O aumento da geração dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, em especial os domésticos, é no atual cenário um problema ambiental e social que se tornou evidente em nosso dia-a-dia. Os responsáveis por aterros sanitários, em geral, não se preocupam com a qualidade ambiental a fim de prover sustentabilidade. A reciclagem neste momento se mostra valiosa, contribuindo na luta pela sustentabilidade e qualidade ambiental. Neste contexto, objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma triagem de materiais recicláveis destinados ao aterro sanitário de Cachoeira Paulista, visando prolongar a vida útil dos aterros, diminuindo a quantidade de resíduos e gerando emprego e renda. Um estudo de caso foi elaborado tomando por base o aterro sanitário situado no município de Cachoeira Paulista no Estado de São Paulo que atende seis cidades do Vale do Paraíba, o centro de triagem da URBAM em São José dos Campos - SP e o projeto amigos do lixo em Guaratinguetá SP, visando elaborar uma proposta de implantação de uma usina de reciclagem que foi elaborada após a análise detalhada dos resíduos sólidos dos municípios de Guaratinguetá e Cachoeira Paulista e uma posterior comparação entre a quantidade e composição do aterro sanitário de Cachoeira Paulista com o centro de triagem da URBAM em São José dos Campos. Nos resultados evidencia-se que é perfeitamente plausível propor a implantação de um centro de triagem de materiais recicláveis junto ao aterro sanitário de Cachoeira Paulista, tanto socialmente, como ambientalmente e economicamente. / The increase of the generation of the urban solid residues, especially the domestic, it is in the current scenery an environmental and social problem that became evident in our day by day. The responsible for sanitary embankments, in general, dont worry about the environmental quality in order to provide sustentability. The recycle at this time is shown valuable, contributing in the fight for the sustentability and environmental quality. In this context, objective of this work is to propose a screen of materials you recycled destined to the sanitary embankment of Cachoeira Paulista, seeking to prolong the useful life of the embankments, reducing the amount of residues and generating employment and income. A case study was elaborated taking for base the located sanitary embankment in the municipal district of Cachoeira Paulista in the State of São Paulo that assists six cities of the valley of Paraíba, the center of screen of URBAM in São José dos Campos - SP and the project friends of the garbage in Guaratinguetá - SP, seeking to elaborate a proposal of implantation of a reciclagem plant that was elaborated after the detailed analysis of the solid residues of the municipal districts of Guaratinguetá and Cachoeira Paulista and a subsequent comparison between the amount and composition of the sanitary embankment of Cachoeira Paulista with the center of screen of URBAM in São José dos Campos. In the results it is evidenced that is perfectly plausible to propose the implantation of a center of screen of materials you recycled the sanitary embankment of Cachoeira Paulista close to, so much socially, as ambientally and economically.

Content: A novel class of bio-based polymers have been developed within the LIFE BIOPOL European project aiming to replace traditional re-tanning and fat-liquoring products reducing environmental impacts and increasing the safety of leather. The purpose of the project is to enhance the recovery and reuse of different bio-derived by-products from leather and agro-industrial sector to produce eco-friendly and renewable bio-polymers with high re-tanning and fat-liquoring characteristics. The LIFE BIOPOL project aims to make bio-based polymers in order to reduce the following parameters in re-tanning phase: - 20-30% COD, - 50-60% of inorganic salts (Sulphates and Chlorides), - 90% of Cr (III) salts, - 20% of water used in the leather process. Other important goals of the project are: - reduction 70-90% of hazardous and environmental polluting substances normally found in conventional chemicals, - reactivity enhancement of 30-40% of the new biopolymers compared to the current leather - application technology, - reduction of 70-80% of the Product Environmental Footprint of the new biopolymers related to the state of the art. The vegetal biomasses and the tanned hides by-products were pretreated in order to obtain suitable building blocks for the production of bio-based polymers. Several protocols involving polymerization were used in order to achieve the synthesis of the biopolymers, which have been carried out at lab scale. Macromolecular characterization of the biopolymers was performed in order to rationalize the synthetic strategy and practical application of the products giving important parameters such as molecular weight and chemical composition of the new biopolymers. Performances of new bio-based polymers have been inspected and compared with traditional chemicals through application on different types of leather. The benefits of the new products within leather making process were evaluated through chemical analyses of re-tanning and fat-liquoring effluents. The upgrade of the developed chemistry will be performed within a new devised prototype plant specifically designed and built-up for producing the bio-based polymers at industrial scale Take-Away: Production of leather making biopolymers from biomasses and industrial by-products through Life Cycle Designed Processes

Transportation geotechnics associated with constructing and maintaining properly functioning transportation infrastructure is a very resource intensive activity. Large amounts of materials and natural resources are required, consuming proportionately large amounts of energy and fuel. Thus, the implementation of the principles of sustainability is important to reduce energy consumption, carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, and to increase material reuse/recycling, for example. This paper focusses on some issues and activities relevant to sustainable earthwork construction aimed at minimising the use of energy and the production of CO2 while improving the in-situ ground to enable its use as a foundation without the consumption of large amounts of primary aggregate as additional foundation layers. The use of recycled materials is discussed, including steel slag and tyre bales, alongside a conceptual framework for evaluating the utility of applications for recycled materials in transportation infrastructure.

The textile industry is developing at a fast pace, and is constantly changing. It is constantly evolving new methods for recycling and further research is important for future needs. The ability to recycle a textile blended material is a step towards a more sustainable industry. There are however different difficulties around the various processes that have to be removed for recycling. The purpose of the study is to find methods for removing dyes from polyester and cotton blended textile waste for recycling. To investigate the subject, a literature study combined with interviews with experts was performed. The results of the study shows that it is possible to remove dye from cotton and polyester individually. To remove dye from cotton chlorine and hydrogen peroxide are used. Another method is to use a reducing agent hydrosulphite and after use together with lye. There are several ways to remove colour from polyester, although it will almost always have a residue of colour left. One can either melt the pigment into the fibre by using heat. Another method is to use chemicals which increase the amorphous areas in the fibres and the colour will be penetrated. Finally, when investigating a method for removing dye from a polyester and cotton textile blend. The study has highlighted the need of developing new methods without destroying the quality of the fibres. By this study it has been concluded removing dye from fibres are difficult but can be achieved with certain chemicals and processes. It is concluded in the study, removing dye from polyester and cotton individually can be succeed. However, removing colour from a blended fabric is rather difficult. The study has focus on discussing the difficulties when decolouring a blended textile.

Teddy bears have become a universal symbol of our childhood, but we tend to forget them when we grow up. The toy industry is a growing empire where manufacturers constantly compete for consumers' attention. This results in growing waste from the toy industry and a need to find solutions to how to deal with it. This research explores repurposing possibilities of discarded stuffed animals based on their colour, form, texture, and print to create sculptural textile objects through deconstruction, patchwork, and sculpting techniques. This research was conducted by performing a series of design experiments exploring discarded stuffed animals through deconstruction and time-limited sketching. This allowed various sculptural objects to be constructed mainly by crazy pathworking and casting with different plaster materials or teddy bear filling. The outcome is a collection of 7 textile objects with a suggestive function, but the material it is constructed in challenges it. They extend from recognisable vase forms to forms that almost are unrecognisable. These objects place themselves in the field of not only textile design but also functional art. This research contributes to the field of textile design by suggesting a new usage for an atypical material, discarded stuffed animals. Furthermore, the collection Teddy Vessels [also known as our former best friends] proves that discarded stuffed animals still have a place in our lives even though we have forgotten them.

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a global problem as most local authorities fail to dispose MSW safely. In view of this, the study was aimed at evaluating environmental and health risks associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) illegal disposal as well as constraints faced by Masvingo City in MSWM, with a view to developing an alternative sustainable management model. The study, informed by the philosophy of pragmatism, employed a mixed methods design in which quantitative and qualitative data werecollected concurrently. Questionnaires comprising both close and open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews and site visits were used to collect data. The study population comprised participants from Masvingo City’s residential areas, Masvingo City Council employees, Environmental Management Agency (EMA) officials and informal waste pickers. A sample of 406 participants, comprising 354 residents from high-density, 16 residents from medium-density, 24 residents from low-density suburbs, six council employees, two EMA officials and four informal waste collectors participated in the survey. Concurrent triangulation was employed to analyse data. Basic numerical analysis was used for quantitative data while thematic data analysis was employed for qualitative data. Three main findings which emerged from the study were (a) Land pollution, air pollution, surface water pollution and loss of urban beauty, were the main environmental risks as at least 59 % of the respondents noted the four as environmental risks associated with illegal municipal solid waste disposal (b) Cholera, skin problems and malaria were the main health risks; and, (c) The main constraints related to MSW management were inadequate environmental education, lack of cooperation and participation from waste generatorsand lack of resources by Masvingo City . From the findings, 66 %, 52 % and 49 % of participants noted inadequate environmental education, lack of cooperation and participation, and lack of resources respectively as constraints faced by Masvingo City in MSWM. Basing on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that MSW disposal in Masvingo was a threat to the environment and human health and, as a result, a sustainable MSWM model was developed for Masvingo City. / Environmental Sciences

In the world of architecture a field of tension exist between permanence and temporality. The aim of this study was to explore the possibilities residing within this duality. During the urban investigation conducted in the Pretoria CBD, scars of vacant space were found that exposed the possibility of temporarily utilizing these empty spaces. In general vacant spaces tend to become unsafe, degraded and illegally occupied. If these vacant spaces could be temporarily reused it would benefit the owners, users and community at large. The binding workshop of The Government Printing Works on Vermeulen Street just west of Church Square is in the process of being relocated and no planned future use is evident. The investigation proposes that the workshop be adapted to accommodate a temporary performance space. Through the process of matching a vacant permanent space with a temporary program their interdependence became evident resulting in an approach towards a mutuality beneficial symbiosis between the temporary and the permanent. The permanent host will benefit the temporary guest by providing shelter, safety and physical support. The temporary guest will benefit the permanent host by giving it life, activity and the opportunity to contribute to its local context. The temporary program will preserve the existing host and protect it from deterioration. Production design as an inherently, temporary form of space creation was selected as the medium for this investigation. Performance space positions architecture within the realm of temporary experience and lasting memory. Circles in a Forest are the inspiration behind the design of the temporary performance space. This novel by author Dalene Matthee speaks of a segment in the history of South Africa, but also tells a universal story; that serves as a warning against the exploitation of people and natural resources. The design focused on creating layers of permanence and temporality dependant on each other. As these layers are peeled away the space can be reinterpreted and adapted for other performances and programmes. / Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

I denna rapport undersöks återanvändnings- och återvinningspotentialen för stommaterial ur byggnader i Sverige. De två materialen som har undersökts är betong och trä. Rapporten innehåller en litteraturstudie över återanvändning och återvinning. En fallstudie har även utförts på två byggnader. Den första byggnaden är ett småhus med träkonstruktion. Den andra byggnaden är ett flerbostadshus med betongkonstruktion. Byggsektorn står för stora mängder utsläpp och har en stor påverkan på miljön. Av allt material som ligger på deponi står byggbranschen för ca 35 % av allt material. Ett alternativ för att minska byggbranschens påverkan på miljön är att återanvända och återvinna material i högre grad. Hantering av avfall ska prioriteras enligt EUs direktiv gällande avfall. I direktivet finns avfallstrappan som rangordnar avfall efter vad som ska prioriteras över andra alternativ. Betong är ett material som både går att återanvända och återvinna. Att återvinna betong är en vanlig process som innebär att betong krossas och sedan används som ballast till ny betong. Denna process kan innebära att betongens kvalitet ändras. Återanvändning av betong utförs inte i samma utsträckning men har stor potential i framtiden. Materialet trä bör följa kaskadmodellen för att förlänga dess livslängd. Kaskadmodellen beskriver hur träets livslängd kan förlängas innan den går till förbränning med energiutvinning. Fallstudien i denna rapport har utförts på två teoretiska byggnader. Byggnaderna har grundats på undersökningen BETSI och ska representera ett medelvärde av byggnader i Sverige. Fallstudien undersöker hur mycket material som går att återanvända och återvinna ur byggstommen. Resultatet visar på att all betong har en stor potential att återanvändas och återvinnas. Allt trä som används i de två byggnaderna bör följa kaskadmodellen där de komponenter som går att återanvända återanvänds.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第20096号 / エネ博第343号 / 新制||エネ||69(附属図書館) / 33212 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 手塚 哲央, 教授 下田 宏, 准教授 MCLELLAN Benjamin / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

My degree project has been about converting an existing old industrial building into a youth centre. The buildings core focus is culture together with activity and learning. I wanted to use as much material as possible from the old building. Exterior walls and flooring are left almost untouched while a big part of the buildings construction with roof is changed. I made a new roof that could be used as a park.The building is situated close to the city centre of Eskilstuna, aswell as close to the southern suburbs where problems with segregation is an issue. My vision with Strömbrytaren was to make it a social hub, where youth from different backgrounds would meet and socialize. / Mitt examensprojekt har handlat om att omvandla en existerande gammal industribyggnad till ett ungdomshus. Byggnadens främsta fokus ligger på kultur tillsammans med aktivitet och lärande. Jag ville i mitt projekt använda så mycket av byggnadens befintliga material som möjligt. Exteriöra väggar och golv är i princip lämnade orörda medan en stor dela av byggnadens konstruktion och stomme tillsammans med tak är omgjort. Jag skapade ett nytt tak som kunde användas som en park.Byggnaden är situerad nära Eskilstuna centrum, samt de förorter som ligger söder om stadskärnan där segregation har blivit ett stort problem. Min vision med Strömbrytaren har varit att göra det till en social knytpunkt, där ungdomar från olika bakgrunder kan mötas och umgås.