International studies have shown the reading competence of Indonesian students to be relatively low compared to other countries. Considering the importance of reading comprehension, the current research has two aims. The first is to provide some insight into the identification of students’ difficulty with reading. The second is to investigate the implementation of innovative methods for teaching reading comprehension in the Indonesian educational context. Both studies were conducted in state upper grade primary schools in Urban Sub District BCL in Bandung, Indonesia. Study One profiled students’ reading performance. Five measurement instruments were developed, written in Indonesian language. The construction of mental models was also introduced. Two hundred and sixty five Grade Five students from eight schools were measured for their competence in decoding, prior knowledge, comprehension monitoring, construction of mental models, reading comprehension specifically related to a particular topic, and their general reading comprehension. The students’ reading performance profiles were very varied. They showed the importance of each component for the achievement of reading comprehension. The profiles also showed the ability for each component of reading comprehension to compensate each other’s function to enable the students to perform well in reading comprehension. The best-fit model for the data accounted for 47% of students’ performance in reading comprehension. Study Two compared instructional interventions, and examined the way each method worked in the Indonesian educational context. The three instructional intervention methods were Reciprocal Teaching (RT), Instruction prompting students to develop Mental Models (IMM), and Instruction in Question Answering (IQA). Participants were one hundred and twelve students in the Sixth Grade from three primary schools. There were three groups in each school. Group 1 received RT followed by IMM (RT-IMM), Group 2 received IMM followed by RT (IMM-RT), and Group 3 received IQA. Group 3 was considered as the control group, since IQA is the traditional method widely adopted in Indonesia. Instruction was separated into 2 phases. Each phase consisted of four sessions of 30 minutes each over a two-week period. The implementation of IMM-RT tended to improve general reading comprehension more than other methods (RT-IMM and IQA). Interestingly, individuals who had a low performance in the pre-test for construction of mental models, improved their performance in the construction of mental models following implementation of RT at the first phase. The results support a conclusion that the IMM-RT combination is potentially effective for the enhancement of students’ reading comprehension. However, further results showed that, in order to implement RT and IMM in a common state school classroom in Indonesia, the teacher’s ability to manage and organise the group becomes crucial. Study Three was designed to validate the IMM-RT instructional intervention for improving performances of students with reading comprehension inadequacies, by addressing the limitations found in Study Two. Result showed that IMM-RT had potential for improving students’ performance in reading comprehension. The findings of the current study provide some understanding of reading comprehension in an Indonesian educational context. Moreover, the findings will add to the repertoire of educators about issues that need to be considered in implementing innovative methods for enhancing Indonesian students’ reading comprehension.

International studies have shown the reading competence of Indonesian students to be relatively low compared to other countries. Considering the importance of reading comprehension, the current research has two aims. The first is to provide some insight into the identification of students’ difficulty with reading. The second is to investigate the implementation of innovative methods for teaching reading comprehension in the Indonesian educational context. Both studies were conducted in state upper grade primary schools in Urban Sub District BCL in Bandung, Indonesia. Study One profiled students’ reading performance. Five measurement instruments were developed, written in Indonesian language. The construction of mental models was also introduced. Two hundred and sixty five Grade Five students from eight schools were measured for their competence in decoding, prior knowledge, comprehension monitoring, construction of mental models, reading comprehension specifically related to a particular topic, and their general reading comprehension. The students’ reading performance profiles were very varied. They showed the importance of each component for the achievement of reading comprehension. The profiles also showed the ability for each component of reading comprehension to compensate each other’s function to enable the students to perform well in reading comprehension. The best-fit model for the data accounted for 47% of students’ performance in reading comprehension. Study Two compared instructional interventions, and examined the way each method worked in the Indonesian educational context. The three instructional intervention methods were Reciprocal Teaching (RT), Instruction prompting students to develop Mental Models (IMM), and Instruction in Question Answering (IQA). Participants were one hundred and twelve students in the Sixth Grade from three primary schools. There were three groups in each school. Group 1 received RT followed by IMM (RT-IMM), Group 2 received IMM followed by RT (IMM-RT), and Group 3 received IQA. Group 3 was considered as the control group, since IQA is the traditional method widely adopted in Indonesia. Instruction was separated into 2 phases. Each phase consisted of four sessions of 30 minutes each over a two-week period. The implementation of IMM-RT tended to improve general reading comprehension more than other methods (RT-IMM and IQA). Interestingly, individuals who had a low performance in the pre-test for construction of mental models, improved their performance in the construction of mental models following implementation of RT at the first phase. The results support a conclusion that the IMM-RT combination is potentially effective for the enhancement of students’ reading comprehension. However, further results showed that, in order to implement RT and IMM in a common state school classroom in Indonesia, the teacher’s ability to manage and organise the group becomes crucial. Study Three was designed to validate the IMM-RT instructional intervention for improving performances of students with reading comprehension inadequacies, by addressing the limitations found in Study Two. Result showed that IMM-RT had potential for improving students’ performance in reading comprehension. The findings of the current study provide some understanding of reading comprehension in an Indonesian educational context. Moreover, the findings will add to the repertoire of educators about issues that need to be considered in implementing innovative methods for enhancing Indonesian students’ reading comprehension.

International studies have shown the reading competence of Indonesian students to be relatively low compared to other countries. Considering the importance of reading comprehension, the current research has two aims. The first is to provide some insight into the identification of students’ difficulty with reading. The second is to investigate the implementation of innovative methods for teaching reading comprehension in the Indonesian educational context. Both studies were conducted in state upper grade primary schools in Urban Sub District BCL in Bandung, Indonesia. Study One profiled students’ reading performance. Five measurement instruments were developed, written in Indonesian language. The construction of mental models was also introduced. Two hundred and sixty five Grade Five students from eight schools were measured for their competence in decoding, prior knowledge, comprehension monitoring, construction of mental models, reading comprehension specifically related to a particular topic, and their general reading comprehension. The students’ reading performance profiles were very varied. They showed the importance of each component for the achievement of reading comprehension. The profiles also showed the ability for each component of reading comprehension to compensate each other’s function to enable the students to perform well in reading comprehension. The best-fit model for the data accounted for 47% of students’ performance in reading comprehension. Study Two compared instructional interventions, and examined the way each method worked in the Indonesian educational context. The three instructional intervention methods were Reciprocal Teaching (RT), Instruction prompting students to develop Mental Models (IMM), and Instruction in Question Answering (IQA). Participants were one hundred and twelve students in the Sixth Grade from three primary schools. There were three groups in each school. Group 1 received RT followed by IMM (RT-IMM), Group 2 received IMM followed by RT (IMM-RT), and Group 3 received IQA. Group 3 was considered as the control group, since IQA is the traditional method widely adopted in Indonesia. Instruction was separated into 2 phases. Each phase consisted of four sessions of 30 minutes each over a two-week period. The implementation of IMM-RT tended to improve general reading comprehension more than other methods (RT-IMM and IQA). Interestingly, individuals who had a low performance in the pre-test for construction of mental models, improved their performance in the construction of mental models following implementation of RT at the first phase. The results support a conclusion that the IMM-RT combination is potentially effective for the enhancement of students’ reading comprehension. However, further results showed that, in order to implement RT and IMM in a common state school classroom in Indonesia, the teacher’s ability to manage and organise the group becomes crucial. Study Three was designed to validate the IMM-RT instructional intervention for improving performances of students with reading comprehension inadequacies, by addressing the limitations found in Study Two. Result showed that IMM-RT had potential for improving students’ performance in reading comprehension. The findings of the current study provide some understanding of reading comprehension in an Indonesian educational context. Moreover, the findings will add to the repertoire of educators about issues that need to be considered in implementing innovative methods for enhancing Indonesian students’ reading comprehension.

How does one know whether a service is supplied against payment? While the answer to that question appears to be self-evident, it is, in fact, the sole reason for a host of court procedures across the world of VAT. Indeed, the underlying concept of a supply for consideration has eluded and continues to elude courts and practitioners. This is in part due to the wide range of transactions that are arguably such that they cannot be categorised as a supply for consideration (i.e., a supply against payment). It is, e.g., not obvious how to treat the transaction happening when a by-passer gives a few coins to a street musician, considering that it is debatable whether the coins constitute payment for a music service or a gift given out of sympathy. As an attempt to elucidate the concept of a supply for consideration, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has developed the so called direct link test, consisting of four criteria. The  test  is  applied  in  cases  where  the  nexus  between  a  supply  and  a consideration is indefinite or called into doubt. Given that the CJEU is the supreme interpreter of EU law, the direct link test has consequently become a standardised test in all 28 Member States of the EU. In other jurisdictions, such as Australia and New Zealand, there stands no equally established test to resolve the question of a nexus. More so, the courts of these jurisdictions do not necessarily adhere to the same notions as the CJEU. Against this background, the criteria of the direct link test have been analysed as well as compared to the notions prevailing in other jurisdictions. Following the comparative studies, it stands evident that there are, in some instances, radically different understandings of what kind of transactions that constitute a supply for consideration. These differences exist between courts of different jurisdictions as well as courts of the same jurisdiction. Certainly, there will always be disagreements in respect of legal queries; however, by virtue of the comparative studies, divergences of a more conceptual nature have been unearthed. In turn, these conceptual divergences demonstrate the existence of fundamentally different perceptions of the concept of a supply for consideration within the world of VAT. In light of the analysis, the author has concluded that the direct link test is appropriate for the purpose it is meant to serve. That said, the actual application of the test leaves room for improvement, which may to some extent be sought in the rules and notions prevailing in other jurisdictions and in the comments and critiques put forward by scholars.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Vanessa Casali.pdf: 3522538 bytes, checksum: 705a66719b9ac64e4db9d01ebc46a9a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-29 / Five years ago, Coca-Cola Brasil launched a program named 'Coletivo Project', with the purpose to enjoy an opportunity of increase on the potential consumption power of the low-income pyramid population that lived on the 'favelas'. At the same time, it had the objective to offer to them a social and financial impact, which is a trust on the future, the first job for the young adults’ participant of this program and an increase on their family source of revenues, through salaries. This was possible because through Coletivo Project, Coca-Cola identified the assets they have through its value chain, focusing on its competencies, such as retail, merchandising and logistics to apply them on courses to teach the young people of the communities and, as a result, form them to be able to find their new jobs. Internal indicators followed in a monthly basis by Coca-Cola demonstrated that the communities that had the presence of Coletivos, in comparison to those without Coletivos, had social and financial impacts. The social was the fact that the young formed started to have more confidence on their future and felt with a higher self-stem to apply for and obtain their first job. On the financial aspect, they were benefit through the increasing of their revenues and also their families and Coca-Cola had an increase on sales, when compared to a community without a Coletivo Project installed. This dissertation seeks to identify the current relationship between Coca-Cola and the communities, through the Coletivo Project classes performed on the NGOs located at this places, in order to identify opportunities for improvement the benefits and the impacts (financial and social) on the NGOs, communities and all stakeholders of this project. This dissertation examines this relationship, through presence interviews performed on four NGOs selected, and located on four of the twenty communities, that are participants of the Coletivo Project on Rio de Janeiro city. These interviews performed with the students, representatives and educators of these NGOs. The covered period of the interviews ranges from April 2014 to August 2014. This dissertation draws on first-hand qualitative empirical evidence gathered through extensive fieldwork. The main findings among possibilities for improvement by Coca-Cola are: • Implement new courses, beyond those existent at Coca-Cola (Retail, Logistics, etc.). • Increase the content of the employment module of Coletivo classes, focusing on improving educational, cultural, economic, political, social and professional life. • Increase the scale, through the quantity of positions on the Retail Coletivo classes. • Develop cultural and sports events with the communities. • Support the points of sales, participant of the practical classes of the Coletivo Retail, with refrigerators and furniture with the Coca-Cola logo. • Provide coffee breaks and meals during the Coletivo classes, using Coca-Cola beverages and partners for food items, developing the nutrition platform of the company and filling a need of the students. • Perform a research with all stakeholders related to this Project, including those students and mothers that are not participant of the Coletivo, in order to listen to them, understand their needs, and offer solutions to fulfill these gaps. and on the side of the • Perform partnerships with educational institutions to make viable other type of courses, more technical, but that have a relation with the core business of Coca-Cola Brasil, such as marketing. • Implement the Coca-Cola University, already existed at the Company. • Create courses or activities focused on the children. Regarding the impossibilities, the findings are: • Improve the basic sanitation of the communities. • Improve the safety on the communities. • Provide a home to those do not have. • Implement courses that have no relationship with Coca-Cola business and expertise, such as gastronomy. However, Coca-Cola can influence stakeholders on that. The results suggest to executives of Coca-Cola that a deep and a qualitative research on the communities of Brazil, in order to listen young people, educators, mothers, partners that offer jobs, from Coletivo and out of the project, is mandatory, to understand their needs, dreams, complains and offer valuable solutions to all.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Species of the genus Psychotria L. are common in the understory of tropical and subtropical forest formations. Most species are distylous with two floral morphs (thrum and pin) in the same population, however homostylous and monomorphic species are common. The objective of this work was to monitor the vegetative and reproductive phenology, as well as determine aspects of floral biology, with emphasis on floral morphometric and floral visitors of Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl., P. carthagenensis Jacq. e P. myriantha Muell. Arg. found in Seasonal Deciduous Forest fragment in Boca do Monte, Santa Maria, RS (53º54 W, 29º38 S). The phenological monitoring was performed every fortnight from August 2010 to August 2011. Were evaluated the vegetative phenophases (budding and leaf fall) and reproductive flowering (anthesis and bud) and fruiting (immature and mature fruit). Were observed during flowering period and duration of anthesis and floral visitors, and collected flowers for morphometric analysis and pollen viability. The three species have intraspecific synchrony in all phenophases. Leaf fall occurred throughout the year, but was more expressive P. leiocarpa in the months of autumn and winter, in other species restricted to a few leaves. The leaf emission was synchronic and occurred in spring, followed by the issue of buds. The bloom was like the annual intermediate for the three species and occurred between October and January. There was greater synchrony between P. leiocarpa and P. carthagenensis, P. myriantha has a slight delay in peak bloom. The fruiting is synchronic, and fruit maturation is gradual and long-term during the autumn and winter. The precipitation was not correlated with any of the phenophases. The highest correlations were obtained for immature fruit with ripe fruit temperature and with temperature and day length. In P. leiocarpa period of anthesis was from 5 to 17 hours. P. myriantha anthesis took several periods during the day, and lasts for 24 h. In P. carthagenensis anthesis occurred in two periods: between 5 to 18 hours and between 12 hours until the next morning. P. myriantha is homostílica. P. leiocarpa has the two floral morphs, reciprocal herkogamy and not isopletic. It has dimorphic traits auxiliary corolla length, size of the stigma lobes and the size of pollen grains, and higher in thrum flowers corolla diameter and number of pollen grains per anther, the higher pin flowers. P. carthagenensis has the two floral morphs, without reciprocal herkogamy and is not isopletic. Presented dimorphic traits auxiliary, length of stigma lobes and anther size, higher in thrum morph and diameter of the corolla in higher pin morpho. The floral visitors were insects, especially of the order Hymenoptera. Apis mellifera was the most frequent visitor in P. leiocarpa and P. myriantha. P. carthagenensis has native bees as the most frequent visitors / Espécies do gênero Psychotria L. são comuns no sub-bosque das formações florestais tropicais e subtropicais. A maioria das espécies são distílicas, apresentando dois morfos florais (brevistilo e longistilo) em uma mesma população, contudo espécies homostílicas ou monomorficas são comuns. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de acompanhar a fenologia vegetativa e reprodutiva, bem como determinar aspectos da biologia floral, com ênfase na morfometria floral, e os visitantes florais de Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl., P. carthagenensis Jacq. e P. myriantha Muell. Arg. encontradas em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Decidual no distrito de Boca do Monte, Santa Maria, RS (53º54 W, 29º38 S). O acompanhamento fenológico foi quinzenal de agosto de 2010 a agosto de 2011. Foram observadas as fenofases vegetativas (queda foliar e brotamento) e reprodutivas de floração (botão e antese) e de frutificação (fruto imaturo e maduro). Durante a floração foram observados o período e duração da antese e visitantes florais, e realizadas coleta de flores para as análises morfométricas e de viabilidade polínica. As três espécies possuem sincronia intraespecífica em todas as fenofases. A queda foliar ocorreu durante todo o ano, mas foi mais expressiva em P. leiocarpa nos meses de outono e inverno, nas outras espécies restringiu-se a poucas folhas. O brotamento foi sincrônico entre as espécies e ocorreu nos meses de primavera, seguido da emissão de botões. A floração foi do tipo anual intermediária para as três espécies e ocorreu entre outubro e janeiro. Houve maior sincronia entre P. leiocarpa e P. carthagenensis, pois P. myriantha possui um pequeno atraso no pico de floração em relação às outras espécies. A frutificação é sincrônica, e a maturação dos frutos é gradual e de longa duração durante o outono e inverno. A precipitação não se correlacionou com nenhuma das fenofases. As maiores correlações foram obtidas para frutos imaturos com a temperatura e frutos maduros com a temperatura e comprimento do dia. A antese é diurna para as três espécies. Em P. leiocarpa, o período de antese foi entre 5h às 17 horas. P. myriantha teve vários períodos de antese durante o dia e duração de 24 horas. Em P. carthagenensis, a antese ocorreu em dois períodos: entre as 5h até 18h, e das 12h até a manhã do dia seguinte. P. myriantha é homostílica. P. leiocarpa possui os dois morfos florais, hercogamia recíproca e anisopletia. Apresentou características dimórficas auxiliares para comprimento da corola, tamanho dos lobos estigmáticos e no tamanho dos grãos de pólen, maior nas flores brevistilas e no diâmetro da corola e na quantidade de grãos de pólen por antera, maior nas flores longistilas. P. carthagenensis possui os dois morfos florais, sem hercogamia recíproca e é anisopletia. Apresentou características dimórficas auxiliares para comprimento dos lobos estigmáticos e tamanho da antera, maior no morfo brevistilo e diâmetro da corola, maior no morfo longistilo. Os visitantes florais foram insetos, principalmente da ordem Hymenoptera. Apis mellifera foi o visitante mais frequente em P. leiocarpa e P. myriantha, e P. carthagenensis apresenta abelhas nativas como os visitantes mais freqüentes.

Le terme d’antipassif, qui s’inscrit depuis quarante ans dans le système des langues ergatives, désigne une construction intransitive ayant pour caractéristique générale la destitution du patient. Cette thèse remet en question l’opinion traditionnelle selon laquelle les constructions antipassives sont identifiées exclusivement dans les langues à alignement ergatif, et non dans les langues à alignement accusatif. Étant donné qu’une certaine proportion de langues ergatives utilise pour dériver l’antipassif le morphème polysémique réfléchie et/ou réciproque, dans cette étude nous nous sommes intéressée aux langues accusatives dont la marque antipassive présente la même caractéristique, d’où l’intérêt porté aux langues austronésiennes, Niger-Congo et Nilo-sahariennes, turciques, slaves et romanes. Dans la mesure où nous avons décidé de travailler sur les constructions antipassives dérivées par une marque étant à l’origine polysémique, l’impact sémantique de cette dernière sur l’ensemble de la construction apparaît comme non négligeable. Cette étude présente ainsi le double intérêt de s’appuyer sur une approche translinguistique, impliquant différentes familles de langues, et sur une vision bipolaire relative aux domaines de la syntaxe et de la sémantique. / The antipassive term, associated with ergative system since forty years, denotes an intransitive construction in which the patient argument is syntactically demoted. This study calls into question a traditional opinion according to which the antipassive phenomenon is encountered in ergative languages but not in those of accusative alignment. Since in some ergative languages the antipassive construction is triggered by a polysemous reflexive and/or reciprocal morpheme, this study deals exclusively with those accusative languages in which the antipassive marker presents the same characteristics (cf. Austronesian, Niger–Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Turkic, Slavonic, Romance languages). Building on the polysemous nature of such marker, its possible semantic impact on the whole derivation should also be taken into consideration. The aim of this study is to analyse the antipassive construction both from semantic and syntactic point of view in a crosslinguistic perspective.

Les populations répondent aux variations de l'environnement par une adaptation dans un premier temps plastique puis, à plus long terme, génétique. Cette faculté à évoluer est aujourd'hui confrontée à un changement climatique à la fois très rapide et de grande ampleur. L'étude de 15 provenances de sapin pectiné (Abies alba Mill.) réparties sur trois gradients altitudinaux (~ 900 à 1600 m) nous a permis d'évaluer par des approches de dendroécologie et de génétique quantitative leurs caractéristiques phénotypiques et génétiques ainsi que leur potentiel d’acclimatation et d’adaptation. La croissance radiale de 129 arbres adultes répartis le long des gradients a été analysée. Six traits adaptatifs liés à la croissance, la phénologie et la survie ont été mesurés sur 57 descendances maternelles issues de ces provenances et installées en transplantations réciproques dans neuf jardins communs répartis sur les gradients. Les résultats montrent que (i) la diversité phénotypique des populations est principalement due à l’environnement (i.e. plasticité phénotypique), (ii) l’ensemble des traits mesurés sur les semis sont sous contrôle génétique, (iii) les populations étudiées ne semblent pas avoir été soumises à des sélections différenciées (iv) le sapin est très sensible à la sécheresse estivale, d’autant plus si elle se répète d’une année sur l’autre. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que les populations étudiées présentent de bonnes capacités d’adaptation mais qu’à plus ou moins court terme, le sapin pectiné est menacé d’extinction à basse altitude ou en marge sud de son aire de répartition. / Natural populations respond to environmental variations firstly by plastic behavior, and, in the longer term, by genetic adaptation. Currently, the rapid and widespread climate change is challenging this ability to evolve. We studied 15 provenances of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) distributed along three altitudinal gradients (~900 to 1600 m). We evaluated their phenotypic and genetic characteristics and their acclimation and adaptation potential, using dendroecological and quantitative genetic approaches. The radial growth of 129 adult trees distributed along the gradients were analyzed. Six adaptive traits related to growth, phenology and survival were measured on 57 maternal families collected from these provenances and planted following a reciprocal transplant experimental design in nine common gardens distributed along the gradients. The results show that (i) the phenotypic diversity of populations is mainly due to the environment (i.e. phenotypic plasticity), (ii) all the traits measured on seedlings are under genetic control, (iii) the studied populations do not appear to have been subjected to differentiated selections, (iv) silver fir is very sensitive to summer drought, especially when it is repeated over years. All these results suggest that studied populations have great adaptive capacities but that in the short term, silver fir is threatened by extinction on the southern or low elevation margins of its range.

Cette thèse concerne de l’étude de composants passifs non-réciproque (circulateurs) fabriqué sur substrat LTCC ferrite. Les aimants externes utilisés dans les circulateurs classiques doivent créer un champ magnétique intense pour compenser le champs de démagnétisant dans le ferrite. Le nouveau circulateur présenté ici utilise une bobine intégrée dans le LTCC ferrite pour magnétiser le matériau de l'intérieur, pour réduire considérablement les effets des champs démagnétisants. Il est possible de contrôler le champ de polarisation rendant le dispositif multifonctionnel: lorsque la bobine est excitée par un courant, le dispositif fonctionne comme un circulateur dynamique dans lequel la direction de circulation peut être basculée en changeant la direction du courant. Si un aimant externe est placé sur le circulateur, sa fréquence de fonctionnement peut être accordée en ajustant le courant de polarisation. Contrairement à d'autres circulateurs LTCC avec aimants externes, le dispositif proposé peut même fonctionner comme un diviseur de puissance sans courant de polarisation. Un prototype de circulateur a été réalisé et caractérisé dans trois états: 1. démagnétisé, 2. Magnétisé par la bobine, 3. magnétisé par la bobine et des aimants externes. En l'absence de courant appliqué, la transmission de chaque port est d'environ -5 dB avec un coefficient de réflexion inférieur à -20 dB à 14,8 GHz. Quand un courant de 300 mA est injecté dans la bobine, les pertes d'insertion et l'isolation mesurées sont d'environ 3 dB et 8 dB, respectivement. Le coefficient de réflexion est inférieur à -20 dB à 14,2 GHz. Lorsque les aimants externes sont ajoutés avec un courant de 200 mA, les pertes d'insertion et l'isolation a été améliorée à 1,6 dB et 23 dB, respectivement à 14,2 GHz. La variation de la fréquence de travail du circulateur est de 0,6 GHz. Elle est due par la variation de l'aimantation M interne lorsque le courant est inférieur à 120 mA, puis par l’augmentation de la température créée par le courant dans la bobine. La taille (L * W * H) totale du circulateur réalisé est de 8mm * 8mm *1.1mm. Ce travail monte qu’il est possible d’intégrer (MMIC) sur un substrat LTCC ferrite des circuits passifs non-réciproques / This thesis investigates passive non-reciprocal components (mainly circulators) based on ferrite Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) substrate. The external magnets used in conventional circulators must be strong to overcome the ferrite's demagnetization field. The novel circulator presented herein uses an embedded winding within the ferrite substrate to magnetize the material from the inside, thereby significantly reducing the demagnetization effects. Because of the controllability of the bias field, the resulting device is also multifunctional: when the windings are energized by a current, the device operates as a dynamic circulator in which the circulation direction can be changed by switching the direction of the current. Unlike other LTCC circulators with external magnets, the proposed device can even operate as a power splitter by removing the bias current. A circulator prototype has been characterized in three states: unbiased, biased by winding and biased by winding and external magnets. When no current is applied, the transmission of each port is about -5 dB with return loss better than 20 dB at 14.8 GHz. When a current of 300 mA is injected into the winding, the measured insertion loss and isolation of the circulator is approximately 3 dB and 8 dB, respectively, whereas the return loss is better than 20 dB at 14.2 GHz. When external magnets are added in addition to the current of 200 mA, the insertion loss and isolation is improved to 1.6 dB and 23 dB, respectively at 14.2 GHz. The variation of the circulator's working frequency is 0.6 GHz. This is achieved firstly by the change of internal magnetization M when current is less than 120 mA, then the heat in the substrate due to the winding introduces more frequency shifting. The total size (L*W*H) is 8mm*8mm*1.1mm

This research studies friendship relationships in institutionalized children according to friendship’s quality and reciprocity. The participants were 33 institutionalized children (boys and girls), whose age range was 8 to 10. The control group consisted of 41 noninstitutionalized children with similar characteristics. Results show that institutionalized children have less reciprocal friendships than non-institutionalized children. Institutionalized children give more support and share the ir intimate experienc es in their reciprocal friendships than non-institutionalized children. Moreover, friendship quality of non-reciprocal friendships in the institutionalized group is almost equivalent to reciprocal and non-reciprocal friendships in the non-institutionalized one. This evidence shows that the majority of institutionalized children establish friendship bonds with similar characteristics, as do other children of the same age range. / El estudio evalúa las relaciones de amistad en niños institucionalizados en términos de su calidad y reciprocidad. Los participantes fueron 33 niños institucionalizados de ambos sexos entre 8 y 10 años. El grupo control estuvo constituido por 41 niños no institucionalizados con características similares. Se encontró que los niños institucionalizados establecen menos amistades recíprocas que los niños no institucionalizados y que en  estas relaciones se brindan más apoyo y comparten sus experiencias íntimas de modo más intenso. Igualmente, la calidad de las amistades no recíprocas de este grupo es casi equivalente a la de las amistades recíprocas y no recíprocas del grupo no institucionalizado. Esto indicaría que la mayoría de niños institucionalizados establece en general amistades con calidad similar a las de otros niños del mismo grupo de edad.