The paper provides an explanation of the mechanisms underlying trade roots of the contagion effects emanating from the recent turmoils. It is argued that under demand uncertainty risk averse behavior of firms provides a basis for international trade. The paper shows by means of a simple two-country model that risk averse firms operating in perfectly competitive markets with uncertainty of demand tend to diversify markets what gives a basis for international trade in identical commodities even between identical countries. It is shown that such trade may be welfare improving despite efficiency losses due to cross-hauling and transportation costs. The analysis reveals that change of the expectations concerning market conditions caused by the turmoil in the neighbor country (i.e., shift in the perception of market conditions) may lead to macroeconomic destabilization (increase in price level and unemployment, worsening of terms of trade, and deterioration of trade balance). / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

At the present scenario, one of the solutions found by micro, small and even medium-sized enterprises to retake their growth, development and competitiveness has been the nets. This alternative may result in more development of the enterprises through a proposal of joint growth, which is a strategy of cooperation that aims to provide competitive advantages. The research had as objective verify the reason of the company enter in the net and if this objective be reached. Our research was concentrated in 117 enterprises that take part in the Nets of Cooperation proposed by the Business Development and International Affairs Department (SEDAI) of the government of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), in partnership with the University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC) and the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). This sample was restricted to the enterprises that belong to the four biggest nets in number of associates from the two regions where the universities are located: the region of the Vale do Taquari and Rio Pardo and the region of the center of the state, respectively. Through a questionnaire, it was possible to verify the reasons that led the enterprises to join the nets and wheter their goals were being reached. The search of opportunities and the minimization of costs were found to be their main aims, while the sharing of resources (technological, management and human resources), leadership in the net and trust are in second plan. Another aspect that called attention mentions to it the referring answers to the number of associates in the nets, detailing that one of the reasons that had made with that the searched entrepreneurs entered the nets was the high number of associates and not it low number as the theories point that it is one of the forms of development and reduction of internal conflicts.The content of this work is organized in six chapters: introduction, characterization of nets and the main international experiences, the reasons for joining the nets, methodology, analysis of the results and finally, concluding remarks with some suggestions for further studies / No atual cenário vivido por micro, pequenas e até mesmo médias empresas, uma das saídas encontradas para a retomada do crescimento, desenvolvimento e competitividade tem sido as redes. Essa alternativa pode proporcionar às empresas desenvolverem-se através de uma proposta de crescimento e desenvolvimento conjunto, proporcionando às mesmas alcançar vantagens competitivas através da cooperação. A pesquisa que teve como objetivo verificar os motivos das empresas entrarem nas redes e se esses objetivos foram atingidos, foi desenvolvida em 117 empresas pertencentes às Redes de Cooperação criadas a partir da iniciativa da Secretaria do Desenvolvimento e dos Assuntos Internacionais - SEDAI, do Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - RS, em parceria com as Universidades de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC) e Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). A amostra se restringiu às empresas pertencentes às quatro maiores redes em número de associados nas duas regiões de abrangência das Universidades, Vale do Taquari e Rio Pardo e região Centro do Estado, respectivamente. Através de questionário, foi possível verificar os motivos que fizeram com que as empresas entrassem nas redes e se estes estavam sendo atingidos. Em um breve panorama do estudo, os principais pontos do trabalho desenvolvido chamam a atenção para os fatores de busca de oportunidades e de minimização de custos, sendo colocados em segundo plano, motivos como compartilhamento de recursos (tecnológicos, de gestão e humanos), liderança na rede e confiança. Outro aspecto que chamou atenção refere-se às respostas referentes ao número de associados nas redes, detalhando que um dos motivos que fizeram com que os empresários pesquisados ingressassem nas redes foi o alto número de associados e não o baixo número como as teorias apontam que seja uma das formas de desenvolvimento e diminuição de conflitos internos. O conteúdo do trabalho está desenvolvido em seis capítulos, contendo a introdução, a caracterização de redes e as principais experiências internacionais, os motivos das empresas de entrada nas redes, método do trabalho, análise dos resultados e por fim as considerações finais e recomendações para estudos futuros

Magister Scientiae - MSc / This study investigates the most important reasons behind the rst-year students' decision to select University of the Western Cape (UWC) as higher education institution. These reasons were organized into a few factors for easy interpretation. The data to be analyzed for this project is a subsection of the data collected during the orientation period of 2008. During the orientation week of 2008, the questionnaires were completed on a voluntary basis by new rst-year students. All questionnaires were anonymously completed and therefore the data does not contain any information that could be linked to any individual. For the purpose of this study, only the black African and coloured students were considered. The other racial groups were not analyzed due to too small sample sizes. Questionnaires with missing information on the reasons for selecting UWC were not nalyzed. We ended up with a sample of size 600. The data were statistically analyzed, using descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, factor analysis, coefficient of congruence and bootstrap factor analysis. The results indicated that the most important reasons a ecting students to choose UWC were identi ed as good academic reputation, family member's advice, UWC graduates are successful and UWC graduates get good jobs. The least important reasons were found to be not accepted anywhere, parents / family members graduated from UWC, recruited by UWC and wanted to study near to home. The results also indicated that there were significant differences among students according to population groups, parent's monthly income and grade 12 average. Factor analysis of 12 variables yielded three extracted factors upon which student decisions were based. Similarities of these three factors were tested, and a high similarity among demographic characteristics and grade 12 average were found. Additional analyses were conducted to measure the accuracy of factor analyses models constructed using Spearman and Polychoric correlation matrices. The results indicated that both correlation matrices were  nbiased, with higher variance and higher loadings when the Polychoric correlation matrix was used to construct a factor analysis model for categorical data. / South Africa

Bakgrund: I Sverige vårdas döende patienter både på hospice och på allmänna vårdavdelningar. Vissa av dessa patienter uttrycker en önskan om att få påskynda döden. Sjuksköterskor beskriver ibland en osäkerhet i hur de ska bemöta dessa patienter och vad denna önskan består i. Det kan finnas olika bakomliggande orsaker till en förfrågan av den här typen och en del av dessa kanske går att åtgärda. Syfte: Att beskriva bakomliggande faktorer till att vissa svårt sjuka patienter önskar påskynda sitt döende. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserat på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Resultat: Rädsla inför lidande i framtiden visade sig vara den mest förekommande faktorn till att vissa patienter önskade påskynda döendet. Fler bidragande orsaker var svåra symtom (särskilt smärta), förluster av bland annat identitet och värdighet, samt en känsla av att vara en börda. Kombinationen av flera faktorer orsakade ett svårt lidande för patienten, och väckte en önskan om få avsluta livet innan lidandet blev för stort. Slutsats: Svårt sjuka patienters önskan om en påskyndad död betyder inte alltid att de önskar att dö, utan kan vara en följd av svåra smärtor eller annat lidande. Om dessa faktorer kan kontrolleras finns kanske en möjlighet att patientens lidande minskar. Klinisk betydelse: Denna studie bidrar till en ökad förståelse hos sjuksköterskor om vilka faktorer som påverkar patientens välbefinnande i livets slutskede. Genom att uppmuntra till ökad medvetenhet kring de riktlinjer och åtgärder som finns, framför allt i den allmänna vården utanför hospice, kan bemötandet av dessa patienter förbättras. / Background: In Sweden dying patients are cared for both in hospices and at ordinary wards. Some of these patients wish to hasten their death. Nurses sometimes describe insecurity in how to respond to a patient‟s death wish. There can be different reasons why a patient asks for euthanasia, some may be possible to eliminate. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe why some terminally ill patients wish to hasten their death. Method: A literature review based on 11 scientific papers was made. Findings: Fear of suffering in the future turned out to be the most common contributing reason to why patients wanted to end their lives. Other reasons were severe symptoms (especially pain), loss of identity and dignity, among other things, and feelings of being a burden. A combination of different factors led to a severe suffering for the patient, and a wish of ending life before the suffering grew too severe. Conclusion: Severely ill patient‟s wishes to hasten death do not necessarily mean they want to die, but can be an expression of a difficult pain or suffering. If these factors can be controlled or eliminated, there is a possibility that the patients suffering decreases. Clinical significance: This study contributes to a better understanding among nurses about the factors that influences patient‟s wellbeing at the end of life. By encouraging to a raised awareness of the existing guidelines and interventions, especially in the primary care outside of hospices, the treatment of these patients can improve.

Suicidal Behavior in the U.S. Army is a problem that persists despite significant efforts to promote help-seeking behaviors and the investment of millions of dollars to develop resilience-building interventions. Evidence-based literature supports the use of reasons for living as a protective factor against suicidal behavior in clinical and nonclinical samples, yet it has rarely been studied in an active duty (AD) Army population. This study examined the relationship between self-reported reasons for living and self-reported suicidal behavior, to determine if high levels of reasons for living correlated with low risk of suicidal behavior, over and above demographics, depression, stressful life events, and social support, using standardized questionnaires. The study sample consisted of 244 AD Army soldiers attending the Warrior Leadership Course in Germany. The results analysis showed that reasons for living were inversely related to suicidal behavior among this sample. Although African American soldiers scored higher on measures of reasons for living and suicidal behavior, demographic variables did not significantly predict suicidal behavior. Reasons for living accounted for a unique amount of variance in suicidal behavior; however, depression, stressful life events, and social support were better predictors. This study demonstrates the benefits of incorporating reasons for living in military research and practice, as efforts are made to identify AD Army personnel at risk for suicide. The study findings also support the claim that examining protective and risk factors supersedes efforts to study risk factors alone. It promotes positive social change by informing efforts to develop comprehensive suicide prevention policies, programs, and procedures aimed at effectively reducing the rate of suicide in the U.S. Army.

The purpose of this study was to research gender, affectional/sexual orientation, and sex roles to determine how people respond to the Expanded Reasons for Living Scale by Linehan, Goodstein, Nielsen, and Chiles (1983). This study used the Bem Sex Role Inventory, short form (Bem, 1981) to assess androgynous and nonandrogynous people. Results from the statistical analysis revealed that bisexuals had the lowest reasons for living score followed by gay men/lesbians, and then heterosexuals on the Total RFL, as well as on the Responsiblility to Family and Moral Objections subscales. On the Child-Related Concerns subscale heterosexuals had a higher RFL score than both homosexuals and bisexuals. The Fear of Social Disapproval subscale revealed that heterosexuals and homosexuals were significantly higher than bisexuals. Androgynous people had a higher RFL on the Moral Objections subscale than nonandrogynous people and Androgynous women scored higher than nonandrogynous women on the Survival and Coping Belief subscale.

The purpose of this study was to examine reasons for living in people with secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent romantic attachment styles. Romantic attachment style was assessed by use of the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ). Reasons for living were assessed using the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL). The independent variables were gender and romantic attachment style. The dependent variable was the RFL score. Participants included 235 male and female students from a southeastern university. A brief demographic questionnaire, the RFL (Linehan,M., Goodstein, J., Neilson, S., & Chiles J., 1983), and the AAQ (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), were administered in electronic format on-line. A 3 (attachment style) X 2 (gender) Analysis of Variance with unequal cell sizes was used to test for main and interaction effects. The significance level was set at .05. Implications of findings and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Title: Reasons for the termination competitive activity of tennis players Objectives: The primary objective of this thesis is to analyze the possible reasons for termination competitive activity of teenage tennis players, which are obtained by qualitative method of data collection. The secondary objective is to create proposal of categorization theoretical model. Methods: In this thesis we used the narrative interview with the elements of the interview and the interview method. Interview method was used in collecting data to create a theoretical model of categorization. The narrative interview method with the elements of the interview was used as the main method of collecting data on probands. Results: We found that the termination of adolescent competitive activity is caused by more reasons. One of the main reasons was the influence by parents (especially the father), the other reasons were performance decrease, lack of motivation, injury, bad training condition in the club. Categorization was split into five main groups: social, psychological, economic, training and health. Keywords: tennis, reasons for the termination competitive activity, motivation, parents of tennis players, adolescents tennis players, competitive activity

Este trabalho trata do papel desempenhado pelo dever de motivação das decisões judiciais na realização do Estado de Direito e, consequentemente, dos princípios da segurança jurídica e do devido processo legal. Partindo de uma concepção fina do Estado de Direito, busca-se demonstrar, inclusive mediante dados históricos, que a motivação das decisões judiciais é fundamental ao controle da atividade jurisdicional, reduzindo o arbítrio e o subjetivismo a que todo exercício de poder está sujeito. Para que a motivação possa desempenhar tal função, deve ser dotada de algumas características essenciais, que incluem: racionalidade, estrutura lógico-argumentativa e natureza declaratória e retrospectiva; cada uma delas estudada especificamente. Em relação à promoção da segurança jurídica, explica-se que apenas decisões motivadas são aptas a gerar precedentes judiciais, cuja observância é fundamental para se proporcionar estabilidade e previsibilidade ao ordenamento jurídico. Além disso, defende-se que as razões dadas pelos órgãos judiciais para a tomada de decisões geram expectativas legítimas no jurisdicionado que devem ser tuteladas. / This essay faces the role performed by obligatory reasoned judgments in the Rule of Law and its consequences to legal certainty and due process of law. Accepting a thin theory of the Rule of Law, the author intends to show, through the appointment of historical facts, that giving reasons for judgments is essential to control the jurisdictional activity and restrict the arbitrary power. Giving reasons, however, shall only attend its expected role if some exigencies are fulfilled, including: rationality, logical-argumentative structure and declaratory and retrospective nature of the reasons given. The author also explains that judgments may not be precedents if they are not reasoned; and following precedents is essential to assure legal certainty. Besides that, it is sustained that reasoned judgments generate legitimate expectations to the citizens that should be protected.

Este trabalho trata do papel desempenhado pelo dever de motivação das decisões judiciais na realização do Estado de Direito e, consequentemente, dos princípios da segurança jurídica e do devido processo legal. Partindo de uma concepção fina do Estado de Direito, busca-se demonstrar, inclusive mediante dados históricos, que a motivação das decisões judiciais é fundamental ao controle da atividade jurisdicional, reduzindo o arbítrio e o subjetivismo a que todo exercício de poder está sujeito. Para que a motivação possa desempenhar tal função, deve ser dotada de algumas características essenciais, que incluem: racionalidade, estrutura lógico-argumentativa e natureza declaratória e retrospectiva; cada uma delas estudada especificamente. Em relação à promoção da segurança jurídica, explica-se que apenas decisões motivadas são aptas a gerar precedentes judiciais, cuja observância é fundamental para se proporcionar estabilidade e previsibilidade ao ordenamento jurídico. Além disso, defende-se que as razões dadas pelos órgãos judiciais para a tomada de decisões geram expectativas legítimas no jurisdicionado que devem ser tuteladas. / This essay faces the role performed by obligatory reasoned judgments in the Rule of Law and its consequences to legal certainty and due process of law. Accepting a thin theory of the Rule of Law, the author intends to show, through the appointment of historical facts, that giving reasons for judgments is essential to control the jurisdictional activity and restrict the arbitrary power. Giving reasons, however, shall only attend its expected role if some exigencies are fulfilled, including: rationality, logical-argumentative structure and declaratory and retrospective nature of the reasons given. The author also explains that judgments may not be precedents if they are not reasoned; and following precedents is essential to assure legal certainty. Besides that, it is sustained that reasoned judgments generate legitimate expectations to the citizens that should be protected.