a utility function weighing the threat group attributes and asset preference. The principles of probabilistic risk assessment and pathway analysis are implemented to account for radioactive material theft probabilities in different attack scenarios. Locational hazards and nuclear security culture are measured as a function of radiological facility vulnerability. The consequences of loss of life and economic loss are computed, as a result of an attack from the radiological dispersal device (RDD). The methodology is applied to a hypothetical healthcare facility a single radioactive with three material assets (⁶⁰Co, ¹³⁷Cs, ¹⁹²Ir). The representation of the PFRI value on a qualitative scale-ranging from “very low risk” (1) to “very high risk” (10) presents a holistic view of the state of the facility risk to RDD. The PFRI may be used by decision makers to evaluate any security upgrades and justify security investments. The RDD game, developed as an extension to PFRI, provides the healthcare facility (defender) with strategic options to budget scarce security resources and make optimal choices under severe uncertainty about the terrorist adversary (attacker) theat.

In the event of a radioactive dispersal device (RDD), the assessment of the internal contamination level of victims is necessary to determine if immediate medical follow-up is necessary. Thermo Scientific's TPM-903B Portal Monitor was investigated to determine if it is a suitable first cut screening tool for internal contamination assessment of victims. A portal monitor was chosen for this study because they are readily accessible, transportable, easy to assemble, and provide whole body count rates due to the detector size. The TPM-903B was modeled in Monte Carlo N-Particles Transport Code Version 5 (MCNP). This computational model was validated against the portal monitor's response to a series of measurements made with four point sources in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) slab box. Using the validated MCNP5 model and models of the MIRD male and female anthropomorphic phantoms, the response of the portal monitor was simulated for the inhalation and ingestion radionuclides from an RDD. Six representative phantoms were considered: Reference Male, Reference Female, Adipose Male, Adipose Female, Post-Menopausal Adipose Female, and 10-Year-Old Child. The biokinetics via Dose and Risk Calculation Software (DCAL) was implemented using both the inhalation and ingestion pathways to determine the radionuclide concentrations in the organs of the body which were then used to determine the count rate of the portal monitor as a function of time. Dose coefficients were employed to determine the count rate of the detector associated with specific dose limits. These count rates were then compiled into procedure sheets to be used by first responders during the triaging of victims following an RDD.

Submitted by Paulo Dinis (paulodinis@terra.com.br) on 2013-03-07T18:08:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Paulo_v21_Registro.pdf: 255650 bytes, checksum: 0e3daae28ccc60e5c63cee32745329b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-03-07T20:15:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Paulo_v21_Registro.pdf: 255650 bytes, checksum: 0e3daae28ccc60e5c63cee32745329b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-07T20:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Paulo_v21_Registro.pdf: 255650 bytes, checksum: 0e3daae28ccc60e5c63cee32745329b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-05 / O propósito deste trabalho é examinar os impactos de ajuda externa no crescimento econômico de médio e longo prazo e sua volatilidade nos países recebedores, uma vez que recursos dessa natureza visam acelerar a melhora do nível de bem-estar nas economias de baixa renda. Adicionalmente, também é objetivo deste trabalho avaliar os possíveis efeitos do IDH (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano) em uma mudança de nível do influxo de ajuda, por meio da escala qualitativa do IDH. A partir dos dados de ajuda externa entre 1999 e 2003 e crescimento econômico entre 1999 e 2008 do Banco Mundial, do IDH apresentado pelo Relatório de Desenvolvimento Humano de 1998 e de algumas varáveis de controle, este estudo se utiliza da técnica de Regressões Descontínuas (RDD) com Variável Instrumental (VI) e do Método de Mínimo Quadrados Dois Estágios (MQ2E) para inferir tanto o impacto do IDH sobre ajuda externa, como deste no crescimento econômico e sua volatilidade. / The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of foreign aid on economic growth in the medium and long term and its volatility in the recipient countries, since such resources are aimed at accelerating the improvement of welfare in low-income economies. Additionally, it is also an objective of this study to evaluate the possible effects of the HDI (Human Development Index) in a change in the level of aid inflow, through qualitative scale of HDI. From the data of foreign aid between 1999 and 2003 and economic growth between 1999 and 2008 (by World Bank), the HDI data presented by the Human Development Report 1998 and some control variables, this study uses the technique of discontinuous regressions (RDD) with Instrumental Variable (IV) and the Minimum Squares Method Two-stage (2SLS) to infer both the impact of HDI on foreign aid, as the latter on the economic growth and its volatility.

La tesi contiene due saggi sull'economia delle politiche pubbliche a sostegno dell'accesso al credito per le piccole e medie imprese. Il primo valuta l'impatto netto sulla disponibilità e il costo del credito e sulle performanec delle imprese del più grande schema di garanzie pubbliche al credito in Italia. Il secondo indaga empiricamente gli effetti distorsivi della politica e i costi che ne derivano, con particolare focus sull'eterogeneità a livello di banca e di impresa. / The dissertation deals with the role of public policy in support of firms' access to credit. It is composed of two essays. The first is an evaluation of the net effect of an Italian public credit guarantee scheme in support of PMIs. The impact evaluation assesses financial outputs such as credit availability and conditions, as well as economic outputs such as firms' performance. The second essay empirically investigates how the presence of asymmetry of information can affect the output of these policies at the bank and firm level.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emerson Leandro Goya.pdf: 3206658 bytes, checksum: 1d8938862ea359faa4c8e7c623ace749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FALCOM and learning environments: An interactive tool to potentiate educational storytelling is the title of this dissertation that has as its main objective the improvement the use of the OCC-RDD technique, creating an instrumental support that increases the educational experiences in face to face meetings. This technique encourages the use of script characters to establish interaction and dialogue between the professor and the student, which are favored by learning of software s development. The problem in the research originates from the idea to create a support tool to be used in the classroom, under the name of Mechanic Master ─ MM, combining with interactive computer graphics techniques, like Augmented Reality and the Virtual Reality. Resulting in an audacious and instrumental project that was abdicated in function of theoretical and methodological foundations of interdisciplinary practice: Information Technology and Education. As hypothesis is formulated, the idea that the use of a support tool to assist the professor of higher education in the narration on educational stories, then its use becomes relevant in improving the effectiveness of the narration in stages OCC and RDD. Therefore, the main contribution of this research is the improvement of the technique of scripting OCC-RDD for the professor over using the support tool in order to train and interact with the student. The methodology used follows four procedures, the first is for exploratory research that seek similar references to a support tool that allows the narration of educational stories; the second procedure, has the intention of mapping the intellectual production of technical narrative OCC-RDD; the third procedure deals witch the learning environment; and the fourth, is the use of technology for the development of its own support tool. The dissertation is structured in five chapters: the first covers the contextualization of the theme under discussion; in the second, the fundamentals that form the base of the research; the third refers to the theoretical and methodological contribution of the research, and the procedures for the development of the support tool; the fourth, covers to result and the conclusion of the research; and, finally, the fifth chapter seeks to indicate the projection in future research / FALCOM e ambientes de aprendizagem: Uma ferramenta interativa para potencializar a narração de histórias educacionais é o título desta dissertação que tem como objetivo principal aperfeiçoar o uso da técnica de roteirização OCC-RDD, criando um instrumental de apoio que potencialize as experiências educacionais em encontros presenciais. Tal técnica de roteirização favorece o protagonismo e o diálogo tanto do professor quanto do aluno, que se veem favorecidos pela aprendizagem no desenvolvimento de softwares. A problematização da pesquisa se deu a partir da ideia original de criar uma ferramenta de apoio educacional sob o nome de Mestre Mecânico ─ MM , que combinava técnicas interativas de computação gráfica, Realidade Aumentada e Realidade Virtual, resultando em um projeto audacioso e instrumental do qual se abdicou em razão da complexibilidade dos fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos da prática multidisciplinar: Tecnologia da Informação e da Educação. Como hipótese é formulada a ideia de que ao se utilizar uma ferramenta de apoio para auxiliar o professor de nível superior a narrar histórias educacionais, o seu uso torna-se relevante para melhorar a eficácia da narração nas fases OCC e nas fases RDD. Portanto, a principal contribuição desta pesquisa está no aperfeiçoamento da técnica de roteirização OCC-RDD para que o professor por meio da ferramenta de apoio possa treinar e interagir com o estudante. A metodologia adotada segue quatro procedimentos: o primeiro destina-se à pesquisa exploratória que busca por referências similares a uma ferramenta de apoio que narre histórias educacionais; o segundo tem a intenção de mapear a produção intelectual da técnica narrativa OCC-RDD; o terceiro se refere ao ambiente de aprendizagem; e o quarto procedimento aborda o uso da tecnologia para o desenvolvimento da própria ferramenta de apoio. A dissertação se estrutura em cinco capítulos, são eles: o primeiro compreende a contextualização do tema em discussão; o segundo trata dos fundamentos que embasam a pesquisa; o terceiro se refere à contribuição teórica e metodológica da pesquisa, aos procedimentos para o desenvolvimento da construção da ferramenta de apoio; o quarto destina-se ao resultado e à conclusão da pesquisa; e, por fim, o quinto capítulo busca indicar os possíveis desdobramentos em pesquisas futuras

This research investigates the use of G-M counters to triage the individuals who have been exposed to a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD). Upon being exposed to an RDD, inhalation of the airborne radionuclide is a method which someone can receive a considerable amount of dose. Bioassay via analysis of excreta is a commonly used method of determining the dose received, yet it would be cumbersome if there are a large number of people needing to be screened. An in vivo method must be considered so that a non-intrusive and more efficient triaging method can be implemented. Whole body counters are commonly used in counting facilities as an in vivo bioassay method, yet they are limited in number and not easily portable. Therefore, a more portable and more common detection device should be considered. G-M survey meters are common devices that are highly portable, making them ideal candidates to fulfill this necessity. The ease of use contributes to the viability of the device as a portable, in vivo screening device. To analyze this detector, a Monte Carlo model of the detector was created to be used in simulations with the Medical Internal Radiation Dose phantoms. The detector was placed in a few locations on the phantoms. Four locations were strategically chosen for detector placement: the posterior upper right torso, the anterior upper right torso, the lateral upper thigh, and the anterior of the neck. Six phantoms were considered: Reference Male, Female, Adipose Male, Adipose Female, Post Menopausal Adipose Female, and a Child. Six radionuclides were investigated: Am-241, Co-60, Cs-137, I-131, Ir-192, and Sr-90. The nuclides were distributed throughout the phantoms according to Dose and Risk Calculation Software, a code that determines how a radionuclide is distributed over time upon inhalation, ingestion, or injection. A set of time dependent guidelines were developed, determining the count rate per unit dose inhaled for each detector location and phantom type.

Submitted by Fernanda Patriota Salles Ribeiro (fernandapsr@gmail.com) on 2015-02-22T16:17:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_02_22_RIBEIRO.pdf: 2900653 bytes, checksum: 3225b281df8fb5f8111a58db4d850612 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-02-23T23:03:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_02_22_RIBEIRO.pdf: 2900653 bytes, checksum: 3225b281df8fb5f8111a58db4d850612 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T13:41:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_02_22_RIBEIRO.pdf: 2900653 bytes, checksum: 3225b281df8fb5f8111a58db4d850612 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06 / Este estudo visa avaliar o impacto das transferências de recursos incondicionais nos indicadores de saúde dos municípios brasileiros. A transferência abordada refere-se ao Fundo de Participação dos Municípios (FPM), tal recurso não possui uma destinação pré-definida pelo Governo Federal, porém pelo menos 15% do seu valor deve ser gasto em saúde pública. A base de dados utilizada teve como principais fontes o DATASUS e o SIOPS, a periodicidade é anual e a unidade de observação refere-se aos municípios. Para estimar o impacto do FPM na mortalidade, na morbidade e nas medidas preventivas, foram aplicadas duas metodologias econométricas: Painel com efeito fixo e Regressão Descontínua. A primeira abrangeu o período de 2002 a 2011 e os resultados encontrados mostram que o FPM possui um impacto negativo significante na mortalidade total e para os indivíduos de 15 a 29 anos, 30 a 59 anos e 60 anos ou mais. Em relação à morbidade, os modelos em Painel com efeito fixo mostraram um impacto negativo do FPM sobre as internações hospitalares. Para as medidas preventivas, as estimações apresentaram resultados não significantes ou então opostos ao esperado. O método da Regressão Descontínua foi também aplicado, pois o FPM apresenta características de descontinuidade, o que traz a possibilidade de uma aplicação econométrica cada vez mais utilizada e que possui uma estratégia de identificação que deve levar a resultados similares aos de um experimento aleatório. O período utilizado para tal estimação refere-se aos anos de 2002 a 2010. A partir desse método, verificou-se resultados bastante sutis em relação ao impacto do FPM sobre os indicadores de saúde: para mortalidade o FPM não apresentou impacto significativo e robusto, para morbidade novamente foi encontrado um impacto negativo e significante, e, por fim, para as medidas preventivas o resultado mais robusto refere-se às consultas do Programa Saúde da Família, em que o FPM apresentou impacto positivo e significante para alguns dos coeficientes gerados. / This study assesses the impact of unconditional resources transfers in health indicators of Brazilian municipalities. The approached transfer refers to the Participation Fund of Municipalities (Fundo de Participação dos Municípios – FPM), this feature does not have a pre-defined allocation by the Federal Government, but at least 15% of its value should be spent on public health. The database used had as main sources DATASUS and SIOPS, the periodicity is annual and the observation unit refers to the municipalities. To estimate the impact of the FPM in mortality, morbidity, and on preventive measures, we applied two econometric methodologies: Panel with fixed effects and Regression Discontinuity Design - RDD. The first covered the period 2002-2011 and the results show that the FPM has a significant negative impact on total mortality and for individuals 15-29 years, 30 to 59 years and 60 years or more. In terms of morbidity, the models in Panel with fixed effects showed a negative impact of FPM on hospitalizations. To preventive measures, the estimates didn’t show significant results or the coefficients are opposites of the expected. The RDD method was also used because FPM has discontinuity characteristics, which brings the possibility of an econometric application increasingly used and that has an identification strategy that should lead to results similar to those of a random experiment. The period used refers to the years 2002 to 2010. From this method, the estimated results were quite subtle: the FPM hadn't significant and robust impact for mortality, for morbidity was found again a negative and significant impact, and finally, for preventive measures the only robust result refers to the queries of the Family Health Program, in which the FPM had a positive and significant impact on some of the generated coefficients.

Submitted by Jeferson Lana (jeferson.lana@gvmail.br) on 2017-08-30T17:26:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-08-30T17:28:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T12:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-20 / Nesta tese, proponho que o tempo pode ser entendido como uma variável de desempenho das estratégias políticas corporativas – CPS. O racional por trás dessa proposição é que, ao se envolver com a esfera política via doações às campanhas eleitorais como forma de conexão política, as empresas obtêm, entre outros efeitos, maior velocidade nas respostas de processos que envolvam decisões governamentais. A celeridade é vista como uma consequência ao alinhamento político entre empresa e governo. A partir de uma base de dados que contempla todas as decisões de medidas antidumping solicitadas pelas empresas brasileiras entre 2001 e 2017, duas hipóteses testaram os efeitos das CPS no tempo de decisão de tais medidas. Para os testes, foi utilizada regressão linear multivariada com coeficientes robustos e tratamento das variáveis a partir dos conceitos do design de regressão descontínua. Os resultados apontam que as conexões políticas aumentam a celeridade das decisões sobre as medidas de antidumping. Os resultados sugerem ainda que quanto maiores as capacidades políticas das firmas, medidas pela constância do envolvimento político, menor será o tempo de espera pela decisão final das medidas citadas. Assim, esta tese contribui para a evolução da área de CPS ao trazer uma nova face relevante ao debate dos efeitos das conexões políticas: o tempo. Se tempo é dinheiro, a celeridade das decisões governamentais pode ser o pote de ouro da vez. / In this thesis, I propose that time can be understood as a performance variable of corporate political strategies - CPS. The rationale behind this proposition is that, by engaging with the political are through campaign donations as a form of political connection, firms obtain, among other effects, greater speed in the responses of processes involving governmental decisions. Speed is seen as a consequence of political alignment between business and government. Based on a database that includes all the decisions of antidumping measures requested by the Brazilian companies between 2001 and 2017, two hypotheses tested the effects of the CPS in the time of decision of such measures. For the tests, multivariate linear regression with robust coefficients and treatment of the variables were used from the concepts of the regression discontinuity design. The results show that political connections increase the speed of decisions on antidumping measures. The results also suggest that the greater the political capacities of the firms, measured by the constancy of the political involvement, the shorter the waiting time for the final decision of the mentioned measures. Thus, this thesis contributes to the evolution of the CPS area by bringing a new relevant face to the debate on the effects of political connections: time. If time is money, the speed of government decisions may be the new golden pot of our time.