Les entreprises du médicament font partie intégrante de la chaîne de soin et sont en interaction quotidienne avec les médecins. Ce travail doctoral vise à comprendre l’influence du don de cadeaux, le cadeau étant un élément fondamental du processus d’interaction entre les laboratoires pharmaceutiques et les médecins prescripteurs. Cette pratique n’étant pas sans risques, il convient d’en estimer plus précisément les conséquences en matière de prescriptions, mais également en matière de ressenti des médecins. En effet, face aux incitations des laboratoires pharmaceutiques, les médecins peuvent avoir le sentiment que ces derniers cherchent à leur forcer la main et à entraver (par le sentiment d’obligation et de réciprocité lié au don reçu) leur liberté de choix et peuvent ainsi développer une certaine résistance qualifiée de réactance psychologique. Nous avons donc observé, par une expérimentation en terrain réel avec des médecins prescripteurs au Liban, comment un don de cadeau par les entreprises du médicament pouvait impacter le niveau de prescription des médecins (versus un groupe de contrôle sans cadeau). Précisément, l’effet sur les prescriptions des médecins de deux caractéristiques des cadeaux offerts aux médecins à l’occasion du lancement d’un nouveau produit, la valeur du cadeau (faible versus forte) et le rapport du cadeau avec la profession (pas en rapport versus en rapport) a été examiné. L’attention a été centrée sur la compréhension d’un mécanisme médiateur possiblement impliqué dans ce processus, à savoir la réactance situationnelle, mais aussi sur la prise en compte du rôle modérateur des croyances des médecins envers l’influence des cadeaux. Ce travail doctoral confirme premièrement que le cadeau influe sur les prescriptions. Il indique également que la valeur du cadeau offert par les laboratoires, comme son rapport à la pratique médicale, influencent la réactance situationnelle éprouvée par les médecins. Par contre, alors que la réactance situationnelle est médiatrice de l’effet de la valeur du cadeau sur les prescriptions, elle ne joue pas ce rôle médiateur dans le cas du rapport du don avec la profession. Il ressort de ces résultats que les médecins sont moins réactants face à des cadeaux de plus faible valeur et lorsque ceux-ci sont en rapport avec leur pratique médicale. De même, s’il n’est pas constaté d’effet modérateur des croyances des médecins, il apparaît cependant que ces croyances constituent un antécédent de la réactance situationnelle. / Pharmaceutical industry is an integral part of the healthcare system and is in daily interaction with prescribers. This doctoral work aims to understand the influence of gift-giving, the gift as a major element of the interaction process between pharmaceutical companies and prescribing physicians. This practice is not without risks, it is necessary to evaluate accurately the outcome of gift-giving in terms of prescription levels as well as in terms of perceived experience by doctors. Indeed, given the incentives of pharmaceutical companies, physicians may feel impellent and their freedom of choice hindered (by the sense of obligation and reciprocity associated with the received gift) and can develop a form of resistance, namely psychological reactance. So we explored, throughout a real field experiment with prescribing physicians in Lebanon, how a gift donated by pharmaceutical companies could impact the prescription levels of doctors (versus a control group with no gifts). Specifically, we examined the effect, on physicians' prescription levels, of two characteristics of gifts offered to doctors during the launch of a new product, the value of the gift (low versus high) and the relation of the gift with the medical practice (not in relation versus in relation). We focused on the understanding of a mediating mechanism possibly involved in this process, namely situational reactance, but also taking into account the moderating role of the beliefs of physicians about the influence of gifts. This doctoral work confirms at first that gifts influence prescriptions. It also shows that the value of the gift offered by industry to physicians, likewise the relation of the gift with the medical practice, influence the situational reactance aroused by doctors. Per contra, while situational reactance mediates the effect of the value of the gift on the prescription level, it does not play this mediating role in the case of the relation of the gift with the medical practice. It appears from these results that prescribers are less reactant towards gifts of lower value as well as gifts related to their medical practice. Similarly, whereas it is not found a moderating effect of physicians’ beliefs, however, it appears that these beliefs are an antecedent to situational reactance.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed on March 23rd, 2010, contains widesweeping legislation aimed at reforming the current U.S. healthcare system. The ACA has been lauded by its proponents and deeply criticized by its opponents. The current paper included two experimental studies designed to test if the individual insurance mandate requirement is a specific source of the psychological and behavioral resistance displayed toward the ACA. In study 1 the individual insurance mandate requirement did not produce greater negative attitudes towards the ACA or the current Presidential administration and it did not predict attitudes towards the longevity of the ACA. Democrats were found to have significantly less negative attitudes towards the ACA and towards the longevity of the ACA and Democrats also reported a lower likelihood of the ACA being repealed in comparison to Independents, Republicans or Libertarians. In study 2, the non-significant individual insurance mandate findings from study 1, were replicated in study 2. However, Democrats again were found to have significantly less negative attitudes towards the ACA and towards the longevity of the ACA in comparison to Independents, Republicans and those with no political affiliation. Democrats also indicated that they were less likely to vote for a political candidate who supports the repeal of the ACA in comparison to Independents, Republicans and those with no political affiliation. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-03-31T14:29:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Nogueira Rafael.pdf: 940524 bytes, checksum: 7b50bcecd94daa3d3e48a730485ad712 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T14:29:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Nogueira Rafael.pdf: 940524 bytes, checksum: 7b50bcecd94daa3d3e48a730485ad712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Currently the Brazilian health system is complex, the constitution guarantee of care to the health care of all individuals within the national territory, and the State through the Unified Health System (SUS) is responsible for this difficult task. In this context, where the state is unable to serve the entire population, private organizations have taken part in this market, offering health plans and private assistance, which is called supplementary health. In this context, the themes studied are the psychological reactance that means the negative emotional reaction generated by the total or partial lack of freedom or the expectation of freedom of an individual who once got it and the health plan user’s satisfaction. User satisfaction and psychological reactance are topics exhaustively studied by the organizations, being one of the preferred themes in the study of consumer behavior, evidently being relevant because these studies allow the strategic analysis of the companies with more accurate data, resulting in greater profitability and success of these institutions. The study was conducted by means of a quantitative method, based on the satisfaction and psychological reactance of the users of the supplementary health system with the modeling of structural equations using the SmartPLS system, in order to test the hypotheses constructed based on the theories studied. The results obtained are in agreement with the theory of reactance and satisfaction, confirming the hypotheses proposed, there being a negative relation between both for the studied sample, the lower the reactance level observed, the higher the satisfaction level declared by the users. The conclusion of the study suggests as a contribution to the practice that managers approach the relationship between health plans and their users, creating programs to prevent diseases, combat sedentarism, chronic diseases and improve the quality of life of users, obtaining a participation collaborative of both. / O sistema de saúde brasileiro é complexo e a constituição garante o atendimento e assistência à saúde de todo o indivíduo dentro do território nacional, devendo o Estado, por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), ser o responsável por essa difícil tarefa. Em um cenário no qual o Estado não consegue atender toda a população, as organizações privadas tomaram para si parte desse mercado, oferecendo planos de saúde e assistência privada, os quais constituem o que é chamado de sistema de saúde suplementar. Diante desse contexto, o tema deste trabalho é o estudo da reatância psicológica, que é a reação emocional negativa gerada pela falta total ou parcial da liberdade ou da expectativa de liberdade de um indivíduo que outrora a obtinha, e a satisfação dos usuários de planos de saúde. A satisfação dos usuários e a reatância psicológica são temas exaustivamente estudados pelas organizações, sendo um dos preferidos no estudo do comportamento do consumidor, sendo esse movimento relevante pelo fato de tais estudos possibilitarem a análise estratégica das empresas, trazendo dados mais precisos, resultando em maior lucratividade e sucesso dessas instituições. O estudo foi conduzido por meio de método quantitativo, fundamentado para analisar a satisfação e a reatância psicológica dos usuários do sistema de saúde suplementar por meio da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais, usando-se o software SmartPLS, com objetivo de testar as hipóteses construídas com base nas teorias estudadas. Os resultados obtidos vão ao encontro da teoria da reatância e satisfação, confirmando as hipóteses propostas, havendo uma relação negativa entre ambas para a amostra estudada. Assim, quanto menor o nível da reatância observada, maior o nível de satisfação declarada pelos usuários. A conclusão do estudo sugere, como contribuição para a prática, que os gestores aproximem a relação dos planos de saúde com seus usuários, criando programas para a prevenção de doenças, combate ao sedentarismo, doenças crônicas e melhoraria da qualidade de vida dos usuários, obtendo uma participação colaborativa de ambos.

La culpabilité est une émotion fréquente, sociale et réflexive associée à une tendancecomportementale de « réparation » des dommages causés. Pourtant, ce lien n’est passystématique et plusieurs recherches ont montré que la culpabilité pouvait provoquer descomportements négatifs, voire antisociaux. Les explications de ces effets paradoxaux sonten grande partie insuffisantes. En particulier, les processus cognitifs sous-jacents àl’émotion de culpabilité demeurent mal connus. Douze expériences ont testé d’une partl’implication de trois processus cognitifs, d’autre part les conditions d’influence de laculpabilité sur un comportement pro-social (le comportement pro-environnemental). Lesrésultats montrent en premier lieu que la culpabilité favorise le comportement proenvironnementalen présence de suggestions de réparation, mais que ce lien est renversé(réactance) lorsque les propositions de réparation sont trop flagrantes. En outre, il a étémontré que la culpabilité favorisait une orientation d’attention vers des stimuli liés à laréparation ainsi qu’une plus grande attitude positive implicite envers la réparation. Aucuneffet n’a été trouvé concernant l’implication du processus d’accessibilité. Ces résultats sontdiscutés en termes d’une meilleure compréhension globale du fonctionnement de laculpabilité et de perspectives de recherche, notamment dans le domaine de la persuasion. / Guilt is a frequent, social and self-conscious emotion generally assumed to motivatea desire to repair. However this link is not automatic and several studies found that guiltcould sometimes lead to negative outcomes. Explanations for these paradoxical behavioralconsequences are still in need for clarification. The processes underlying these effects arein particular still unidentified. Twelve experiments tested 3 potential underlying cognitivemechanisms as well as the influence of guilt on pro-environmental behavior considered asa specific category of general prosocial behavior. First, our results indicate that guilt maypromote pro-environmental behavior in the presence of reparation suggestions, but thatthis link is fragile and can be reversed when reparatory means are blatantly offered by theguilt inducer. Second, our results showed that guilt leads people to pay more attention toreparation cues and to develop a more positive attitude toward reparation means. However,surprisingly, guilt does not seem to increase the accessibility of reparatory means. Resultsare discussed in terms of a better knowledge of guilt’s functioning as well as perspectivesin the field of pro-environmental persuasion.

Aronson, E., Fried, C., Stone, J., (1991) ont cherché à mettre en place une procédure permettant aux acteurs de la vie sociale de promouvoir de nouveaux comportements socialement souhaitables, comme l’utilisation du préservatif. C’est ainsi que va naître le paradigme de l’hypocrisie induite. Ce paradigme résulte de l’enchaînement de deux facteurs : l’engagement dans le comportement pro-normatif et, le rappel et la saillance des transgressions récentes passées. L’articulation des deux phases provoque un état de dissonance qui va générer une modification du comportement dans le sens du discours pro-normatif. Cette thèse a cherché à démontrer de quelle manière ce paradigme de l’hypocrisie induite est le plus efficace en termes de modification du comportement : en restant anonyme ou en déclinant son identité. Fried (1998), identifie les sujets avec leurs transgressions en déclinant leur identité afin d'augmenter leur dissonance. Toutefois, les résultats obtenus ont démontré le contraire. Cette thèse, présente quatre expérimentations, reprenant la manipulation du facteur « déclinaison de son identité » dans le paradigme de l’hypocrisie induite, lors des deux phases. Les résultats obtenus répliquent en termes de changement de comportement, ceux obtenus par Fried. L’effet d’hypocrisie disparaît lorsque les sujets sont identifiés avec leur rappel des transgressions. Il résulte de nos travaux que la formule la plus efficace à l’obtention de l’effet d’hypocrisie est celle combinant un prêche et un rappel des transgressions anonymes. De plus, la dissonance éveillée suite à la manipulation d’hypocrisie peut être réduite par d’autres voies que la modification du comportement. / Aronson, E., Fried, C., Stone, J., (1991) sought to establish a procedure allowing the actors of society to promote new socially desirable behaviors such as condom use. Thus is born the paradigm of the induced hypocrisy.This paradigm results from a chain of two factors: engagement in pro-normative behavior and recall and salience recent past transgressions. The articulation of the two phases causes a state of dissonance that will generate a change in behavior in the direction of pro-normative discourse. In this thesis, we sought to demonstrate how the paradigm of the induced hypocrisy is the most efficient in terms of behavior modification: remaining anonymous or stating his identity. In a study done by Fried (1998), subjects are identified with their transgressions by declining their identity. This was to increase dissonance. However, the results have shown otherwise.This thesis presents four experiments, taking one hand manipulation of the factor "version of its identity" in the experimental procedure paradigm induced hypocrisy, not only for the transgression phase but also in the phase of preaching. And secondly, introducing new ways of reducing cognitive dissonance.The results obtained replicate in terms of behavior change, those obtained by Fried. The hypocrisy effect disappears when subjects are identified with their recall of transgressions. It is clear from our work that the most effective formula to obtain the effect of hypocrisy is by combining a sermon and a reminder anonymous transgressions. Our studies also show that the dissonance aroused from manipulating hypocrisy can be reduced by means other than behavior modification.

Although many studies have been published detailing the effects of narratives on persuasion, no literature has been published on the impact of narratives on psychological reactance in the context of anti-pornography campaigns. This study expands on prior narrative research by measuring adults' aged 21-76 (N=187) level of psychological reactance to statistical, research-based, and narrative videos. The study also explored Intrinsic Religious Motivation and perceived threat and susceptibility as factors. No significant relationship between narratives and reduced psychological reactance was found, however, findings indicated that viewing anti-pornography narratives caused individuals to view the threat of pornography as being more severe while simultaneously considering themselves less susceptible to the threat. This suggests the presence of optimistic bias. The study's findings also suggested that having strong beliefs is connected to a having greater perceived threat and susceptibility to pornography addiction.

Widespread adoption of phased array technologies has been hindered primarily by the high cost associated Transmitter/Receiver (T/R) modules. In conventional phased arrays, these vital elements often comprise up to fifty-percent of the entire array's expense. Recent development of a new type of phased array - the Electronically Steerable Passive Array Radiator (ESPAR) - is underway at laboratories around the globe. This innovative concept utilizes mutual coupling to excite neighboring (passive) elements placed in the near field of a center-driven (active) radiator. Using this method, T/R modules are only required for the active radiators. The radiation pattern of an ESP AR is controlled electronically by means of variable reactive loading of the passive antenna elements. In order to attain the full range of beam steering offered by this array, a broad range of reactance is required at the input port of each passive antenna. This thesis presents a varactor-based reactive network design that can accurately and reliably produce a wide range of reactance. The purpose of this research was to design a network compatible with the requirements of the ESP AR phased array, which is in development at the Antennas, RF, and Microwave Integrated Systems CARMI) laboratory at the University of Central Florida. To this end, an elaborate survey weighing different varactor-based reactive network and DC bias tee designs was conducted. This study took into account the practical issues and limiting factors that arose during design and implementation of such a network. While this specific network design was constrained to operate at 3 GHz, the proposed design methodology may be applied to realize reactive networks at other frequencies. This flexibility allows incorporation into similar ESPAR's and a plethora of other relevant devices.

Light-matter interactions are fundamentally based on the quantum mechanical principles that govern photons, electrons and other fundamental particles. One very interesting phenomenon within all of light-matter interactions is Electromagnetically Induced Transparency(EIT). This phenomenon causes an otherwise absorbing atomic transition to stop absorbing through quantum mechanical interference of probability wave functions. Corresponding to that change in absorption, will be a sudden, large change in the index of refraction. This change in the index of refraction leads to another phenomenon in which the group velocity of light can be slowed down dramatically. In the past, many researchers have been able to achieve both EIT and slow light in bulk atomic vapor cells. In an attempt to miniaturize this process and we have been using a platform of Anti Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguides (ARROW) devices to both guide light and contain the interacting matter. However, the platform creates a whole new set of challenges when integrating rubidium vapor into the hollow waveguides as rubidium is highly reactive and it is difficult to maintain an inert atmosphere for the rubidium vapor. A variety of sealing methods were attempted and their appropriateness and effectiveness was analyzed. Among these sealing methods were PMMA, Crystal Wax, Active Solder, Epoxy, and Indium Solder. PMMA, Crystal Wax and Active Solder each had major faults in one or more of the sealing requirements. We have used a high temperature epoxy with relative success to contain the rubidium vapor. However, the epoxy degrades very quickly at the high temperatures required for EIT testing. Indium solder is the most recent application method. It has high potential although we have yet to fully test its effectiveness. We were able to successfully demonstrate the first EIT and slow light on a chip with our ARROW atomic vapor cell system. In the slow light experiment, we were able to slow light down to 2.5x105m/s. The group velocity of light decreased from the standard 3x108m/s by a factor of 1200. We believe we can achieve even lower group velocities using this same platform through further experimentation.

No description available.

Sexual violence is a major public health issue within the United States, particularly that with perpetrators who are men and victims who are women. Understanding risk factors for sexual violence perpetration is necessary to decrease the overall severity of sexual violence. In past research, psychological reactance has been shown to be associated with sexual violence perpetration, yet there is limited research on this association. Additionally, previous research has found that other traits may enhance the predictive properties of psychological reactance and that sensation seeking can predict sexual violence risk factors and sexual violence perpetration. Yet there is little to no research on how sensation seeking and psychological reactance work jointly to predict sexual violence perpetration. This thesis aims to explore these factors as possible predictors for sexual violence perpetration and sensation seeking as a moderator of the relationship between reactance and sexual violence perpetration. A better understanding of these predictors could allow for new ways to understand sexual violence perpetration overall and aid in future research. Based on this information, reactance, sensation seeking, and their interaction effect are all expected to significantly predict sexual violence perpetration. The current study examined 226 participants who were men, single, attracted to women, and over the age of 18 living in the U.S. Participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, and completed an online survey hosted on Qualtrics. Participants reported past sexual violence perpetration, sensation seeking, psychological reactance, and demographic information. Results provided partial support for the hypothesis. Findings indicated that higher levels of psychological reactance and sensation seeking were positively associated with sexual violence perpetration; however, sensation seeking as a moderator was not significant.