Denna studie handlar om några gymnasielärares uppfattningar om integrerade elever som har en dokumenterad autismspektrumtillstånd samt läs-och skrivproblematik. Studien har en kvalitativ utgångspunkt och undersökningen är baserad på halvstrukturerade intervjuer med fyra pedagoger som arbetar på olika gymnasier i södra Sverige. Resultatet visar att många av dessa elever klarar sig relativt bra när de får hjälp genom olika anpassningar som görs i klassrummet. De anpassningar som hjälper mest är klara och tydliga instruktioner för dessa elever, samt när pedagogen ger mycket stöd i form av exempelvis genrepedagogik. Däremot så upplever pedagogerna ibland att eleverna utnyttjar sin diagnos för att undvika skolarbete, vilket kan vara ett missförstånd då denna elevgrupp ofta tar till undvikande strategier som är en del av sitt funktionshinder. Exempelvis så störs vissa elever med autismspektrumtillstånd enormt mycket av olika ljud, så kallad sensorisk överkänslighet, och som ett resultat så vill de sitta avskilt när det gäller att läsa. Likaså så upplever pedagogerna att dessa elever återgår till sin tidigare lägre nivå efter det att anpassningen eller hjälpen upphört. / This study deals with a number of upper secondary school teachers' perceptions of integrated students who have a proven autism spectrum disorder, as well as reading and writing difficul- ties. The research has a qualitative perspective and the study is based on semi-structured in- terviews with four teachers working in different upper secondary schools in the southern part of Sweden. The result shows that many of these students manage relatively well when they get help through various adjustments made in the classroom. The adaptations that help the most are clear instructions for these students, and when the teacher provides support in the form of, for example genre pedagogy. However, the teachers sometimes feel that students utilize their diagnosis to avoid schoolwork, which may be a misunderstanding when this group of students often resort to avoidance strategies that are part of their disability. For ex- ample, some of these students with autism spectrum disorder are made unsettled by different sounds, so-called sensory hypersensitivity, and as a result they want to sit separately when it comes to reading. Another experience the teachers have is that these students often return to their previous lower level after the adjustment, or aid, cease to be provided.

This study was aimed to examine what happened when a municipality in Sweden invested in ICT. The purpose of this study was also to find out how the change of process with ICT investment was expressed the need for more knowledge. This was called “one-to-one” with the goal that all students would have their own computer during their years in school.Teachers have been interviewed and observed about how they work with ipads during reading and writing lessons. The teachers in this study said that they need more knowledge to improve their everyday work with ipads. They see many positive developments in students’ acquisition of knowledge. The intention was also to study how the teachers work with writing and reading for students at risk of future disabilities. Research that was presented in this study said that efforts and work to help students with reading and writing difficulties should start early and be done in a structured way to help students connect phoneme and grapheme to create alinguistic awareness.

The purpose of the study was to examine a selection of teachers’ experiences of working with adaptation and support for students with reading and writing difficulties. Adaptation and support should be immediately addressed to students with reading and writing difficulties according to the Swedish Agency for Education (2017). The Adaptations and support fields are lesser researched areas of reading and writing difficulties. This study is based on interviews with six teachers and the teachers were interviewed with semi-structured interviews. This study has a gender perspective and is based on gender as an active process that is constantly changing. Even hidden assumptions guiding gender is constantly affecting thoughts and reasons. Hardings (1986) gender model with three continuing processes in symbolic, structure and individual levels was used to analyse the study.   The results show that the most common ways of paying attention to students in need of adaptations and support for reading and writing difficulties are when the teacher listens when the student reads high through different screenings. The teachers say they notice boys and girls equally. Intensive training of the students reading ability and the usage of compensatory aids are the most common adaptations and support methods. Difficulties for boys tend to follow them through the school years despite adaptations and support. The results from the study show that boys more often than girls have problem with concentration, attention and motivation in combination with reading and writing difficulties. The teachers in the study describe girls as diligent and boys as immature and sloppy. According to the teachers the boys also experience poorer child support. The analysis shows that at the symbolic level there are differences in the characteristics of boys and girls attributed to the teachers and on individual level there are writing and motivational differences between boys and girls. Boys are described to have less motivation and writing skills compared to girls. Girls are described to be vivid book readers whilst boys are thought of as non-readers. Support from colleagues and special education teachers are emphasised by all of the teachers so they can provide the best possible read and writing development support.

The purpose of this degree project is to address the issue of dyslexia in the language classroom. It explores how teachers understand, address and work with dyslexia in relation to assessment and examination. The research has been based on qualitative interviews conducted with three working teachers: two English teachers and one Swedish teacher who is specialized in special aid teaching. Along with a theoretical background regarding useful research, relevant terms and definitions used in the discussion concerning dyslexia, the research establishes that interviewed teachers understand what working with dyslexic learners entails. However, there is lack of insight into Skolverket (The National Agency for Education) and the actual recommended procedures when assessing and examining dyslexic learners. This research highlights the importance of giving educators the tools and strategies needed to support dyslexic students in the examination situation and how to fairly assess these students.Keywords: Dyslexia, assessment, examination, reading and writing difficulties.

<p>In this essay, I will look at three different Compulsory comprehensive schools in one community and I will compare final grades from students who graduated in spring 2006. I will also examine how the three schools work with students, and in what way they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, so that they could reach goals set by The Swedish National Agency for Education. The aim with this essay is to show differences between schools in the same community and my question is if it is the way you approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties that affects the student’s grades and results.</p><p>The study is concentrating on three schools in one community and students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties that went to those schools. I have spoken to remedial teacher at each school about how they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, what kind of methods the use, how they investigate if a student is in need of special help and how they grade their students who are in need of special teaching because of their learning disabilities. This essay will also present different ways of defining dyslexia and how to approach the pedagogic difficulties that will appear in situations where students with reading- and writing difficulties gets exposed and are in need of special education or help.</p><p>The results of this study can only be connected to those schools that have been studied for this exam. The results can not in any way be generalising for all schools in Sweden. However did the study results show that students that went to school 2 reached higher goals than students that went to school 1 or 3. The study also shows that these schools use different ways to work with students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties. But to compare numbers and grades can’t give a fair picture of how each school work with each student so that they develop those skills and knowledge that is seen as necessary to become a democratic member of the society. Because numbers and grades cant tell anything about the student’s disabilities or what kind of knowledge or skills the student is in possession of. Nevertheless can this study when comparing grades, in the most general way, say that students that go to school 2 are more likely to reach goals that are set by The Swedish National Agency for Education.</p>

In this essay, I will look at three different Compulsory comprehensive schools in one community and I will compare final grades from students who graduated in spring 2006. I will also examine how the three schools work with students, and in what way they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, so that they could reach goals set by The Swedish National Agency for Education. The aim with this essay is to show differences between schools in the same community and my question is if it is the way you approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties that affects the student’s grades and results. The study is concentrating on three schools in one community and students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties that went to those schools. I have spoken to remedial teacher at each school about how they approach students with dyslexia/reading- and writing difficulties, what kind of methods the use, how they investigate if a student is in need of special help and how they grade their students who are in need of special teaching because of their learning disabilities. This essay will also present different ways of defining dyslexia and how to approach the pedagogic difficulties that will appear in situations where students with reading- and writing difficulties gets exposed and are in need of special education or help. The results of this study can only be connected to those schools that have been studied for this exam. The results can not in any way be generalising for all schools in Sweden. However did the study results show that students that went to school 2 reached higher goals than students that went to school 1 or 3. The study also shows that these schools use different ways to work with students with dyslexia and reading- and writing difficulties. But to compare numbers and grades can’t give a fair picture of how each school work with each student so that they develop those skills and knowledge that is seen as necessary to become a democratic member of the society. Because numbers and grades cant tell anything about the student’s disabilities or what kind of knowledge or skills the student is in possession of. Nevertheless can this study when comparing grades, in the most general way, say that students that go to school 2 are more likely to reach goals that are set by The Swedish National Agency for Education.

<p>The aim of this essay is to examine how students in 6-9 grade with reading and writing difficulties are treated and supported by teachers and staff at Ideskolan, a community school north of Stockholm. I have chosen to answer the following question:</p><p>- How does Ideskolan cope with and support students with reading and writing difficulties</p><p>This has in turn generated the following questions:</p><p>- How is special education organized at Ideskolan?</p><p>- Is a diagnose always needed in order to deploy extra support?</p><p>The method I have employed is observation while participating, together with informal talks and interviews. I have visited Ideskolan twice, one week at the time. The material that the visits have generated is the foundation of the essay, supported by previous research in the field.</p><p>The essay clarifies what right to special support students have according to law, regulations, curriculum and teaching plans and what they look like in reality at Ideskolan. This paper questions why schools focus on the individual student in these matters instead on the schools organisation and way of working. It might not automatically be the students’ difficulties with reading and writing that limits their continued learning, but rather the schools attitude towards students with special needs. Some ways of working might minimize the difficulties while some can increase them. If so, perhaps a change is in order?</p><p>The essay also discusses the role of the special teacher – should she be supporting the students or her colleagues, or both. It also discusses if the teacher training should evolve to better suite the need to handle students with reading and writing difficulties.</p><p>Even though Ideskolan recognizes the fact that two – three students in each class suffers with reading and writing difficulties the support to these students are inadequate. The school can excuse it self by saying that there is no “right way to go”, for each student with reading and writing difficulties are unique and there for require different support.</p>

Syftet med studien är att analysera pedagogers berättelser om hur de upplever arbetet med identifiering och utredning av läs- och skrivsvårigheter hos nyanlända. Vi har samlat empiriskt material i form av intervjuer som vi har analyserat med hjälp av tidigare forskning samt teorier. De nio intervjuerna av speciallärare/specialpedagoger, SVA-lärare och modersmålslärare genomfördes på två skolor med ett stort antal nyanlända elever och på kommunens mottagningsenhet. I studien berättar pedagogerna att de upplever en stor utmaning kring identifiering och utredning av nyanlända elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Det råder osäkerhet kring vem som ansvarar för vad och de beskriver att gränsdragningsproblem leder till att elever faller mellan stolarna. Pedagogerna har svårt att veta om problematiken beror på läs- och skrivsvårigheter eller bristande kunskaper i svenska språket vilket leder till både över- och underidentifiering. För att kunna ge nyanlända elever rätt stödåtgärder efterfrågas förutsättningar och former för samarbete och mer tydliga riktlinjer och rutiner. Enligt pedagogerna skulle det leda till mer likvärdig utbildning. Från intervjuerna framkommer också att identifieringen av läs- och skrivsvårigheter tar lång tid och att det saknas en utvecklad metod och ett heltäckande material för utredning. Bedömningen baseras ofta på pedagogens erfarenhet och i jämförelse med andra elevers utveckling i andraspråket.   Trots flera utmaningar är pedagogerna överlag positiva och har förslag på möjligheter och förbättringar; såsom kompetenshöjning inom andraspråksinlärning och läs- och skrivsvårigheter, mer användning av utredningsmaterial som är oberoende av språkkunskaper, fördjupat samarbete mellan olika professioner, tillgång till extern rådgivning och rekrytering av modersmålslärare bland nyanlända.       Vår förhoppning är att medverka till att skolor ser över sina riktlinjer och rutiner kring hur man identifierar och utreder läs- och skrivsvårigheter hos nyanlända elever / The purpose of the study is to analyze teachers' stories of how they experience the process of identification and investigation of the reading and writing difficulties of new arrivals. We have gathered empirical data in the form of interviews that we have analyzed using previous research and theories. The nine interviews of special education teachers / special educators, teachers teaching Swedish to newly arrived students and native mother- tongue teachers were made at two schools that have a large number of newly arrived pupils and at the municipal reception center. In the study the educators say that they are experiencing a major challenge identifying and investigating newly arrived students´ difficulties in reading and writing. There is some uncertainty about who is responsible for what, and they describe the demarcation problems leading to nobody feeling responsible for the problem. The teachers find it difficult to know if the problems are due to language difficulties or lack of knowledge of the Swedish language. In order to provide newly arrived students with proper support conditions and forms of cooperation as well as clear policies and procedures are requested. According to the teachers that would lead to a more equal education. The identification of reading and writing difficulties is said to take a long time and there is also a lack of a developed methodology and comprehensive materials to detect these difficulties. The assessment is often based on the teacher's experience and in comparison with other students´ learning a second language                                                                                                             Despite the challenges the educators are generally positive and have suggested facilities and improvements; such as increasing skills in how the pupils learn a second language and how to work with reading and writing difficulties, more use of investigative material that is independent of language skills, enhanced cooperation between different professions, access to external advice and recruitment of mother- tongue teachers among new arrivals. Our hope is to contribute to the schools reviewing their policies and procedures on how to identify and investigate the reading and writing difficulties of newly arrived students.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur några lärare på en grundskola beskriver att de arbetar med läs- och skrivinlärning i årskurs 1-3 samt hur de arbetar för att förebygga läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Studien är baserad på en intervjustudie och resultaten är analyserade med hjälp av begrepp från de tre specialpedagogiska perspektiven. Det sammanfattande resultatet visar att lärarna arbetar med liknande metoder i sin undervisning men att deras lärarutbildning gett dem olika kunskaper och ingångsvinklar kring hur de utformar sin undervisning. Gemensamma faktorer som de uppger som betydelsefulla att använda sig av är språklekar i början av läs- och skrivinlärningen och ett gott samarbete med både föräldrar så väl som speciallärare främjar elevernas läs- och skrivutveckling. En annan viktig faktor är att tidigt identifiera elever som stöter på hinder i sin läs- och skrivutveckling. En del av resultaten stämmer överens med den tidigare forskningen som jag har tagit del av. Dessutom har det uppkommit ett fynd i studien vilket är att lärarutbildningen har förändrats och det har även deras status de senaste tjugo åren och det har påverkat deras arbete på olika sätt. / The aim of this study was to research how a group of teachers at an elementary school described the methods that they used to teach reading and writing skills in grades 1-3, including practices used to prevent reading and writing difficulties. The study was conducted by interviewing teachers, and then analyzing the findings by applying the theoretical framework consisting of the three special educational perspectives. The summarized results showed that the teachers used similar methods of practice, but that their own university education had given them dissimilar sets of knowledge and perspectives on how they performed their teachings. Teaching methods that were used to prevent reading and writing difficulties were the usage of language games during the beginning stages of literacy development, and cooperation between parents and special education teachers. Another important factor was the early identification of pupils who faced challenges in reading and writing difficulties. Some of the results matched previous studies in the same area. An additional finding found is that teachers’ education has changed, as well as their status over the past twenty years, which has had an effect on their occupation.

Den här studiens syfte är att undersöka hur lärare definierar begreppet inkludering samt hurde arbetar med detisin svenskundervisningmed avseende på elever i läs-och skrivsvårigheter. Metoden som ligger till grund för undersökningen är kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem lärare.  Studiens resultat visar en enighet bland lärarna om hur de uppfattarbegreppet inkludering som gemenskapsorienterad. Lärarnas arbetssätt sammanfaller likväldärsamtliga lägger ett stort fokus på att anpassa undervisningen för alla elever, både när det gäller helklass respektive enskilda uppgifter. Trots att lärarna innehar en positiv inställning till inkludering i undervisningen menar dem att en fullbordad inkludering inte alltid är att föredra för elevernas förutsättningar och behov. Resultatet speglar därmed ett visst dilemma kring inkludering i undervisningen för lärarna. / The aim of this study is to examine how teachers define the concept of inclusion and how they embody it in their Swedish teaching with reference to students in reading and writing difficulties. The method that is the basis for the study is qualitative, semi-structured interviews with five teachers.  The results of the study shows a unity among the teachers about how they perceive theconcept of inclusion as community-oriented. The teachers’ working methods also coincides where all of them put a great focus on adapting the educationfor all pupils, both in terms of full class and individual tasks. Although the teachers have a positive attitude towards inclusive education, they mean that a completed inclusion is not always preferable to the pupils’ prerequisites and needs. The result thus reflect a certain dilemma about inclusive education among the teachers.