Older adults constitute a growing population in the United States. A disproportionate percentage of this population experience chronic illnesses and need to recall information important to prevent complications of illness and to self-manage their condition. One example of the need to retain information is to recall the risk factors for ischemic stroke to prevent the damaging effects of stroke.Factors that could influence the recall of health information include age-related changes in cognition, specifically working memory capacity. Research supports that older adults have working memory capacity limitations. Older adults may also experience low health literacy that in combination with declines in working memory could further influence recall of health information.The purpose of this study was to describe the predictive relationships of working memory capacity and health literacy on the recall of the warning signs of stroke in a sample of older community dwelling elders.Fifty-six participants, ranging in age from 68-99 years of age (M= 80 years of age) were recruited from two sites, a Senior Center and Retirement Residence. A brochure published by the American Heart and Stroke Association, "Let's Talk About Stroke" was the tool used to deliver the health information regarding the five warning signs of stroke. Personal factors including demographic and medical variables were collected in this study. Working Memory was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III, Working Memory Index (WMI). Health literacy was determined using the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (STOFHLA). Participants were asked to recall the health information they were asked to read regarding the five warning signs of stroke at the conclusion of the study visit.Findings indicated that the key variables working memory and health literacy were independently and positively correlated to recall (p < .01); however, regression analysis did not demonstrate an interaction between the two key variables and recall.The findings from this study explore the associations between working memory, health literacy and personal factors and support that these key predictors may be related to the older adults ability to successfully recall health information.

Thirty years of empirical research on visual aids have produced inconsistent results--perhaps because the quality and color of those visuals were inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to determine what effects quality and color of instructional transparencies used in an informative speech have on listener recall and attitudes toward speaker and speech. A total of 709 community college and university students in 36 intact classes were randomly assigned to one of four visual treatment groups (poor-quality black/white, high-quality black/white, poor-quality color, or high-quality color) or one of two control groups (no-speech or no-visuals). A videotaped speech was projected onto a large screen at the right of the room; visual aids (each shown for approximately 30 seconds) were projected onto another screen set immediately to the left. Recall was measured by a 10-item multiple choice test; attitude toward speech and speaker were each measured by six seven-item semantic differential scales. Analysis of variance indicated that the type of transparencies used in an informative speech have a definite effect on immediate recall and attitude toward the speech, but no effect on attitude toward speaker. All four treatment groups scored significantly higher on recall than the no-speech and no-visual control groups. Log percent of change showed poor color to produce the lowest scores (still 13% better than control) and quality color to produce the highest scores (19.5'% better). Analysis found listeners to have a more positive attitude toward the speech when quality color, quality black/white, or poor black/white visuals were used. It appears that any visual (even a poor quality one) produces better recall than no visuals. Speakers with the time to produce quality visuals should add color; speakers who pay little attention to quality would be advised to use black/white visuals. Implications for future research are suggested.

Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato / In addition to negotiation, nonverbal signaling plays a large part in diplomacy. One such nonverbal technique is diplomatic revocation, in which a sending state summons its ambassador from a receiving state. Such an act has strategic value and can be used to discourage politically reprehensible acts in the receiving state, or further delegitimize its leaders or government to the international community, especially when accompanied by other sanctions or a comprehensive political agenda. Other times, revocation is reactionary, as in the cases of recalling an ambassador for poor conduct or as a precautionary measure against dwindling security conditions in the host state. In consulting scholarly work on the nonverbal dynamics of diplomacy and using an original dataset of over 1,000 instances of diplomatic revocation, this thesis examines the efficacy of diplomatic sanctions and concludes that 53% of diplomatic revocations are not intended as politically persuasive tools. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Arts and Sciences Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies.

頻繁的產品傷害危機（product-harm crisis）以及隨之而來的產品召回已經引起了公眾的廣泛關注。在此背景下，企業一方面應該有效的應對產品召回，另外一方面應該提高產品品質，從而避免產品傷害事件的發生。然而，由於品質問題已經超越了企業自身的範疇，傳統的以企業為中心的品質管理理論對管理供應鏈品質不具有指導意義。 / 在第一個研究中，我們通過深入案例研究來鑒別供應鏈品質管理體系的關鍵組成部分，在經過嚴格的案例對比分析後，我們識別出了供應鏈品質管理體系的6個重要組成部分，並提出了供應鏈質量管理的定義，以及一個完整的供應鏈品質管理模型。 / 第二個研究主要是分析在上一個研究中提出的供應鏈品質管理模型的有效性。通過實證的方法證明該模型的有效性對於該理論的發展具有重要的意義。通過分析400份基於中國製造商的問卷調查資料，我們發現供應鏈品質管理模型有助於提高企業的品質績效。 / 第三個研究主要側重于從消費者的角度探討不同產品召回策略的影響。具體來說，此研究在組織合法性理論（organizational legitimacy theory），服務主導邏輯（service-dominant logic）和雙因素理論（two-factor theory）的基礎上，探討產品召回主動性和補償策略如何影響消費者感知的組織合法性和再次購買傾向。通過實驗驗證，我們發現產品召回的主動性和補償策略對消費者感知的組織合法性及再次購買傾向具有顯著直接影響和交互作用影響。同時，消費者感知的組織合法性在召回策略（召回主動性和補償策略）和再次購買傾向關係中起到仲介作用。 / 總體上來說，本論文促進了供應鏈品質管理理論的發展，加深了對不同召回策略有效性的理解。同時，本論文也將為企業建立有效的供應鏈品質管理和產品召回系統提供指導。 / In the context of frequent product-harm crisis and product recalls, on the one hand, companies should make efforts to handle the recalls effectively; on the other hand, they should improve quality to prevent the recurrence of product-harm crises. However, as the quality issue goes beyond the scope of the organization, the traditional firm-centric quality management theory has limited implications for managing supply chain quality. / In the first study, we identified the six key components of SCQM and proposed a definition of SCQM and a holistic SCQM framework through in-depth case studies. The second study strived to empirically test the effectiveness of SCQM system that we proposed by analyzing the 400 survey samples collected from manufacturing companies in Mainland China. The results showed that SCQM system could help companies to achieve high quality performance. The third study investigated the effectiveness of different product recall strategies (recall proactiveness and compensation) from the consumers’ perspective, based on the organizational legitimacy theory, service-dominant logic and two-factor theory. Through the scenario experiment, we found significant main effect and interaction effect of recall proactiveness and compensation on consumers’ perception of organizational legitimacy and repurchase intention. Moreover, the perceived organizational legitimacy will mediate the relationship between recall strategies (proactiveness and compensation) and repurchase intention. / In summary, this dissertation will advance the development of supply chain quality management theory and enrich understanding of the effectiveness of different product recalls strategies. In addition, it will provide guidelines for companies to establish the supply chain quality management and product recalls system. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Hu, Haiju. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-140). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.III / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.VIII / LIST OF TABLES --- p.IX / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Motivations and Research Questions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of Dissertation --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Quality Management --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Supply Chain Quality Management --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Product Recalls --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Conceptualization of Supply Chain Quality Management --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Methodology --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Within-case Analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Cross-case Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.5 --- Definition of Supply Chain Quality Management --- p.60 / Chapter 3.6 --- Supply Chain Quality Management Framework --- p.61 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusions and Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Effects of Supply Chain Quality Management on Quality Performance --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Research Hypotheses --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Analysis and Results --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions and Discussion --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Effects of Different Recall Strategies on Consumer Reaction --- p.103 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- Theoretical Background and Research Hypotheses --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Analysis and Results --- p.112 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusions and Discussion --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Summary --- p.119 / Chapter 6.1 --- Overview --- p.119 / Chapter 6.2 --- Theoretical Contributions --- p.120 / Chapter 6.3 --- Managerial Contributions --- p.121 / Chapter 6.4 --- Limitations and Future Research Directions --- p.121 / Chapter Appendix 1 --- Measurement Instrument for Chapter 4 --- p.123 / Chapter Appendix 2 --- Measurement Items for Chapter 5 --- p.127 / Reference --- p.129

Denna studie följer elever som deltar i bänkinteraktion omkring matematik med sin lärare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur elever beskriver att få enskild hjälp som stöd för sitt lärande. Jag söker möjligheter och hinder som uppstår i lärar- elev interaktioner. Elevernas erfarenheter kan bli en utgångspunkt för hur matematiklärare och speciallärare kan tänka omkring undervisning i klass eller undervisning av elever i behov av stöd. Studien har en sociokulturell ansats och är gjord enligt metoden stimulated recall, som i denna studie innebar videoinspelade bänkinteraktioner i kombination med intervjuer omkring inspelningarna. Eleven fick se videoklippet efteråt och med egna ord berätta vad som hände och hur eleven hade tänkt i situationen.

Highly affective memories have been thought to be longer lasting and more detailed than other memories, and many experimental results have supported this assertion. The apparent robustness of these memories, however, may result from their high distinctiveness, rather than their emotional content. Two experiments tested free and cued recall for negative affect, distinctive, and neutral paragraphs. Experiment 1 compared neutral and negative affect paragraphs using a blocked and recovered memory technique. Affective paragraphs were remembered significantly better than neutral paragraphs in free recall of paragraph titles, regardless of condition. Details of neutral paragraphs were remembered significantly better than affective paragraphs, regardless of condition. No recovery effect was found. Experiment 2 compared distinctive and neutral paragraphs using the same technique. Free recall of paragraph titles did not differ between paragraph types. Neutral paragraphs were remembered better than distinctive paragraphs in cued recall, regardless of condition. Participants remembered significantly more with cued recall, and significantly more in the forget condition, and distinctive paragraphs were subject to a much greater forgetting effect than neutral paragraphs. It is unclear why a robust forgetting effect, using these stimuli, was not found. Consistent with previous literature, affective stimuli were remembered well, but inconsistently, distinctive stimuli were not. These results provide support for the claim that negative affect memories are more robust than other memories. This may result from their inherent emotional content as opposed to their being distinctive in some way.

Food recalls caused by pathogens receive considerable public attention due to health risk and the potential loss to the companies involved. There are very few studies analyzing the relationship between food recalls and characteristics of the companies involved. Because of the significance of the problem and lack of available research, the association between food recalls caused by pathogen and characteristics of the companies involved is examined in this thesis. To address the problem, data on food product recalls in the United States from January 2000 to October 2009 are used. Only the events caused by pathogens are analyzed in the thesis. The firms that have multiple recall incidents are the units of analysis. The study employs an econometric model with discrete choice modeling approaches: logit and probit. There are two main hypotheses. Firstly, it is hypothesized that branding decreases the likelihood of the occurrence of the repeated recall event. Secondly, size of the firm is hypothesized to be associated with higher likelihood of recurrence. The major finding is that branding and firm size are associated with higher probability of the recurrence of food recall events associated with pathogenic contamination. A firm that produces branded products is around 15 percent more likely to have a recurrence of food recall events than a firm producing unbranded product. This finding points out the interesting and unexpected issue that branding is not associated with improved performance in food safety. Additionally, an increase in firm size has a minute but significant association with rising likelihood to have a recurrence of a food recall event. This study is the first concerning the firm level factors that can influence risk of the recurrence of food recall incidents involving pathogens. Thus, its results are distinctive and can benefit both government and private sectors with respect to food safety policy or food safety standards.

Aims: This study addressed the challenge of evaluating and improving patient education material as well as recall of information from a tinnitus counselling session. The first aim was to examine the readability and suitability of two tinnitus patient education brochures provided by an audiology clinic to new tinnitus patients. If the readability of the brochures were higher than international recommendations for reading grade level (RGL), then an attempt to rewrite a brochure to a suitable RGL would be made. The second aim was to investigate a) the amount of information tinnitus patients can successfully recall directly following their initial appointment, b) the amount of information that is retained one to two weeks following their appointment, c) whether the amount of information recalled is related to patient variables, and d) the themes that arose from interviews with the patients. Method: To address study aim 1, readability analyses were completed for two patient tinnitus brochures provided to new patients at a private hearing aid clinic using several readability formulas. If found to have a readability level over 5th grade level one brochure would be rewritten to an acceptable readability level while attempting to maintain the initial level of content. The suitability of the brochures was assessed by two experts in the area of health literacy using the Suitability Assessment of Material (SAM). To address study aim 2, eight participants consulting for tinnitus services were prospectively identified by a clinical audiologist at a private hearing aid clinic. Immediately following the initial tinnitus counselling session, participants took part in a digitally-recorded seven-item open-ended interview and provided demographic and audiological information. One to two weeks later, a second interview using the same questions was conducted. Results: After analyzing the readability of the brochures it was evident that both exceeded the recommended RGL on the Flesch-Kincaid (F-K), Fry, Fog, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG). The experts rated Brochure 1 as “unsuitable” for patient education and Brochure 2 as “adequate” for patient education using the SAM. Brochure 1 was revised and was within the internationally recommended RGL as measured by the F-K, Fry, and Fog, whilst keeping the content similar to the original. Overall, participants correctly recalled only a small amount of information in the immediate (36.8%) and one to two weeks later (33.7%). There was no significance difference in amount of correctly recalled information between appointments, and none of the correlations performed for recall and participant variables were statistically significant. Effect sizes were calculated and no trend was found for audiometric variables, although demographic variables did tend to explain more of the variance in recall in the short-term than immediately. The most notable themes identified in the interview immediately after the appointment were: Hearing aids, Understanding/Empowerment, and Masking/Music therapy. At the short-term follow up interview, Hearing aids, Cost, and Hope/Positive were commonly reported. Conclusions: As over half of New Zealanders do not have adequate health literacy skills to meet the demands of life and work (Ministry of Health, 2010) it follows that written and verbal health information should be easy understandable to allow patients to take an active role in their health care and experience the best possible health outcomes. Overall, participants only remembered modest amounts, only one brochure was adequate for patient education, and the RGL of both brochures were higher than recommended. There is a great need for more studies examining suitability, readability, and patient recall not only in tinnitus, but in all areas of healthcare.

Explaining false memory has been a strong resource to understand how memory works in general. More than two decades of research on false memories show that false memories are a complex phenomenon that made most of the established theories of memory insufficient. Phantom recollection is a specific part of the false memory phenomena that consists of a memory illusion in which subjects have a false recollective phenomenology that resembles true recollections. Two experiments following DRM's paradigm served to study phantom recollection in adults, manipulating variables such as Level of processing, Type of voice, Retrieval time and Repetition. The three proper instructions of a mathematical model named Conjoint Recall were applied in order to have separate measures of the phantom recollection manifestations. Ninety American and 90 Mexican university students participated. The results of the experiments disconfirm IAR explanations of phantom recollection, but confirm most of Fuzzy-trace-theory's assumptions on this phenomenon (Brainerd, Payne, Wright, and Reyna, 2003).

In an immediate serial recall task, participants are asked to recall lists of items in order. In the Hebb repeating-list variant of the task, subjects are read a series of lists, and every third list is repeated. Performance improves across repetitions but is stable for the non-repeated trials. The repetition advantage—the increased accuracy for the repeated list—is known as the Hebb effect. Several models have been advanced to explain how participants order successive items, but how participants take advantage of the repetition has largely been ignored. Although the task is usually discussed in terms of recall of verbal items, the Hebb effect has been observed with sequences of visuo-spatial positions. The present work assesses whether immediate serial recall of verbal material benefits from visuo-spatial context. Sequences of letters were presented in different spatial positions in a visual version of the Hebb task. Presenting lists in random spatial positions on the periphery of an imaginary circle did not boost performance, but if the sequence was predictable, overall accuracy increased. The spatial path of successive items influenced the Hebb effect. When the distance between successive positions was minimized, participants were able to exploit the repetition early in practice. The results deny an account based on item distinctiveness. I discuss the results in terms of contemporary models of ISR. / Thesis (Master, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2007-10-03 13:01:00.716